Marcia Regina Casturino Autonomia E Sujeição Na Aporia Da

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Marcia Regina Casturino Autonomia E Sujeição Na Aporia Da Marcia Regina Casturino Autonomia e sujeição na aporia da modernidade japonesa: Representações do corpo violado como expressão política TESE DE DOUTORADO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social da Cultura do Departamento de História da PUC-Rio como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em História. Orientador: Prof. Maurício Barreto Alvarez Parada Rio de Janeiro Abril de 2017 Marcia Regina Casturino Autonomia e sujeição na aporia da modernidade japonesa: Representações do corpo violado como expressão política Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutora pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Cultura, do Departamento de História, do Centro de Ciências Sociais da PUC-Rio. Aprovada pela Comissão Examinadora abaixo assinada: Prof. Maurício Barreto Alvarez Parada Orientador Departamento de História – PUC-Rio Prof. Denise Berruezo Portinari Departamento de Artes & Design – PUC-Rio Profª MisakiTanaka (Mii Saki) Departamento de Arte – PUC-SP Profª Michiko Okano Ishiki Departamento de História da Arte – UNIFESP Prof. Sérgio Bruno Guimarães Martins Departamento de História - PUC-Rio Profª. Mônica Herz Vice-Decana de Pós-Graduação do Centro de Ciências Sociais PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, 27 de abril de 2017. Todos os direitos reservados. É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial do trabalho sem autorização da universidade, da autora e do orientador. Marcia Regina Casturino Graduou-se em Comunicação Social/PUC-PR (1998). É Mestre em Artes Visuais pela Escola de Belas Artes/UFRJ, na área de História e Teoria da Arte, linha Imagem e Cultura (2010). Desenvolve pesquisa nos temas: arte e política; corpo e violência; sociedade e cultura; cultura japonesa. Possui experiência profissional na área de comunicação e artes visuais. Atua como assessora de comunicação e assessora de projetos voltados a movimentos sociais e de direitos humanos. Ficha Catalográfica Casturino, Marcia Regina Autonomia e sujeição na aporia da modernidade japonesa : representações do corpo violado como expressão política / Marcia Regina Casturino ; orientador: Maurício Barreto Alvarez Parada. – 2017. 214 f. : il. Color. ; 30 cm Tese (doutorado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de História, 2017. Inclui bibliografia 1. História – Teses. 2. Modernidade japonesa. 3. Autonomia. 4. Subjetividade. 5. Corpo. 6. Cinema japonês. I. Parada, Maurício Barreto Alvarez. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de História. III. Título. CDD: 900 À minha mãe, Rosini — a primeira a me levar a entender que corresponder à norma ou estar à margem dela é apenas uma questão de perspectiva. Agradecimentos Ao Maurício Parada pela confiança, parceria e liberdade. A todos os professores e funcionários do Departamento de História da PUC-Rio — com menção especial à coordenadora Regiane Augusto de Mattos, à sempre atenciosa Edna, e ao professor Marcelo Jasmin, que fez do seminário de tese um dos grandes momentos desse processo. Ao CNPq e à PUC-Rio, pelos auxílios concedidos, sem os quais este trabalho não poderia ter sido realizado. À professora Christine Greiner. Aos meus colegas de turma da PUC-Rio, Eduardo Cardoso, Letícia Destro, Patrícia Lambert, Renata Sammer, Manoel Friques e Roberta Martinelli, pelas contribuições na leitura da versão prévia desse trabalho e pelo colorido no percurso. Com amor, à minha mãe, por sua presença e suporte, e às minhas sobrinhas e sobrinho: Gabri, Ale e Pedrinho. À devoção incondicional de Zozó e de Fubá (em memória). Ao meu Seán, companheiro de vida e de tese, com amor sem fim. Às filhotas Loba e Ursa, por retribuírem tudo em dobro. A toda minha família irlandesa, pela acolhida tão carinhosa. Ao Paul (em memória) e Linda MacGill pela sempre gentil disponibilidade. À Martha Werneck, Licius Bossolan, Rodrigo Krul, Pedrinho Metri, Eliane Alves, Iuri Lapa e Karla Gobo, cuja generosidade — comigo e com meus pedaços todos — espero conseguir retribuir com a mesma grandeza e doçura. Às incríveis Marie Valadares, Laura Paletta, Fábia Berlatto e Monica Piloni pelo conforto inestimável de seus alôs. À Alice Rosa, minha gratidão eterna pelo carinho na vida e pela consentida (embora sabidamente árdua) jornada com meus pesados livros pelas escadarias infernais de Paris. À Dr. Therese O’Neill, sempre atenciosa e disponível, que recuperou o equilíbrio e utilidade do meu corpo para a vida e, por extensão, deu corpo a essa tese. Às mais que irmãs Fabíola Werlang, Michelle Althaus e Sabrina Lopes. Um plus para Sassá pela revisão cuidadosa da tese e pelas palavras tão amáveis sobre os rumos que ela poderia ter (de um jeito tão solar quanto o Rio ou uma sauna seca na Irlanda poderiam ser). Aos professores que participaram da Comissão examinadora. A todas as pessoas que, mesmo não citadas nominalmente, deram estímulo e ajudaram nessa construção. Resumo Casturino, Marcia Regina; Parada, Maurício Alvarez. Autonomia e sujeição na aporia da modernidade japonesa: representações do corpo violado como expressão política. Rio de Janeiro, 2017, 214 p. Tese de doutorado – Departamento de História, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Esta tese relaciona os debates sobre modernidade, cultura e revolução na perspectiva das representações do corpo violado e sexualizado, e explora as repercussões de tais debates na chamada “temporada política” do Japão pós II Guerra Mundial. Especificamente, a análise se detém na problematização das esquerdas revolucionárias pelo cinema de Oshima Nagisa (1932-2013), reconhecido como mentor do Nuberu Bagu (a nouvelle vague japonesa), e de Wakamatsu Koji (1936-2012) e Adachi Masao (1939-), da vertente erótica/pornográfica Pinku eiga. Cineastas cuja produção foi orientada pela fusão de política, sexo e violência, e marcada pelo ativismo dos movimentos pró- democracia a partir dos anos 1950 — suplantado no início dos 1970, quando o país se converteu em uma potência econômica mundial. O debate sobre a aporia da modernidade japonesa, fundado na persistência de vestígios agonizantes pré- capitalistas em uma sociedade capitalista, produziu diversas narrativas antagônicas no decorrer do século XX. Dentre elas, a que refutava a subordinação cultural ao Ocidente deu respaldo ao imperialismo ultranacionalista na guerra que dilapidou o país. Em decorrência do processo de democratização e desmilitarização durante a ocupação do Japão pelos EUA (1945-1952), e dos conflitos que vieram com sua consecutiva reversão, as discussões sobre a modernidade se multiplicaram no conturbado pós-guerra. A abolição dos poderes políticos do imperador Hirohito, que foi levado a abdicar publicamente de sua condição divina e a assumir-se como simples mortal, foi a mais impactante das mudanças realizadas no período. Ao declarar a derrota do país e a sua carnalidade, o imperador implodia a força do Kokutai, o corpo-nação, que organizava todo o sistema simbólico nipônico. Nos primeiros anos da ocupação, escritores como Sakaguchi Ango (1906-1955) e Tamura Taijuro (1911-1983), referências da “literatura carnal” na cultura subterrânea kasutori, exaltavam o corpo carnal (nikutai) como contraposição ao corpo-nação (Kokutai). De fato, a “literatura carnal” foi uma das diversas expressões do pós-guerra que, em dissonantes abordagens, reverenciaram o nikutai e o shutaisei. Nela, a decadência e a imoralidade eram defendidas como base para uma apreensão mais realista da precariedade humana, para a construção de uma nova ética, subjetiva e autônoma (shutaisei), e como condição para o acesso ao moderno. O filósofo político Maruyama Masao (1914-1996), um dos mais conhecidos modernistas defensores da ética do shutaisei, posicionava a “literatura carnal”, no entanto, na contramão de um Japão democrático e culto (ou moderno), já que as representações sensuais e violentas expressavam justamente a “natureza” que deveria ser superada. Isto é, as abordagens da sexualidade, da crueldade e da “perversão”, embora reivindicassem o moderno (ou a recusa da autoridade do Kokutai), remetiam à sensibilidade “nativa” pré-moderna. O que sugere que a aporia da modernidade na desintegração do pós-derrota era expressa na ambiguidade da apreensão política do shutaisei. Noção que seria central na formação do sujeito político vinculado aos movimentos pró-democracia e na expressão das vanguardas artísticas dos anos 1950 ao início dos 1970. Palavras-chave Modernidade japonesa; Autonomia; Subjetividade; Corpo; Cinema japonês; nouvelle vague; nuberu bagu; nikutai; pink film; pinku eiga; shutaisei. Abstract Casturino, Marcia Regina; Parada, Maurício Alvarez (Advisor). Autonomy and subjugation in the aporia of Japanese modernity: representations of the violated body as political expression. Rio de Janeiro, 2017, 214 p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de História, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. This thesis relates the debates about modernity, culture and revolution in the perspective of the depictions of the violated and sexualized body, and explores the repercussions of such debates in what became known as the “political season” of Japan after World War II. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the problematization of the revolutionary left factions by the films of Oshima Nagisa (1932-2013), recognized as mentor of the Nuberu Bagu (Japanese New Wave), of Wakamatsu Koji (1936-2012) and of Adachi Masao (1939-), from the Pinku eiga (Pink Film) genre, which dealt with the erotic and the pornographic. Filmmakers whose production was driven by the fusion of politics, sex and
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