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Antifilarial Activity of Mallotus Philippensis Lam. on Setaria Cervie (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Vitro

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Antifilarial Activity of Mallotus Philippensis Lam. on Setaria Cervie (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Vitro Indian J Physiol Pharmacol1997; 41(4) : 397-403 ANTIFILARIAL ACTIVITY OF MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS LAM. ON SETARIA CERVIE (NEMATODA: FILARIOIDEA) IN VITRO RAJINDER SINGH, K. C. SINGHAL' AND NIZAM U. KHAN" ·Department of Pharmacology, U Department of Chemistry, J. N. Medical College and Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002. Aligarh-202002. (Received on September I, 1996) Abstract: The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) MueH. Arg. was studied on the spontaneous movements of the whole worm and nerve-muscle (n.m.) preparation of Setaria cervi and on the survival of microfilariae in vitro. Both the extracts caused inhibition of spontaneous motility of whole worm and the n.m. preparation of S. Cervi characterized by initial stimulation followed by depression in amplitude. The tone and rate of contractions remained visibly unaffected. Aqueous extract at higher concentration showed immediate reduction in tone. The concentration required to inhibit the movements of n.m. preparation was 1I5th for aqueous and II11th for alcoholic extract compared to that for the whole worm, suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier. The stimulatory response of acetylcholine was blocked by aqueous extract on whole worm movements. On the microfilariae the LC14 and LC lMI were 18 and 20 nglml for aqueous and 12 and 15 ng/ml for alcoholic extracts respectively. Key words: filariasis setaria cervi mallotus phifippensis microfilariae INTRODUCTION Plant powder of M. phUippensis is also used by external application for parasitic Alcoholic and etheral extracts of infection of skin and also as aphrodisiac, M.philippensis fruits have shown taenicidal lithontriptic and styptic (3-6). However, action against Hymenolepic nana and there is no report on anthelmintic activity H. diminuta, both in vitro and in vivo. The of M. philippensis leaves in literature. extracts also exhibited lethal efficacy Further the plant has not been explored for against trematodes (Fasciolopsis buski; but antifilarial activity. It was, therefore, not on nematodes (Ascaris Iltmbricoides) thought worthwhile to test alcoholic and in vitro (1, 2). M. philippensis powder aquous extracts of M. philippensis for traditionally used in Ayurvedic system of potential antifilarial activity in vitro on medicine was found effective in conversion whole worm, nerve muscle preparation and of stools from positive to negative in 96 microfilariae of S. cervi (Nematoda percent of children harboring 11. nana. Filarioidea). ·Corresponding Author 398 Singh et al Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 4l(4) METHODS ganglia. The remaining part was tied at either end and suspended in an isolated Adult Setaria cervi (Nematoda organ bath, containing modified Ringer's filarioidea) were collected from the solution at 37°C. The preparation served to peritoneal cavity of freshly slaughtered expose the n.m. complex directly to the cattle and brought to laboratory in a vacuum action of the drugs, and also could exhibit flask containing modified Ringer's solution spontaneous rhythmical movements similar (7) (NaCI 9g, KCI 0.42g, Cacl2 0.24g NaHC03 to those of the intact worm. The drug 0.5 g, glucose 0.25 g per litre) at 37°C. concentrations were tested for their response as with whole worm preparation. Dried and powdered leaves of The concentration of extract which modified M. philipensis (Euphorbiaceae) were the movements was tested in at least six extracted with alcohol and water, preparations. separately. The crude extract was dried and dissolved in alcohol and water before use. Collection of microfilariae : The uterus of a female S. cervi was cut at its junction Whole worm preparation: Adult S. cervi with the vagina and just below the were suspended in an isolated organ bath bifurcation, and removed from the worm. It of 20 ml capacity, in modified Ringer's was teased with a fine needle in the solution solution at 37°C. Spontaneous movements and microfilariae (mf) were freed. The of the worm were recorded on a slow moving microfiliariae were suspended in a human kymograph drum (8). Air or Oxygen was not serum Ringer mixture and the mf count was bubbled through the solution as it did not adjusted to IOO/ml. 0.5 ml aliquots of the improve the movements of the worm. About microfilariae suspension were placed in 15 min were allowed for the movements of sterilized screw cap bottles containing worm to stabilize before eliciting the aqueous or alcoholic extracts of response of drug. The drug was added in M. philippensis in equal serum : Ringer increasing concentration to the bath fluid mixture (v/v). M. philippensis extract was and allowed to remain in contact for 15 min. added in doubly increasing concentration If there was no response it was considered from 5 ng/ml. The bottles were kept in an as inactive. Fresh worm was used to test incubator at 37°C and examined under a the higher concentration of the extract. microscope every 30 min till 210 min to count the living and dead microfilariae. Each Nerve-muscle preparation: A worm was concentration was tested in six sets of placed in a petridish containing modified experiments. The LC 50 and Lc90 was calculated Ringer's solution (37°C). Two dissecting from mean concentration - death graph. needles were inserted into the worm at one end, and the cuticle was split longitudinally. In a preliminary experiment, aqueous The intestine and uterus were severed at and alcoholic extracts of M. philippensis both ends and removed. The anterior 1 em were added to microfilariae suspension in of the worm was removed to eliminate the increasing concentrations starting from 5 influence of the nerve ring and cephalic upto 50 pg/ml. The survival/motility of Indian J Physiol Pharmacal 1997; 41(4) Antifilarial Activity of M. Philippensis 399 microfilariae was observed till 6 hr to after the addition of the extract in a determine limits of activity. There was no concentration of 100 pg/ml to the bath fluid, mortality at a concentration of 5 pg/ml and the amplitude of the contractions showed a 100% mortality at 50 pg/ml. Six gradual increase till it reached its peak at concentrations were selected beginning from about 60 min. The rate of contractions a minimum which would kill not more than showed a corresponding decrease while the 10% microfilariae and maximum which tone remained unaffected. Thereafter there would kill more than 90% but not all the was increase in the frequency but the microfiJariae at 6 hr. These concentrations amplitude decreased. After about 95 min were 15,20,25,30,35 and 40 ng/m!. movements of whole worm ceased completely. Repeated changes of bathing RESULTS fluid was not beneficial in restoring the movements. Addition of acetylcholine (Ach) Effect of aqueous extract of at this stage in concentrations of 5 and 100 M. philippensis on the spontaneous pg/ml of bath fluid only induced a feeble movements of whole worm and n.m. response as did the addition of KCI. preparation of S. cervi : A typical response to aqueous extract of M. philippensis on the The response to aqueous extract of spontaneous movements of whole worm of M. philippensis could be elicited on the n.m. S. cervi is shown in Fig. 1. Immediately complex of S. cerlJi in a concentration of 20pg/ml Le. 1/5th of that required for the whole worm and was also different in nature. The initial stimulant effect characterized by increase in amplitude of contractions observed with whole worm was min not observed with n.m. preparation. The 30 min 60 min movements were characterized by decrease in amplitude only while the tone and rate of contractions remained unchanged. The depressant effect was reversible with repeated changes of the bathing fluid which restored the movements to normal. min 90min w 2 hr Ach 5 l!g1ml With a higher concentration of aqueous Fig. 1 : Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of extract (40 pg/ml) on the n.m. preparation M. philippen.~is on the spontaneous movements the response was immediate with reduction of the whole worm of S. cervi. Bath applied concentration of 100 tJg/ml caused initial in tone characterized by lowering of base stimulation characterized by increase in line and cessation of movements. The effect amplitude followed by irreversible paralysis. The lone and rale of contractions remained at this concentration was irreversible with visibly unaffected. The stimulant effect of Ach washing of the preparation with bathing was blocked by whole worm movements while fluid. However, the n.m. preparation the effect of KCl was ill the form of single small twich. 400 Singh et al Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 41(4) responded with a well defined typical min a decrease in the frequency of response of Ach (lower panel of Fig. 2) movement was observed. This was followed by paralysis of the worm characterized by complete cessation of movements, which did not reverse spontaneously till about 6h. However, repeated changes of bath fluid did restore the movements, showing that the Min paralysis induced by the alcoholic extract rL M. philippensis is reversible in nature 20 IJgfml w (Fig.3) Min 230 IJglml 40 IJgfml w Ach 5 Ilgfml Fig. 3 Effect of alcoholic extract of the leaves of M. philippensis on the spontaneoull movements Fig. 2: Effect of aqueou~ extract of the leaves of of the whole worm of S. cervi. Bath applied M. philippen,i, on the llpontaneoUII movements concentration of 230 IJg/ml cauaed initial of the n.m. preparation of S. cervi. A &timulation characterir.ed by increase in concentration of 20 pglml caused decrease in amplitude followed by revenlible paralysis. The amplitude and tone while the rate of rate of contractions remained visibly contraction II remained vi~ibly unaffected. But unaffected while the tone showed initial short· at a higher concentration (40 pg/m!) the luting increase.
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