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The Honey-Makers 182 Mm Iwurrleg ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University EVERETT FRANKLIN PHILLIPS BEEKEEPING LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003264342 The Honey-Makers 182 Mm iWUrrleg. A Song of Life. i2mo. ffi.as- Life and Love. i2mo. $1.25. The Bee People. i2mo. I1.25. The Honey-Makers. i2nio. I1.50. A. C. MCCLURG AND CO. Chicago. The Honey-Makers By Margaret Warner Morley Author of "A Song of Life," "Life and Love, "The Bee People" 31«uj*ttatEb bs tbt Jtutbor Chicago A. C. McClurg and Company 1899 (3 ^ nS-l^i Copyright By a. C. McClurg and Co. A.D, 1899 Contents Part I THE HONEY-MAKERS Chapter Page I. Structure, Habits, and Products of the Honey-Bee 9 II. The Bee's Tongue 17 III. Eyes, Antenna, and Brain 39 IV. The Wings 57 V. The Legs 70 VI. Honey-Sac and Wax-Pockets 81 VII. The Sting 90 VIII. The Family 113 IX. The Drone 129 X. The Worker 't 137 XI. The Swarm 159 XII. Honey 177 XIII. Mead 206 Part II THE LITERATURE AND HISTORY OF THE BEE XIV. In Hindu Literature 225 XV. In Egypt and the East 247 viii Contents Chapter Page XVI. In Greece and Italy 264. XVII. In Greece and Italy {continued) 288 XVIII. In Christian and Medieval Times . 319 XIX. Curious Customs and Beliefs in Modern Times 339 XX. Bee Culture at Present 362 Appendix . 391 Index 411 Part I The Honey-Makers STRUCTURE, HABITS, AND PRODUCTS OF THE HONEY-BEE Literature is filled with the Honey-makers and their in- comparable gift, which appears now as ambrosia, now as nectar, and always as the synonym of sweetness unsur- passed. The Vedic poets sang of honey and the dawn at the same moment, and all the succeeding generations of India have chanted honey and its maker into their mythologies, their religions, and their loves. The philosophers of Greece esteemed the bee, and with- out honey and the bee the poets of Hellas would have lacked expressions of sweetness that all succeeding ages have seized upon as consummate. The Latin writers studied the bee not only for its use- fulness as a honey-maker, but because of its unique character for industry, for its skill as a builder, and for its wonderful sagacity in its social organization. The writers of the middle ages were not only familiar with what had been said in the classics, but themselves knew the bee, its virtues, and its uses in literature. Modern writers are principally concerned with the struc- ture and habits of the bee as revealed by modern science. lo The Honey-Makers and particularly with the part played by it as a fertilizer of the fruits and flowers. To fertilize the flowers has always been the office of the bee, as we can see now that the processes of nature are understood. But it cannot so easily be believed that the bee once gave the world the only "sugar" it had, — that is, it is the only material for sweetening ; yet but a few centuries since sugar came into use in Europe. The first cane-sugar known in our records came from China, that wonderful secret country which has given us so many of our useful arts. Its course was thence to India and Arabia, and between China and these countries it appears to have been for centuries an article of trade. Alexander the Great, in that remarkable expedition which did so much to make the West acquainted with the East, is probably responsible for the first knowledge Europe had of sugar, for it is said that his admiral, Near- chus, on the return of his army to Greece b. c. 324, brought with him as a rare and delectable delicacy a quantity of sugar candy. The method of making " candy " appears to have been known and extensively practised in China from a very ' remote antiquity, and it was sent in large quantities to ^ India. Thus we find candy, so frequently condemned as vain and frivolous, a most venerable and historical commodity, the forerunner of the tremendous sugar industry in the western world at the present time. Nearchus's candy was not the varied and delectable confection compounded by the artists of the present day, but probably a very simple sweet. Theophrastus, 320 b. c, calls sugar a sort of honey ex- tracted from canes or reeds ; and Dioscorides in the second 1 Structure, Habits, and Products 1 century informs us that a sort of concrete honey, called sugar, is found upon canes which grow in India and Arabia Felix. This sugar, we are told, was in consistence like salt, being, like it, brittle between the teeth. " Sugar " came to be a synonym for everything that had a sweet taste, hence the acetate of lead is called " sugar of lead." It was not until about the seventeenth century that sugar became an article of common use in Europe. Up to that time it was used chiefly as a medicine, or by the rich as a delicacy at feasts upon very special occasions. At the present time sugar has superseded honey as an article of every-day use. Honey has lost most of its im- portance in the family life ; but not so the bee, for we now know that it does inestimable service in perfecting the fruits of the earth, and that without it our orchards would be lean and our gardens barren. This knowledge makes a scientific study of the bee as fascinating as is the story of honey and its maker in rela- tion to the individual life of the races of men that have preceded us. Since the bee existed before literature and history, the true sequence in treating it is, first, its structure and habits, and then its place in song and homily. Its structure and habits were partly known and partly guessed by the ancients, who from Hesiod down wrote about it. Aristotle gives the best summary of Greek knowl- edge upon the subject, and from him succeeding authors down to near the present time drew their materials, ampli- fying the fables and absurdities, until the earliest English books upon the bee, although written in perfect seriousness, in the light of what we know to-day, read like humorous compositions. I 2 The Honey-Makers The bee lends itself so readily to fun that at the present time it is treated as a joke almost as frequently as a sober subject for scientific research. In the present book the natural history of the bee is treated and the latest scientific results on the subject are given, yet, feeling that the general reader will enjoy the quaint and curious opinions of earlier generations, even as the present writer did, they too are set before him, not to discredit the gravity of so serious a subject, but rather as it were to warm the cold facts of science with a human glow and make them smile a little. Hence Aristotle and Pliny, Moffett and Butler, appear with their testimony concerning the structure of wings, tongue, or sting, alongside the modern scientists, instead of being kept strictly to their own side of the fence in the part entitled the Literature and History of the Bee. In the second part of the book the bee is set up to be looked at in the light of mythology, the legend, poetry, history, and literature ; and an astonishing insect it has proved to be under this examination. The writers of In- dian literature have used it constantly, as have also the Greek and Latin writers from the earliest times to the later ones. Plato in philosophy and Plutarch in history have set it in their pages. In mediaeval times the church drew some of its most useful illustrations and lessons from the habits of the bee, and everywhere its wax has been used in magic and necro- mancy as well as in religious observances. The northern nations owe it a debt so great that we can scarcely see how they could have fought and sung without it ; certainly they could not have mingled the draught that created the saga or brewed the mead that pledged the hero, without the cloying honey. The poetry of the present is so rich in its use of the bee that it has been necessary to pass it almost without pausing, Structure, Habits, and Products i 3 so impossible is it to do justice to this subject in a book of reasonable length. It has not been the object of the author to exhaust the subject of the bee in literature, — that would be a task, indeed, — but rather to show the important place it holds in the principal literatures of the world, and to share with others the pleasure derived from pursuing the bee through these extensive and very delightful pastures. It may not be out of place to say a word here concerning the bee's place in nature. It belongs to the branch of the animal kingdom known as Arthropoda, which contains more species than all the other branches taken together, and whose members are characterized by having the body composed of a series of more or less similar rings or segments joined together, some of the segments bearing jointed legs. To the Arthropoda belong the spiders, scorpions, centipedes, lobsters, and insects.
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