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Home , Flush toilet, Urine diversion

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54 Compendium of Systems and .6 Functional Group U: User Interface they exist, pipes should be installed with at least a 1% 1% a least at with installed be should pipes exist, they whenever possible; as short as kept be should tanks storage to (pipes) connections all scaling, Tolimit sion. - corro prevent to used be should pipes plastic , of discharge the For removed. easily and prevented be they thatcan so mayoccur clogs where and how of ing - understand an with carefully installed be should water). The flushing and material cleansing dry (faeces, plumbing, i.e., separate piping for urine and brownwater dual requires system The Design Considerations with water to betreated. flushed are faeces the while processing, or use further is for tank a storage toilet into flows urine The the flushed. when bowl urine-collection the rinse to used is water of amount small a but water,without ed collect- is urine The back. the in collected are faeces is Urine collected in in thea drain of front the toilet and faeces. Both sittingandsquatting modelsexist. sections so that the urine can be separated two from the has bowl toilet The bowl. the in diversion the appearance to a (U.5) except for in similar is (UDFT) toilet flush urine-diverting The U6: FL Urine-Diverting Flush Urine-Diverting Toilet (UDFT) USH TO I LET WITH URINE SEP AR A TION Outputs: ( Inputs: and for promoting acceptance; if users understand why understand forpromotingand acceptance;users if use proper ensuring for essential are diagrams and/or cards Information Health Aspects/Acceptance expertise. cial, andrequires - cru is pipes urine the of installation and design proper the Particularly,. Flush Cistern for than plicated com- more is plumbing the collection, brownwater and urine for pipes separate requires this Since clogging. minimize and use proper ensure to settings public in required is awareness and training significant although applications, private and public for suitable are UDFTs recommended. are men for (U.3) efficiency, diversion improve To urine. collected the for use a and brownwater the for technology treatment a flushing, for water enough is there when adequate is UDFT A Appropriateness accessisdifficult. slopes, andwhere mm) should be used elsewhere, especially for minimum where maintenance is easy. and Larger diameter pipes (> slopes 75 steep for sufficient is mm 50 of diameter slope, and sharp angles (90°) should be avoided. A pipe

Anal Cleansing Water)(

Faeces Brownwater Systems 5,9 Applicable to: Urine Urine Dry Cleansing Dry Materials)

Urine Urine Flushwater ------+ + + Pros &Cons es manualremoval may berequired. be used for removing blockages. However, in some cas- water caustic soda solution (2 parts tosoda) can 1 part a or acid acetic) 24% (> Stronger scaling. and deposits mineral of build-up the prevent can water hot and/or vinegar) (e.g., acid mild a with bowl theWashing pipes. and salts can precipitate and build up in the fittings and minerals magnesium-based and calcium- separately, collected is urine Because forming. from prevent stains and clean bowl(s) the keep to important is cleaning er Operation &Maintenance As with any toilet, - prop that there noodours. are ensure will plumbing properly. Correct UDFT the use to willing more be will they separated, being is urine the

collection of urine collection ofurine aseparateMen usuallyrequire for optimum Requires ofwater source aconstant toIs prone misuseandclogging correctly Requires andacceptance training to beused Labour-intensive maintenance and maintenance dependonparts costs operating costs; High capital Limited availability; cannot be built locally or repaired Flush Toilet Looks like, like, andcanbeusedalmost aCistern ifusedcorrectly with problems No real odours Toilet Requires lesswater Cistern than Flush atraditional _ Winker, (2011). M.andSaadoun,A. andBrownwater Urine Münch, E.andWinker,_ von M.(2011). Technology Review T. J.(2007). andLienert, _ Larsen, A. Novaquatis Final Report. Johans- Stintzing, A., E.,Emilsson,K.,Richert _ Kvarnström, Reading References &Further Available at: www.susana.org/library DE. Alliance (SuSanA),Eschborn, Sanitation Sustainable Germany –CaseStudy ofSustainable Sanitation Projects. Separation atGTZ MainOfficeBuildingEschborn, Available at: www.susana.org/library DE. Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)GmbH,Eschborn, Toilets, Storage Urine andReuse Systems. für Gesellschaft Components Such asWaterless Diversion Urine Urinals, Diversionof Components. ofUrine Overview Available at: www.novaquatis.eawag.ch CH. Eawag, Dübendorf, NoMix –ANew Approach to Water Urban Management. Available at: www.ecosanres.org Stockholm,Ecosan PublicationsSeries, SE. Towards Sustainable 2006–1, Sanitation. Report EcoSanRes: P. Diversion: J.-O.(2006).Urine OneStep andDrangert, L.,Ridderstolpe, Christensen, D., Qvarnström, J.,Hellström, son, M.,Jönsson,H.,afPetersens, E.,Schönning, C.,

55 Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies U

Functional Group U: User Interface .6