Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187 Received: 07 April 2016 Accepted: 2 June 2016 DOI ID: 10.5505/jems.2016.66376

Journal of ETA Maritime Science

Original Research (AR) Corresponding Author: Serdar KUM Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Vessel Traffic Services (TRNC- VTS)*

1 2

Serdar1 KUM , Mehmet Emin DEBEŞ [email protected] 2 [email protected] İstanbul Technical University, Maritime Faculty, AbstractUniversity of Kyrenia, Maritime Faculty, The first Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) started in 1949 in the Liverpool Port (UK) and it continued in Netherlands in 1956. In Turkey, planning and management of the marine traffic using the waterways and ports in Turkey started with Turkish Straits VTS which came into service in 2003 due to the increase in traffic density enhance its effectiveness and necessity every year. Feasibility studies in five new areas have been initiated for the establishment of the VTS system by force of the strategic decision taken by the maritime authority in 2008. These areas are; İzmit Bay, Izmir Bay and Aliağa Region, Gulf of İskenderun and Mersin. Monitoring the marine traffic has an important place as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is an important transition point in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For this reason, in this study the impact assessment and necessity of the establishment of a VTS to be located in the TRNC were evaluated by using Environmental (PEST: Political, Economic, Social, Technological) and SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analyses. In addition, the suitability of the possible locations of Traffic Monitoring Stations (TMS) has been examined by the field study. Evaluation of TRNC VTS in geographical and strategic terms will benefit from the opportunities and facilities that both the Republic of Turkey and the TRNC will have as a part of the effect of VTS against the embargo imposed on the TRNC in the world. Three appropriate VTS TMSs have been chosen as a result of the field study carried out for 10 determined TMSs; Cape Kormakitis, Cape Apostolos Andreas and Famagusta. It is also concluded that it would be appropriate to plan the Famagusta Station as VTS Centre. It is assumed to monitor and track the vessels in the zones out of the coverage area of these stations by Automatic Identification System (AIS). Safety and security in the shipping, protection of navigation, life, property and the marine environment of the region will be enhanced by monitoring the vessels passing particularly through this region and by making use of the opportunities provided by technology in accordance with national and international regulations.

Keywords: TRNC, VTS, PEST Analysis, SWOT Analysis

st in Turkish. *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1 National VTS Congress (8-9 December 2014, Istanbul)

175 © UCTEA The Chamber of Marine Engineers Journal of ETA Maritime Science

Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Gemi Trafik Hizmetleri (KKTC-GTH)

Öz 1949 yılında ilk Gemi Trafik Hizmeti (GTH) İngiltere’nin Liverpool Limanında başlayıp, 1956 yılında Hollanda’da uygulanmaya devam etmiştir. Türkiye’de ise gemi trafiğinin yoğunluğunun artması ile 2003 yılında hizmete giren Türk Boğazları GTH ile başlayan Türkiye’deki suyolları ve limanlarını kullanan gemilerin deniz trafiğinin planlanması ve yönetimi her geçen yıl etkinliğini ve gerekliliğini artırmaktadır. 2008 yılında stratejik kararlar gereği beş yeni alanda GTH kurulumu için fizibilite çalışmaları başlatılmıştır. Bu alanlar; İzmit Körfezi, İzmir Körfezi ve Aliağa Bölgesi, İskenderun Körfezi ve Mersin’dir. Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC)’nin konumu, önemli bir geçiş noktası üzerinde olması nedeniyle deniz trafiğinin izlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu sebepten bu çalışma ile KKTC’de konumlandırılacak bir GTH sisteminin; Çevre (PEST: Politik, Ekonomik, Sosyal, Teknoloji) Analizi ile etki değerlendirmesi ve GZFT (Güçlü ve Zayıf Yönler ile Fırsat ve Tehditler) Analizi ile de gerekliliği değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, saha çalışması yapılarak olası Trafik Gözetim İstasyonlarının (TGİ) yerlerinin uygunluğu irdelenmiştir. KKTC GTH’nin coğrafik ve stratejik açıdan değerlendirilmesi, dünyada KKTC’ye uygulanan ambargolara karşı GTH’nin etkisi ile hem TC hem de KKTC’nin sahip olacağı fırsat ve olanakların değerlendirmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucu 10 adet TGİ için yapılan saha çalışması neticesinde 3 adet uygun GTH TGİ belirlenmiştir; Kormacit Burnu, Zafer Burnu ve Gazimağusa. Gazimağusa İstasyonunun ayrıca GTH Merkezi olarak planlamasının yapılmasının uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu istasyonların kapsama alanı dışında kalan bölgeler için de gemilerin izlenme ve takip edilmesinin Otomatik Tanımlama Sistemi (OTS) yardımı ile gerçekleştirilmesi öngörülmüştür. Özellikle bu bölgede geçiş yapan gemiler izlenerek ulusal ve uluslararası düzenlemelere uygun, teknolojinin sağladığı imkânlardan faydalanarak bölgenin seyir, can, mal ve çevre emniyet ve güvenliğini arttırılabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: KKTC, GTH, PEST Analizi, GZFT Analizi

1. Introduction Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily and Sardinia and its location and characteristics, the strong it is located in the Eastern Mediterranean •and It significant has a long parts history can beand summarized hosted great as at the crossroads of the trade routes of followscivilizations. [2]: three continents. The area of the Turkish • history of civilization started in this 3241.68 km2 and the total surface area The first trade and shipping in the Republic of Northern Cyprus2. The (TRNC) closest is Mediterraneanregion. (Today 30%Sea). of world trade and whichof Cyprus is located is 9,251.50 in 65 km. km Other neighbour • The25% centreof oil trade of attraction are carried of out the over great the neighbour country of TRNC is Turkey, civilizations was this region and Cyprus has always been in the forefront. countries are Syria (100 km), Egypt (420 • It is located at the crossroads of the km) and Rhodes Island (480 km) [1]. Beş trade routes of east and west Parmak Mountains are located in the north • of the TRNC between Kormakitis in the west on the seabed. and Cape Apostolos Andreas in the east in a High hydrocarbon resources are located width of 8-10 km and in a length of 170 km. importance depending on the potential of The highest point is “Selvili Tepe” (1024 m). In addition, for Turkey, it has a special When the TRNC is considered in terms of 176 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187 of water resources with South Eastern with the structure and the geographical the agricultural industry and the export Taurus system of the Anatolian peninsula the nearest potential port bases and in Anatolia Project (GAP) in terms of having landforms. Undersea pits which are deeper than 2000 m in the west and the south terms of the routes of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan surroundCyprus theis basethe ofaccommodation the island, which and is (BTC) and Kerkük-Yumurtalık pipelines. waypointsconnected toof Anatolia.birds between the continents When the distance to Turkey is considered, betweenthe distance the betweenfurthest Capesouthern Anamur border and Cape Kormatikis is 45 nm and the distance of Africa and Europe due to its geographical specieslocation. of 7 reptilesof around live 350 on species the island. of animals In the of Turkey and Cape Apostolos Andreas on the island are endemic. In addition, 26 is 67 nm. In recent years, depending on the developments in Turkey, the need for soldancient to times,countries Cyprus that waslack almost copper covered mines emergedVessel Traffic in convertingServices (VTS) Iskenderun based on Baythe by wooded areas, but as wood has been intomarine a trafficregional in economy this region and has logistics clearly today [1]. Cyprus coastlines have been visitedand forests, by Chelonia forests haveand beenCarettacaretta destroyed make indisputable contributions to the increasecentre of of attraction. the dominance Furthermore, of Turkey VTS in willthe years. These creatures come to the beach of maritime jurisdiction areas in the Eastern turtles for approximately hundred million

ofNorthern the island. Cyprus There between are around May and 85 naturalAugust Mediterranean. With this purpose, Mersin cavesto lay includingeggs. Natural Incirli caves Cave exist with in stalactites the north VTS area is considered to be expanded. and stalagmites and Sutunlu Cave in Inonu negativeHowever, effect while will this appear case involvesas violation many of authoritypositive effects,in terms theof international most important state Village. maritime security and military in addition Ports that are still active in the TRNC topolicies. the contributions VTS will also ithave will many make effects towards on are [3][4]: Port of Famagusta, Kyrenia shipping. Tourism Harbour. In addition, the following are connected to Port of Famagusta in 2. Maritime Safety around Cyprus Island terms of inspection and technical services: Kalecik Fuel Filling Plants, Kalecik Plaster Mediterranean Climate. Summers are hot and Cement Plants, Altinbas Oil and Filling Cyprus is under the influence of Plants, Aksa Power Generation Inc. The While the annual rainfall in the lowland following are connected to Kyrenia Port: and dry, winters are mild and little rainy. Teknecik Power Plant Fuel Filling Plants, year in Troodos Mountains. Temperature Girne Marina, Gemyat Delta Marina, areas is 300 mm, it reaches 1000 mm per sheltersGemikonagi connected Mines to Pier, the KumkoyDepartment Water of Filling Facility. The following fishing rarely falls below 0°C [1]. Vegetation is viticulturemaquis formed and grow of small citrus. bushes. In addition People to Ports due to their physical conditions are living in villages deal with agriculture, available in addition to the TRNC ports. grapes on the outskirts of the mountains There are fisheries in the Port of Famagusta, arewheat cultivated. and barley, The oranges, most commonmandarins forest and and other fishing shelters are named: Bogaz, Kumyali, Dipkarpaz (Şelonez), Efendiler, Yenierenkoy, Balalan, Kaplica, planted.tree species The are; island pine, is cypress, considered oak and in ash.the Tatlisu, Esentepe, Kyrenia Yacht and Fishing More recently, eucalyptus trees were also Shelter, Lapta, Kayalar, Yedidalga. Moreover, additional maritime services in TRNC are: 177 © UCTEA The Chamber of Marine Engineers Journal of ETA Maritime Science

pilotage, Cyprus Turkish Coastal Safety attemptLarnaca toand control Limassol and VTS manage Centres the providemarine and Salvage Company Ltd., Cyprus Turkish both port and regional VTS services and theRadio, Eastern North CyprusMediterranean Coastguard, Sea etc.including [3][4]. rd Working Document theFigure surrounding 1 shows the of themarine Cyprus traffic Island. density in traffic in the region [6]. According to the 3 of EU Integrated Maritime Policies, in

Figure 1. Marine Traffic in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Source: Marine Traffic (2016) [10] 2.1. Existing Navigational Aids in the TRNC and under the leadership of the European accordance with 2002/59/EC Directive navigation safety provide services to the Lighthousesships travelling that ensurearound theCyprus coastal at Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), 10 member states in the Mediterranean (Portugal, BulgariaSpain, France, and Slovenia,Romania) Italy, established Malta, Greece, the workthe internationalwith solar systems. standard Maintenance levels. Allof Southern Greek Cypriot Administration, lighthouses except for Canbulat Lighthouse Coastal Safety and Salvage Company [3] and“Regional gave AIS”the cooperation management network to Maritime in 2008. [4].lighthouses There are is onlyexecuted 7 lighthouses by Cyprus (according Turkish NATO led the establishment of this system

Safety & Security Information System to the Department of Ports, 12 port and hosts(MSSIS); this currently, system. The Italian system Navy covers Regional the shelter lighthouses are available) and 2 AIS entireVirtual Mediterranean Marine Traffic [5]. Centre It does (V-RMTC)not seem receivers (Class B in Selvili Tepe, Kantara) possible for Turkey to access this system 2.2.in the TRNCSouthern [2]. Greek Cypriot Administration: VTS and Navigational Aids without being an EU member and for the andTRNC security without of theagreeing region for can peace. and should For this be ensuredreason, the by traffic establishing and environmental their own system safety A large number of navigational aids both on the land and sea and eight AIS receivers cooperation. In the BORTEC (technical are available in the Southern Greek Cypriot by Republic of Turkey and the TRNC under Administration [5]. In addition, Vasiliko, 178 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187 feasibility study of Southern Europe maritime border surveillance system) wasbe once carried it is set out up? on How people will it affectwho haveTurkey a and the TRNC?” and some other questions part of the same report, it was stated that Frontex conducted a comprehensive study maritime background in the TRNC. When in the second half of 2006. In this study, we consider the TRNC population and the the existing maritime surveillance systems number of experts on maritime, it is really operator in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, therestricted, people andwho alsotook peoplepart in havingthe survey similar are Slovenia, Malta, Greece and Southern Greek interests know each other very well. So, all Cypriot Administration and the analysis of informationthe operators in were the classified report was as confidential named as competent as Unlimited Ship Masters who and public and extracted as a report. All the opinionsgraduated to from the Maritimeresearch Faculty,question and above. are Briefconsidered information as experts about who the provided survey theirand Confidential and Limited [5]. As the final data regarding the report, data on Cyprus VTSTable are 1. Responsibilities as summarized of Republicin Table of 1. Cyprus accordingstudy to the aim 3rd wereWorking included Document in of the EU Integrated first part Maritime Policies

Cyprus ACRS

Administration (Advance CoastalResponsibilities Radar for Surveillance)

Police Territorial Waters Patrol and adjacent High seas, Radars PortMarine Authority Trade Department VTS AIS DepartmentSystem of Aquaculture VMSAdministration Purpose Cross Linkage 3 administrations are

Coastal Radar: ACRS DepartmentRadar: Naval Forces Law force Additional AIS AIS: Marine Trade Marineincluded: Trade Armed Department Forces, Police (other user administration), 2 administrations are Marine Trade VTS DepartmentLocal port authorities Traffic monitoring Marine Trade Department included: Port authorities,

(AISDepartment receivers) of Monitoring 28 trawlers carrying the VMS systemPolice can view the VMS on a Aquaculture, Nicosia different display in the ACRS Marine Trade flag of Cyprus Department VTMIS distributionTraffic monitoring, to Integration of ACRS and thegathering relevant data, administrationsVTS. Providing data when to administrations necessaryPolice, SSN, JRCC and other

Source:Patrol European Commission-JointPolice Research CentrePatrol (2008) [5] 3. Methodology 3.1. Survey Study and Subjects thatof the was survey; followed the opinions by the onEnvironmental the research question were also included in the first part A survey study including the research itsquestion management “Should be a and VTS what be setwill upits effects in the only(PEST) two Analysis. questions The were authors designed aimed tonot get to TRNC according to your opinion? How will declare the participants in this sense, and

179 © UCTEA The Chamber of Marine Engineers Journal of ETA Maritime Science in which organization/sector” and other warrant immediate action and reveal those demographic information; one is “working whoto find are out positively issues thator negatively are significant, affected to is “duty/task”. Furthermore, the authors interviewscarried out (and the questionnaireall of them were (PEST known and factors.by these Environmental factors by analysis analysing is specially Political, verySWOT well Analyses) by the authors). by using face-to-face Economic, Social and Technological (PEST)

investigateconducted beforethe theenvironmental SWOT analysis. factors PEST In the end, data obtained from 15 aroundAnalysis us is anand analysis demonstrates that allows what us the to thenexperts Strengths (who have Weaknesses maritime Opportunities background) were compiled for PEST Analysis, and as the second survey practice and was environment is and will be in a Political, Threats (SWOT) Analysis was conducted Economic, Social and Technological sense authors used the face to face interview with that we use in defining their effects on [7]. allapplied participants on the same and group.the participants That’s why, who the In the 1980s, many authors including Fahey, Narayanan, Morrison, Renfro, SWOT survey. Boucher, Mekke and Porter used different involved in PEST survey were the same for priorityabbreviations of any format such asor grading PEST, does PESTLE, not STEEPLE, etc. in their articles. However, any Initially, the survey was planned to be andapplied civil on institutions more than and 50 people.organizations It was Someexist. Thepurists abbreviation claim that PEST the isabbreviations known to be delivered to both the government offices more popular than the abbreviation STEP. (many of them do not have any maritime backgroundrelated to maritime but they activities were employedin the TRNC in STEP or PEST contain more appropriate titles for all cases, whereas others claim that have knowledge (due to their maritime there is a need for other titles for the external maritime field). However, few people who environmental analysis. PEST analysis is back and unfortunately many of them did also called PESTLE (Political, Economic, background) to fill in the survey returned ofSocial, analysis Technological, are available Legal, depending Environmental) on its with a wider content, and different types 3.2not Researchfill in the survey. Limitations different names [8]. The stages of PEST analysis can be defined as introduction by conductingThe Environmental one-to-one (PEST) interviews Analysis with of(stage the ofsubject the preparationof analysis (discussion for analysis), of form arranged for this study was filled in determination of the market, determination who graduated from Maritime Faculty and 15 Oceangoing Ship Masters (Unlimited) objectives and results), determination of the type of analysis, determination of thelive SWOT in the TRNC.analysis Data and obtained a second after survey the analysis factors, conducting analysis (notes, waspractice prepared of PEST that analysis included were the adapted research for thepotential transfer effects, of the probabilities analysis results and to severity SWOT tableratings [8]. are determined). The next stage is demandedquestion. Allto provide the people their withviews. maritime Only 15 3.4 SWOT Analysis ofbackground them provided employed their views in the from TRNC the same were group. PEST Analysis is important in terms 3.3 PEST Analysis theof balancingenvironmental the SWOT factors Analysis [8]. The internal most Environmental analysis is an analysis importantfactors, and characteristic their external of factors the againstSWOT

180 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187 analysis is that it allows a deeper 3.5 Results of PEST and SWOT Analyses evaluation by using the opportunities and strong points and it allows minimizing The common idea of the experts is the threats. SWOT analysis contains the selectionparticularly of the locationsetting up of of the a VTSwatchtowers. system in the weak points that it defines against Therethe TRNC. is a There disagreement is also an agreementon whether on the examining of the environmental factors, the belong to or be under control of Turkey or precautionsidentification against of important the activities opportunities that can management of the VTS Centre should for the future of the business, taking coverageTRNC. Certain area would experts increase believe but that some if the of be a threat for the business by pre-defining themtowers believe are located that the at setting higher up locations, in this type the them, the emergence of the strengths of places will not be effective due to the of the business and the identification of factors such as maintenance. On the other precautionsthe cases, conditions by determining and environments the weak that they will be necessary to use, taking should belong to Turkey and some of them insistside, a thatmajority the management states that the should management belong sides of the business, the analysis of the to Turkey or support should be provided difficult conditions that the enterprise by Turkey in terms of human resources and approachescan experience [8]. against the threats due to its weak sides and strategically, planning first operation of the system. Environment Analysis results are shown in Table 2 [2]. Table 2. PEST/PESTLE Analysis Evaluation Table

Political Economical • • • The development of the maritime sector. The effect of the Southern Greek Cypriot • Increase in the work fields. Administration on the orientation of the marine thetraffic agreement. in the Eastern Mediterranean will • It maywill createlead to opportunities an indirect increase for the inTRNC the • Itdecrease, will constitute so this woulda positive cause message an advantage to the for economy.maritime transportation, international community. • Development of the economy of the region and • There may be a pressure factor. sectors. • It can create positive thoughts in other countries • It may cause an increase in the economical for a country where embargo is implemented. investments and reliability. • The increase in the environmental impact can provide strength in the political arena. • It can be effective for the recognition. • International relations may develop. • It can constitute an obstacle to inhibition of the

SocialSouthern Greek Cypriot Administration. Technological • The number of companies operating in the • Formation of more modern and safe ports. maritime sector may increase. • • rescue activities. contamination of marine coastal environment. • IncreasePositive contribution in the technology towards transfers. the search and TRNC public is very sensitive against • standards and in all environmental conditions. • MonitoringProtection of of the environmental marine coastal contamination. environment Monitoring of marine traffic in international • Maritimewill be satisfied tourism once and the its VTSpositive is set effects up. on the maritime culture. • Refugee movements are easier to follow. Source: Authors

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Results of the SWOT analysis are shown system operation until the development in Turkey, and Turkey should carry out the in Table 3. The results obtained for the VTS •system Setting to be setup uptwo in the watchtowers TRNC as a result (the of 3.6human Field resources Work: Determining and field experts Location occur. for theseinfrastructure assessments are;is available in both TMS and VTS Centre

regarding the infrastructure including theplaces, maintenance) all the necessities as high can as be possible fulfilled The process of determining TRNC-VTS in the eastern and western capes (Cape Centre and Traffic Monitoring Stations preliminary(TMSs) after meetingthe survey on evaluations, the “Enlargement expert opinions and pre-studies is as follows; the • ThereApostolos should Andreas be anda system Cape Kormakitis) that will includewithin the marine borders ports of TRNC. (Famagusta and of VTS Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus)” was held on 20-24 April in 2015 under • It is suggested to set up the towers Republicthe auspices of Turkey of the Ministryin cooperation of Transport, with onKyrenia highlands Ports). in order to improve Maritime Affairs and Communications and the coverage areas (it will contain taken into account when determining the related parties in the TRNC. Factors to be suggestions due to the infrastructure a. Size of the area to be monitored and andmore maintenance). difficulties compared to other VTStechnical Centre and facilities TMSs andare: system capability

an alternative place (currently the area • whereThe middle the water of the and Northern electricity part pipeline as it is regarding monitoring, that will come from Turkey is placed). b. etc.Factors such as Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS), iron locations, reporting, Table 3. SWOT Analysis Evaluation Table

Strong sides Opportunities

G1: Geography F1: International Recognition G1.1 Location/Position F2: Regional Marine Traffic Control (formation of G1.2 Land conditions traffic lines, acceptability by IMO) G1.3 Meteorological conditions F3: Technological development G2: Strategically Importance F4: Employment (labour and economy) F5: Growth of the volume of marine trade (port, arriving ship, etc.) F6: Economic (protection of submarine treasure) Weak Sides F7:Threats Maritime jurisdiction

Z1: Human Resource T1: Political Structure Z1.1: Scarcity of field experts T2.2T2: Organizational Bureaucracy Z1.2: Lack of Education T2.1 Prejudgements Z2: Economical ofZ3: the Political rules toUncertainty be formed according to international T2.3 Lack of coordination Z4: Rules (lack of international laws and reformation T3: Neighbour countries T4: Refugee movements in the region Source:standards, Authors potential to become a strong side later)

According to a majority of opinions, c. Vessel traffic density and the nature of VTS Centre should be placed in Famagusta, the payload, and for others it should be in Kyrenia. On d. Navigational challenges of the region or the other hand, such a centre should be in the port, 182 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187

e. Environmental sensitivity, (approximately 20 nm). f. Meteorological and hydrological factors, g. Sensitive political situation in the Aegean Mediterranean.Sea, h. Political sensitivities in the East map for the purpose of determining the A study was conducted primarily on the Commission considered that it is needed to TMSs to be set up. In addition, the Feasibility understand marine traffic in Cape Apostolos shouldAndreas provide and Port some of advantages Famagusta to as improve well as safetyKyrenia of Tourism navigation Harbour. as well And as security also, TMSs of

Commission is divided into two groups as the water and fibre lines. The Feasibility wheretechnical TMS and will operational; be set up in discoveriestechnical terms and andobservations in the Directorates have been madeof Famagusta in the fields and

Kyrenia Tourism Ports in operational terms. SelectionAll the field Form research which includes has been the evaluatedfollowing in accordance with the TMS Location Figure 2. Radar Coverage Range; a. Sadrazam Village, b. Teknecik, c. Cape Apostolos Andreas and d. Zeytinlik Lighthouse, e. Famagusta (about information; 20 nm) 1. etc.)Field Name Source: [Authors] 3.2. InformationCoordinates about field (Public, Private, 4. Proposed TRNC-VTS 5. Information on Energy Infrastructure 4. (informationAltitude Information on electricity infrastructure evaluatedIf a VTS at willthe befollowing set up atfour anywhere, stages and its transmission) accordingthe planning to the at international the first stage rules should (such beas 6. Information on Communication

2Mb) IMO, IALA, IAPH, IMPA, etc.) Infrastructure (fibre optic for around contains the research on whether an a. Initial evaluation: This evaluation 7. Photography (0°- 360° - 30°) solution for the determined problems Feasibility commission investigated and active traffic method is a convenient 8. Notes on field analysis. of the marine traffic and the initial risk filled in the TMS Location Selection Form for the following fields; Cape Kormakitis, b. Feasibility and design: The aim here is Famagusta Port Zone (together with to define the necessary system functions Coastguard Port Watchtower), Teknecik to reach the marine traffic, safety and Powerplant, Cape Apostolos Andreas efficiency level. (together with Karpaz GSM Towers), c. Risk evaluation: It is confirmed that the and Sadrazam Village. As a result of the other precautions to be taken will Figure 2 including radar coverage zone system with the defined functions and field work, proposed TMSs are shown in decrease the accidents and/or dangers

183 © UCTEA The Chamber of Marine Engineers Journal of ETA Maritime Science

within the scope of the intended level. 4.2 Organizational Structure of TRNC- VTS whether the reductions are calculated at d. theCost-benefit risk level with analysis: the setting It is up defined of the at a minimum amount in the beginning. The staff of TRNC-VTS might be kept

4.1 system,Aim of TRNC-VTSand the decision is made. establishAs the public it as a governance State Economic of the Enterprises TRNC is managedtoo cumbersome, by a Directorate it is recommended with a fast to working decision-making mechanism. The andThe security aim ofof thethe VTS marine system environment to be set byup taking in the into TRNC account is to increasethe environmental the safety factors rather than arranging the marine name of this Directorate should be “Vessel Traffic Services Directorate” and should be ainspected structure by theconsisting Directorate of twoof Ports. assistants traffic. In addition, its other duties are workingIn technical with a shift and system operational where terms, each the following: monitoring, providing shifts will contain 2 Operators (one information, assistance (navigation, Supervisor and one Operator) formed of 4 search and rescue and related units), preventing accidents, protecting, and traffic management, strategic planning/practice. shifts is recommended. In this case, the total The expectation from TRNC-VTS as a number of employees is 14 (1 Director, 2 •“Coastal and Regional VTS” consists of the System-InformationDeputy Directors (Operation-Technical), Engineers). For 4 following: main Operators and 4 Operator, Hardware- environmentTo improve against the marine the negative traffic effects safety and efficiency and to protect the marine example; features of staff to work as a VTS • To create an ideal awareness on 5.operator Conclusions are specified in [9]. marineof the marine environment traffic, at a national level

This research presents a VTS system • especially in the Aegean and the Eastern to be set up in the TRNC. As a result of the byMediterranean, transferring all the necessary data for field work and the authors’ proposal, TRNC- To support the efficiency of this system outsideVTS should the coveragebe established area of with the radaronly threemust • TMSs, as shown in Figure 3. The regions the Vessel Traffic Management System, To create a safer and more efficient radarbe equipped coverage with of AIS the stations entire socoast as to of cover the • Totraffic follow structure the forin-port passengers, actions large in the entire coast as shown in Figure 4, as the coordinationand deep draft with vessels, the Directorates of The contributions that will be made TRNC is not possible. indisputably acceptable according to the • ToPorts be in (mooring, more interaction departing, with shifting, local gatheredby VTS todata. be It setis estimated up in the that TRNC ensuring are anchoring actions, etc.), the most effective way of establishing this is • thepassenger vessel vessels,and port plants in the port To contribute to more efficient work of by setting up three TMS in Cape Kormakitis, Cape Apostolos Andreas and at the location • Toregions make (anchoring,positive contribution non-anchoring, to of Zeytinlik Lighthouse or at a convenient mooring-departure planning, etc.). outlocation of the atcoverage the Famagusta of these three Port. radars It is alsoand anticipated that AIS will monitor the regions the quality and efficiency of the replenishment services (fuel, water, this will be carried out by the VTS Operators food, etc.) in the region. to be employed in the VTS Centre to be 184 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187

Figure 3. Fields Determined for the Radar Coverage (Red circles presents around 20 nm) and TMS RLcations on Vessel Density Chart (Blue lines are; water pipeline and fiber line) Source: Marine Traffic (2016) [10]

Figure 4. Planned AIS Stations and Their Coverage Areas

environment will become stronger in case established in the TRNC (in Kyrenia and/or for this is that TRNC maritime and marine thePort ofprotection Famagusta). and monitoring of the political instability in the Middle Eastern environmentThe main rather aim ofthan TRNC-VTS monitoring will and be countriesof the human and in trafficking the event that due an to agreement the recent is made as a result of the negotiations levelplanning of density of the may vessel not require traffic. the When setting the vessel traffic around is considered, this between the TRNC and Southern Greek which makes tourism a basic stone of the Cypriot Administration. up of a VTS, but as an island country informationTRNC-VTS regarding to be the installed maritime. is veryIt is and prevention of the marine pollution believedsignificant, that as the it willtransfer enrich of thethe statisticalwakes to economy, protection of the environment

185come into prominence. Another reason be obtained from the TMS to Mersin VTS © UCTEA The Chamber of Marine Engineers Journal of ETA Maritime Science subjecting them to a wake fusion and the suggestions and precious supports. Centre over the network infrastructure, documents, their valuable comments, over the network would be convenient. References Ittransfer is obvious of the obtainedthat the image information to the TRNC and

[1] KKTC Turizm Tanıtma ve Pazarlama politicaldata sharing and strategic between VTSlong-term Centre national in the ttpd.gov.ct.tr/Dairesi (2016). Coğrafi Konum. TRNC and Turkey will be available. The Accessed: 15 October 2013, http:// to the short-term technical and operational benefits should be considered in addition [2] Debeş, M.E., Kum, S. and Boşnak, has an important place for other issues that T. (2014). KKTC’de GTH Sistemi requirebenefits whilethe consideration taking these decisions.of the political It also Kurulmasına İlişkin Bir Çalışma balance that will especially appear in a (Turkish), In Proceedings of the wider range apart from the constant effects. 1st National Vessel Traffic Services Congress (I. Ulusal Gemi Trafik Hizmetleri Kongresi) (pp. 15-23), • In conclusion, the expectations from Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University TRNC-VTS can be summarized as follows: and Maritime Traffic Operators’ To play the role of a regional VTS as well Assosication • as a coastal VTS for the TRNC port and [3] TRNC Ministry of Public Works and marine borders, Transport (2013). Directorate of To improve the safety and efficiency of Department of Ports, Annual Report. • the marine traffic in Turkey, the TRNC http://bub.gov.ct.tr/Dairelerimiz.aspx • Toand create the region, an awareness on the marine [4] KKTC Limanlar Dairesi Müdürlüğü environmentTo protect the at marine a national/ environment, international (2013). Gazimağusa Liman Başkanlığı. Accessed: 10 February • To enable the data transfer between 2015, http://www.limanlar.gov.ct.tr/ level in the Eastern Mediterranean, LimanBa%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1klar %C4%B1/Gazima%C4%9FusaLim Turkey and the TRNC and to support [5] EuropeananBa%C5%9 Commission-Joint Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9 Research • the efficiency of the vessel management F% C4%B1.aspx system, • To followmake the positive port activities contribution of the TRNC to maritimeaffairs/policy/integrated_Centre (2008). Integrated Maritime (mooring, departing, anchoring, etc.) maritime_Policy for the surveillance/documents/ EU, http://ec.europa.eu/ maritime-surveillance_en.pdf the quality and efficiency of the replenishment services (fuel, water, Acknowledgementsfood, etc.) in the region. [6] Vasiliko Terminal (2016). VTS Cyprus We would like to thank particularly to (Vasiliko). Accessed: 29 October 2014, http://www.vtsvasilikoterminal.com/ [7] Stratejik Yöntem (2015). PEST Analizi Capt. Okan ARI (on behalf of Navigational analizi-tarihcesiTarihçesi. Accessed: 18 October 2014, and Marine Safety Department, Ministry http://stratejikyonetim.org/PEST- of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications) to Capt. Tuncay ÇEHRELİ [8] Tekno Sector (2015). PEST Analizi. (Chairman of IALA VTS Committee),st Capt. analizi/Accessed: 18 October 2014, http:// Burçin ERLEVENT, and Dr. Capt. Hasan teknosektor.com/2013/10/22/pest- CommissionTERZİ who for held sharing the 1 of Nationalinformation/ VTS Congress, and all member of Feasibility [9] Gemi Trafik Hizmetleri Sistemlerinin Kurulmasına ve İşletilmesine İlişkin 186 Original Research (AR) Kum&Debeş/JEMS, 2016; 4(2): 175-187

Yönetmelik (2007). Resmi Gazete 18.02.2007, Sayı: 26438. [10] Marine Traffic (2016). Live Map. Accessed: 01 May 2016,m https:// www.marinetraffic.com/ [11] Tamçelik, S. and Kurt, K. (2014). Türkiye’nin Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge Algısı ve Yakın Tehdit Alanı: Kıbrıs. In Proceedings of the Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı (3). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları. [12] DisputeBaşeren, Over S. H. Eastern (2011). Mediterranean Doğu Akdeniz Deniz Yetki Alanları Uyuşmazlığı-

Maritime Jurisdiction Areas. İstanbul: Mediterraneanİlke Yayınevi Energy Resources and [13] Özel, Ç. and Erdoğan, M. Ş. (2014). East

Policy, Accessed: 29 October 2014, http://webcache.googleusercontent. com/dosyalar/doguakdeniz.com/search?q=cache:aaU_ oSW_ZLkJ:www.erdoganhukuk.

indocx+&cd=3&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr the Eastern Mediterranean and [14] theDogan, Future N. (2013). of Regional Energy StrategiesSecurity.

www.21yyte.org/tr/arastirma/21st Century Institute of Turkey, enerji-ve-enerji-guvenligi-arastirmAccessed: 10 February 2015, http://

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