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Agenda 21: Abstracts,Reviews, and Commentaries.Ottawa, ON, IDRC, 1993 International Development Research Centre ABSTRACTS REVIEWS COMMENTARIES International Development Research Centre Ottawa S Cairo Dakar S Johannesburg S Montevideo S Nairobi S New Delhi S Singapore ABSTRACTS REVIEWS AND COMMENTARIES Edited by Theodora Carroll-Foster Published by IDRC Books, P0 Box 8500, Ottawa, ON KIG 3H9 © 1993, InternationalDevelopment Research Centre All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permissionof the publisher. Canadian Cataloguingin Publication Data Carroll-Foster,1. Agenda 21: Abstracts,reviews, and commentaries.Ottawa, ON, IDRC, 1993. 322 p. !Sustainable development!,/environmental management!, /resources conservation! — !waste manage- ment!, !capacity building!, /children!, /women/, /indigenous population!, !international cooperation!, IDR/,/abstracts. UDC: 574 ISBN: 0-88936-688-8 Distributed in Canada by Code International, 323 Chapel St., Ottawa, ON KIN 7Z2 Abstracts have been publishedin French under the title Action 21: Résumés 2 TABLE F GNTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8 S E C T 1 0 N I SOCIALAND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS 9 CHAPTER 1 PREAMBLETO AGENDA21 10 CHAPTER 2 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONAND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES 11 CHAPTER 3 COMBATINGPOVERTY 17 CHAPTER 4 CHANGING CONSUMPTIONPATITERNS 27 CHAPTER 5 DEMOGRAPHICDYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY 31 CHAPTER 6 PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN HEALTH 39 CHAPTER 7 PROMOTINGSUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETFLEMENT DEVELOPMENT 47 CHAPTER 8 INTEGRATINGENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING 53 S E C T 1 0 N I I CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT 63 CHAPTER 9 PROTECTIONOF THE ATMOSPHERE 64 CHAPTER 10 INTEGRATED APPROACHTO THE PLANNINGAND MANAGEMENTOF LAND RESOURCES 73 3 CHAPTER 11 COMBATINGDEFORESTATION 79 CHAPTER 12 COMBATINGDESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT 87 CHAPTER 13 SUSTAINABLEMOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT 95 CHAPTER 14 PROMOTINGSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT 103 CHAPTER 15 CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY 110 CHAPTER16 ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDMANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 115 CHAPTER 17 OCEANSAND THEIR LIVING RESOURCES 121 CHAPTER 18 FRESHWATERRESOURCES 128 CHAPTER 19 ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENTOF TOXIC CHEMICALS 135 CHAPTER 20 MANAGEMENTOF HAZARDOUSWASTES 142 CHAPTER 21 SUSTAINABLEMANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES 148 CHAPTER 22 SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUNDMANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES 153 S E C T 1 0 N I I I STRENGThENINGThE ROLE OF MAJORGROUPS 159 CHAPTER 23 STRENGTHENING ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS: PREAMBLE 160 CHAPTER 24 GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDSSUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT 161 CHAPTER 25 CHILDRENAND YOUTHIN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 169 CHAPTER 26 RECOGNIZINGAND STRENGTHENINGTHE ROLEOF INDIGENOUSPEOPLE AND THEIR COMMUNITIES 179 CHAPTER 27 NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS 188 CHAPTER 28 LOCAL AUTHORITIES'INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA21 197 4 CHAPTER 29 STRENGTHENINGTHE ROLEOF WORKERSAND THEIR TRADE UNIONS 205 CHAPTER 30 STRENGTHENINGTHE ROLEOF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY 210 CHAPTER 31 SCIENTIFICAND TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNITY 217 CHAPTER 32 STRENGTHENINGTHE ROLEOF FARMERS 224 S E C T 1 0 N I V MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 231 CHAPTER 33 FINANCIALRESOURCES AND MECHANISMS 232 CHAPTER 34 TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATIONAND CAPACITY-BUILDING 235 CHAPTER 35 SCIENCEFOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 243 CHAPTER 36 PROMOTING EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESSAND TRAINING 249 CHAPTER 37 NATIONALMECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONFOR CAPACITY-BUILDING 260 CHAPTER 38 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS 265 CHAPTER 39 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTSAND MECHANISMS 269 CHAPTER 40 INFORMATIONFOR DECISION-MAKING 274 CONVEWflONS AND OThER DOCUMErrrs 287 CONVENTIONON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 288 STATEMENTOF PRINCIPLESON FORESTRY 298 FRAMEWORKCONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 306 RiO DECLARATION 313 ACRONYMS 317 UST OF REVIEWERSAND COMMEWATORS 319 5 I N T R D D U C T I N The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) was created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to stimulate and support scientific and technical research by developing countries for their own benefit and purposes. To date IDRC has financed over 4,500 projects in more than 100 developing countries. At least 45 Canadian academic institutions and 58 other organizations,including non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs), associations, and private sector companies, have participated in and collaborated on IDRC- funded research. In Rio deJaneiro, Brazil, in June 1992, at the United Nations Conference on Environmentand Develop- ment, also known as UNCED or the Earth Summit, the Government of Canada mandated IDRC to be one of the key Canadian agencies for implementingAgenda 21. IDRC's mandate was broadened to emphasize the environment and sustainable development, and to help move forward Agenda 21, the global action plan for sustainableand equitable development. During the last several months IDRC has launched an extensive consultative process to develop and strengthen strategic partnerships dedicated to working together to improve the quality of life, to protect or restore the environment, and to con- serve Planet Earth'sresources for future generations. As part of this process, one of the tasks IDRC set for itself was an analysis of the 600 page long Agenda 21 document which in four broad sections deals with 40 differenttopics or sectors. The reasons for undertaking this analysisof Agenda 21 were threefold. First, because the document is so lengthy, complex, and complicated, there was a need to understand the contents of Agenda 21, the interrelationships between the different themes and sectors, and the types of programs or activities which were advocated and agreed to by the negotiators of Agenda 21. Second, there was a need to identify the strengths and weaknessesof Agenda 21, its gaps and deficiencies, and the various road- blocks or constraints to its effective implementation. Third, from an IDRC perspective,there was a need to ascertain what research had been identified as a basis for the implementationof the programs and activitiesin a number of different areas,what research had been left out or neglected, and what pos- sible future research challenges or opportunities might exist for IDRC and its partners. Before embarking upon a chapter-by-chapter analysisof Agenda21, the two Conventions and the For- est Principles,a common analytical format was devised for the Reviews, or the first cut at the analysis. Another format was devised for the Abstract of the Reviews, or the one-pagers that condense the 10—20 page Reviews. Anda third format was set up for the Commentaries,which were the peer reviewsof the original Reviews and which demonstrated quite clearly that even among colleagueswith approximately the same interests there are differing viewpoints. A list of IDRC specialistsfrom various disciplines, was prepared and each person was assigned one or more chapters to review, analyze and critique. When these Reviews were completed, others were asked to prepare eitherAbstracts of or Commentaries on the Reviews. In addition, drafts of these documents were circulated to and shared with specialistsout- side IDRC to obtain their inputs and feedback. As well, because a number of Canadian and developing countries' governmental departments and organizations,were likewise tryingto come to grips with the exhaustive contents of Agenda 21, the preliminary drafts were requested for inputs into reviews being conducted by other agencies or organizations. The culmination of all this work is this document. 6 The readerwill find that most chapters commence with the one-page Abstract, proceed to the Review, and finish with a Commentary. In a couple of instances,where the chapters are no more than brief pre- ambles, no review was necessary or undertaken. In a few instances, where the peer reviews coincided with or completely agreed with the original reviewers,no Commentarieshave been inserted since they would be otherwise redundant. For readers who are interested in delving further into the arcane of Agenda 21, two other publications will be appearing simultaneously. These are: A Guide to Agenda 21 — Issues, Debates and Canadian Initiatives1 and Agenda 21: A Green Path to the Future. These are availablefrom: IDRC Books, P0 Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada KIG 3H9. Much attention has been focused on the controversy and disagreements surrounding UNCED, and much negativism has been directed at Agenda 21. Neither were without their faults. But each was also a step forward, towards reconciling environmental and developmental imperatives. In reviewing and analyzing Agenda 21, IDRC's reviewers have tried to identify the challenges and the opportunities for moving the global agenda forward yet another step. We hope that you might find elements in Agenda 21: Abstracts, Reviews and Commentaries— "ARC" that will also be helpful to you in keeping on the Rio momentumtowards a more environmentallysustainable, secure and peaceful world. Theodora Carroll-Foster Editor Coordinator Agenda 21 Unit InternationalDevelopment ResearchCentre 7 AGNEWLEDEviENTS As with any document, be it long or short, the ideas, expertiseand efforts of a number of people go into its making. This is certainly true for the 'Abstracts, Reviews and Commentaries"of Agenda 21 by IDRC staff, who have contributed much of their invaluable expertise and time to this Agenda 21 review and analysis. A List of all the Reviewersand Commentators is attached,
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