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cover_buch_090608 12.06.2008 19:24 Uhr Seite 1 Proklima International The replacement of R22 in the commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning sector poses a big challenge for developing countries when designing and implementing the accelerated HCFC phase-out. This collec- tion of articles was compiled to highlight that natural refrigerants may be applied in various systems which previously used R22 and that they have proven to be energy-efficient, economically feasible and environmentally friendly replacements to HCFCs. The handbook contains 31 articles by individual authors covering the follow- ing issues: policies and legislation on F-gases and related issues (Part 1), safety concerns and means to overcome (Part 2), a technical assessment of natural refrigerants in different applications (air conditioning, commercial and industrial refrigeration and heat pumps) (Part 3), and case studies by manufacturers and end-users providing insights into market developments and examples of successful conversions to natural refrigerants (Part 4). PROKLIMA s t n a r Natural Refrigerants e g i Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Alternatives to HCFCs r f e R l a r u t a N Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH – German Technical Cooperation – Programme Proklima Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Alternatives to HCFCs T + 49 6196 79 - 0 GTZ PROKLIMA F + 49 6196 79 - 6318 E [email protected] I www.gtz.de/proklima Proklima International Natural Refrigerants Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Alternatives to HCFCs Published by: PROKLIMA is a programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusam- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH menarbeit GmbH (GTZ). Commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Co- – German Technical Cooperation – operation and Development (BMZ) PROKLIMA has been providing technical and Programme Proklima Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 financial support for developing countries since 1996 to implement the provisions of 65760 Eschborn, Germany the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Internet: www.gtz.de Name of sector project: GTZ Proklima - a programme to save the ozone layer Contact person at the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ): Georg vom Kolke German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Environment and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Division Bonn, Germany [email protected] Editors: Dr. Volkmar Hasse (Programme Manager) GTZ Proklima Private Bag 18004 Klein Windhoek, Namibia Phone: +264 61 273 501 [email protected] Linda Ederberg (Contact Person) GTZ Proklima c/o HEAT GmbH Zum Talblick 2 61479 Glashütten, Germany Phone: +49 6174 964575 [email protected] Dr. Daniel Colbourne (Technical Advice) Re-phridge PO Box 4745, Stratford-upon-Avon Warwickshire CV37 1FE, UK Phone: +44 (0)1789 268285 [email protected] Design: pukka design, Frankfurt Print: Druckerei Hassmüller, Frankfurt Eschborn, July 2008 Natural Refrigerants II. Safety of Natural Refrigerants 53 Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Alternatives to HCFCs Safety rules for the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants 55 Daniel Colbourne, Re-phridge, UK Introduction Jóse M. Corberán, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto Dr. Volkmar Hasse, GTZ Proklima, Germany de Ingeniería Energética, Spain Preface 1 Ammonia and its reputation as refrigerant 69 Volkmar Hasse, GTZ Proklima Anders Lindborg, Ammonia Partnership AB, Sweden Safety of CO2 in large refrigeration systems 81 I. Policy / Legislation on F-Gases and Alternatives 5 Samer Sawalha, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Safety of appliances using hydrocarbon refrigerants 95 Two environmental frameworks – One goal 7 Daniel Colbourne, Re-phridge, UK – The Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol Michael Müller, Parliamentary State Secretary, Federal Ministry for Safe plantrooms for large hydrocarbon chillers 111 Environment, Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety, Germany Amir Tadros, Connell Wagner Pty Ltd, Australia Ian Maclaine-cross and Eddie Leonardi, School of Mechanical and Success and future challenges of the Montreal Protocol 11 Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Australia Jason Anderson, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Belgium Aspects involved in the replacement of fluorocarbon to low 25 III. Assessment of Natural Refrigerants in Different Applications 125 GWP refrigerants Jürgen Usinger, GTZ Proklima, Germany Opportunities for the application of natural refrigerants 127 Lambert Kuijpers, UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel Daniel Colbourne, Re-phridge, UK Co-Chair Application of ammonia heat pump systems for heating and 137 Modernising refrigeration equipment with the Kyoto Protocol’s 37 cooling in non-residential buildings Clean Development Mechanism Jørn Stene, SINTEF Energy Research, Norway Thomas Grammig, GTZ Proklima, Germany Overview and outlook for the application of CO2 in heat pumps 145 Protecting the ozone layer and the climate from halogenated 43 René Rieberer, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Thermal substances – Measures in the European Union Engineering, Austria Katja Becken, Federal Environment Agency, Germany Jørn Stene and Petter Nekså, SINTEF Energy Research, Norway Trends and perspectives in supermarket refrigeration 161 Michael Kauffeld, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Environmental Engineering, Germany Assessment of re-fitting supermarkets with indirect systems 173 for Article 5 Countries Daniel Colbourne, Re-phridge, UK Use of hydrocarbons as working fluids in heat pumps and 187 Refrigeration systems for warm climates using only CO2 287 refrigeration equipment as a working fluid Jóse M. Corberán, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto Sergio Girotto, Enex S.r.l., Italy de Ingeniería Energética, Spain Silivia Minetto, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy Conversion of various HCFC-22 systems to hydrocarbon 203 The first CO2 supermarket plant in New Zealand 303 Aryadi Suwono, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Alexander Cohr Pachai, Johnson Controls, Denmark Experimental assessment of HC-290 as a substitute to HCFC-22 209 Natural refrigerants in dairy processing, supermarket refrigeration 313 in a window air conditioner and air conditioning Atul S. Padalkar, Sinhgad College of Engineering, India Karin Jahn, Eurammon, Germany Sukumar Devotta, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Water chillers with ammonia for building services 319 India Andy Pearson, Star Refrigeration Ltd., UK Green ice cream cabinets – Unilever’s move from HCFCs to HCs 331 IV. Market Developments and Case Studies 223 Alan Gerrard, Unilever Ltd., UK Application of hydrocarbon refrigerants in existing large systems 343 The quality of natural refrigerants – The importance of specifying 225 Ladas Taylor, Energy Resources Group, Australia high purity products Jackson Ong, Nat-Energy Resources, Singapore Veronica Shiels and Barry Lyons, BOC, UK Developing a product range for climate- and ozone-friendly 355 Phase out of R22 and then what? 237 technologies Alexander Cohr Pachai, Johnson Controls, Denmark Nick Cox, Earthcare Products Ltd., UK Capacity control of refrigeration systems with screw compressors 245 and economizer Dieter Mosemann and Dmytro Zaystev, Grasso GmbH Refrigeration Annex 365 Technology, Germany List of contributors 367 Propane as an alternative to R22 for small refrigeration systems 261 Further help section 387 at high ambient temperatures Index 393 Heinz Jürgensen, Danfoss Compressors GmbH, Germany Acronyms and Abbreviations 401 Design criteria for CO2 evaporators 273 222 Glossary Roland Handschuh, Güntner AG, Germany Environmentally friendly refrigeration in the retail trade 283 – Refrigerant R22 soon to be a thing of the past - future ecological alternative can be CO2 Reiner Tillner-Roth, Epta Group, Germany 22_23 Preface DR. VOLKMAR HASSE, GTZ Proklima It is now common knowledge that the Montreal Protocol in its effort to phase out the Acknowledgements use of ozone depleting substances, especially CFCs, also alleviated the growing climate problem significantly. Some say the world was given a grace period of 10 years in which Foremost, we thank all the authors for contributing with articles and case studies to to react to the potentially cataclysmic effects of climate change. It could have been our publication on natural refrigerants as alternatives to HCFCs. done even better – if a big chance presenting itself in the mid 1990s would have been Furthermore, we would like to thank the following experts who helped to compile the taken instead of being missed. At that time there was for example an opportunity to publication and who provided valuable information and amendments to the draft ver- convert the household refrigeration technology directly from CFCs to hydrocarbons, sion: Winfried Schwarz, Öko-Recherche and Rolf Hühren, independent consultant. which have no adverse effects on the ozone layer and the climate, and which were already well known and available at that time. German hydrocarbon based “Greenfreeze” Volkmar Hasse, Linda Ederberg and Daniel Colbourne technology (the name given by Greenpeace) using hydrocarbons as refrigerant and also to produce the insulation foam was transferred first to the Chinese refrigerator manufacturer Haier in a partnership between the US-Environmental Protection Agency, the
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