Volume 7/ Number 1 (47-63) February 2020 https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/rubikon

DEBUNKING THE POST-RACIAL NOTION: A RACIAL PREJUDICE STUDY IN AMERICAN SOCIETY AS REFLECTED IN ANGIE THOMAS’ THE HATE U GIVE

Yusrina Dinar Prihatika e-mail: [email protected]

Muh Arif Rokhman Universitas Gadjah Mada e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Article information Today, America is still busy with the problems of inequality, which Received: 12 January, 2020 include racial prejudice.The Hate U Give brings social issues that are Revised: 26 January, 2020 rife to people of color, especially African Americans. In her novel, Accepted: 9 February, 2020 Thomas illustrates the injustice that had happened to the African American community because of the racial profiling that was carried out by white people. The writer uses descriptive analysis method in finding the meaning behind a literary work. The writer also conducts the study using Racial Prejudice theory by McLemore to see the types of prejudice in society. The writer also elaborates it with Du Bois‘ Double Consciousness in analyzing racial prejudice towards African Americans. The study found out that perceived injustice is still often obtained by African Americans, where they still cannot have their rights as citizens in the United States, such as educational equality, economics, and legal protection. This prejudice is caused by the existence of social class conditions which are constrained by the majority race which tries to maintain its position as a 'ruler' in American society, the other factor is by the spreading Post-Racial ideology where the majority of people think that talking about racial issues is no longer relevant.

Keywords: African Americans; racial equality; racial prejudice; post- racial; police brutality

DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v7i1.62511 Available at https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/rubikon/article/view/62511 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

INTRODUCTION becomes acountry that, for the first time in America nowadays is experiencing rapid American history, appointed an African developments. From a country that has a dark American being the 44th president of the history of slavery to African Americans, United States. In 2009, a huge history was

47 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 engraved as Barack Obama sat at the highest in American society by analyzing its effects office in the United States. Obama's victory is towards the characters. After knowing the not only an achievement for himself, but also evidence of racial prejudice in the novel, this for minorities, especially the African American study debunked the post-racial notion with a community. American history is quite shaken, discussion about the situation in present seen from how the media responded at that America. time, which simultaneously reported Obama's victory as a ‗historical election‘ (McCain, In conducting this study, the writer 2008). Obama's victory in becoming the analyses human relations in American through president of the United States is a real proof a literary work. It may include many aspects and a new hope for racial minorities who are such as history, sociological background, even still experiencing racism. Since Obama's culture that exist behind the topic that will be victory, Americans have been faced with a discussed. Thus, the study is conducted under situation where they believe that racism is no the discipline of American Studies. According longer in America since their president is an to Bruce A. Lohof (1978), American Studies is African American. any discipline focusing on America and its people. There are several issues related to However, racism has not just disappeared African American aspects.One of the dominant since Obama was elected as a president. There ones is racism,which still exists even until are still many cases of racism that have hit today. Writing a work based on the social America recently. It makes many people from phenomenon in society can be said as the form various circles begin to voice out their voices of reflection in public conditions that can be through their work. The Hate U Give is a used as a reference in analyzing a particular debuted work by Angie Thomas, which was culture. Meanwhile, in delivering African published in 2017. In her novel, Thomas Americans experiences, the writer will use the illustrates that the main character, an African Sociological approach. The function of literary American named Starr, had to witness an work is to see a social situation by considering injustice that had happened to his friend Khalil its social aspects such as institutions, culture, Harris due to the racial profiling carried out by and society, as well as the main function of the white police officers. Thomas narrated her social approach. As it explains by Abrams novel through Starr using language and (1976) that a literature might reflect certain perspective that seemed so personal, remaining social condition or it is an imitation of the the shooting incidents that still awfully universe. It means that behind a work is usually happened in America. Her background based on the social phenomenon that happened experiences are able to bring pictures of how around the writer‘s surroundings. In analyzing African Americans had to stand up against not the portrayals of the racism, discrimination, only the racial prejudice but also the racist racial prejudice experienced by the characters, society carried out by white people. the writer use Racism theory.

This study aims to debunk the Post-Racial Racism is a notion where a group of notion in the novel. Thus, the question people believe that they have an advantage and proposed is how racism is represented in the assume that the other groups are no better than novel and how it manifests through new forms themselves. This belief tends to be related to

48 Yusrina Dinar Prihatika & Muh Arif Rokhman – Debunking the Post- Racial Notion: A Racial Prejudice Study in American Society as Reflected in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give physical characteristics. Certain standards that personality trait, which is a form of someone's they create about how other groups should despair or someone's anger that is bestowed on position themselves in social life are the African Americans, which leads to acts of fundamental point for the beginning of racism. violence. The last factor is an identity group, The target of racism is usually a minority group where a group has certain preferences in a in a society. As Silva said on his book Racism matter, and then it will be a preference or Without Racist: Color-Blind Racism and the common standard that will be adopted. Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United Meanwhile, McLemore also explained that the States (2006) that racism is not only a notion, form of discrimination can be seen from three and prejudice. It could be something that is things; situational pressure, group gains, and systemized. This systemized racism usually institutional. Institutional discrimination that called as institutionalized racism which occurs in stories is analyzed using McLemore's government, and people with power holds institutional discrimination because he argues major control towards what is happening in that in fact, institutional discrimination is a America regarding racism issues. form of defense from the superior to maintain their position in society (1983). Racial prejudice is expressed in an attitude that shows dislike or distrust (Devine, 1989). As shown in The Hate U Give, prejudice This means that certain racial groups are makes the African-American community feel expressing their distrust towards someone or unsafe wherever they are and even though they some communities based on fear or even false did nothing wrong. This situation portrays how information. When racial prejudice is done by African Americans live in the society that is somebody or group in society, they are not able socially judging them and trying to adjust with to give an objective assessment toward the society‘s mindset. They are trapped or having a others. Therefore, they will look at everything double vision; two cultures. Their own culture in a negative way before understanding them and the other is the culture they are trying to fit closer. Stereotyping plays the big role in this in. The idea and term of double consciousness stage where people do not want to get to know occur for the first time in 1898 proposed by Du each other because of the stereotyping that has Bois. As an African American, he proposed been going around in a community. This makes this theory tominimize the negative images and stereotypes as the basis of prejudice and the representations of African Americans in discrimination. The prejudice, which at first society. Du Bois also introduced the term that only attitudes of negative feelings, gradually deeply intertwined with the termdouble turns into discriminatory actions against people consciousness, the veil (Bois, 2015). Du Bois who belong to the group that is prejudiced, believed that the veil has been existed inthe without any objective reasons on the person African-American community since they were subject to those discriminatory actions. born. The veil itself, according to DuBois, is McLemore (1983) also explained that in the the central of double consciousness.Du Bois process of developing a racial prejudice has defined the term double consciousness in The three factors. The first factor is cultural Souls of Black Folk as a sense of always transmission, where the community will looking at one‘s self through the eyes of naturally learn something that has been formed theother, of measuring one‘s soul by the tape of in the community itself. The second is the

49 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 a world looks in amused contemptand pity situation where race is no longer a problem in (Bois, 2015). He also stated in his book, America (2011). It is a peculiar sensation, thisdouble consciousness…one ever feels his two- Racism is considered no longer relevant to ness, an American, a Negro; twosouls, two the social conditions in America where a clear thoughts, two un-reconciled strivings; two proof has taken place over Obama's victory. It warring ideals in one darkbody, whose becomes long debates between scholars, dogged strength alone keeps it from being politicians, and also activists. The idea about torn asunder (Bois, 2015). Post-Racial is widespread all over the However, the current acts of racism still countries. It is an idea about seeing people as appear to have similarity, even can be said to just a human being. It means that they will no be the same as what has happened during the longer see their race and physical features. All period of slavery and Civil War. White people humans are equal. Silva explained in his book still see people of colour as a "different" party titled Racism Without Racist: Color-Blind by separating even though not openly. Like Racism and the Persistence of Racial Silva's statement, "Although race, as other Inequality in the United States (2006) that social constructions, is unstable, it has a basically, America is currently living in the 'changing same' quality at its core" (2006). ideology of 'Color-Blind Racism' where they Silva argues that even though the race category believe that equality has been successfully changes over the times, the essence of attained, so no more racism, stereotypes or differences in race categories still the same. discrimination. Americans no longer see race and colors since they see someone as a pure DISCUSSION individual.

Post-Racial Notion in America Racial Prejudice as Reflected In The Hate U Before Post-Racial became famous in the Give Obama era, the term ‗Post-Racial‘ was first This study found that racial prejudice coined by an article from The New York happened in Socio-Economic aspects.The Times. In his article published in October ideology of white supremacy led to the 1971, Wooten wrote that at that time Southern separation and rejection of black people from America was entering a new era in which society. This separation has stolen their rights technological advances, economics and overall that should have been obtained after the progress would soon replace race relations abolition of slavery. It clearly expresses when (Wooten, 1971). This term reappeared and Maverick talks about ‗the chance‘ that black became a big celebration to the American people still and always fight for due to their people when Obama won the 44th presidential struggle to get what is meant to be theirs. election in 2008. Many local media stated a ―Why was he a drug dealer? Why are so reason that America now has entered a new many people in our neighborhood drug era. Today, the term ‗Post-Racial‘ is used to dealers?‖ I remember what Khalil said— Obama as the first African American president. he got tired of choosing between lights and Apollon in his study titled Don’t Call Them food. ―They need money,‖ I say. ―And they Post-Racial discover that post-racial is a don‘t have a lot of other ways to get it.‖

50 Yusrina Dinar Prihatika & Muh Arif Rokhman – Debunking the Post- Racial Notion: A Racial Prejudice Study in American Society as Reflected in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give

―Right. Lack of opportunities,‖ Daddy happened in Thomas's novel (2017), where says. ―Corporate America don‘t bring jobs Khalil was forced to become a drug dealer to to our communities, and they damn sure meet his family needs. ain‘t quick to hire us…‖ (Thomas, 2017) ―Two months later, she wasn‘t pulling her Thomas portrayed the racial prejudice in load on the job, ‗cause when you‘re going the economic sector by showing how Garden through chemo, you can‘t pull big ass garbage bins around. They fired her‖ Heights deal with the lack of opportunity, and (Thomas, 2017). how money plays a vital role in someone‘s life. White people created a law that disclosed that The way Khalil showed his all humans are equal –but separated, creating disappointment and told Starr that his two class legal statuses. Segregation occurs, grandma was no longer working at the separating blacks from the rest of the hospital is another example of how cruel community and refusing them. In The Hate U American society was. Khalil also stated that Give, Maverick states that the poor ―pull big ass garbage bin‖, this can be taken as neighborhood of black people is all planned by a proof where his African American someone who has power. The lack of grandmother used to work as a janitor. It was opportunities is emphasized on how the a work field that indicated a minimum wage. government treats African American unfairly. With a low wage, African Americans would The prejudice that leads into discrimination struggle to fulfill their needs and linger with supported by McLemore‘s racial prejudice and poverty. The absence of access to equal job discrimination theory called group gains (1983) opportunities and fair wages specifically that this situation happens due to the fear of would become their further financial being taking over by the minorities / the challenges. To close these financial newcomers; therefore, instead of providing an differences and pursue a prominent life, equal opportunity, they make discrimination African Americans needed a basic step, such that drives by the racial prejudice. as being wealthy. Wealth, or stable finance, makes it easier for African Americansto Low Rates Wages investin their future, but it was still a luxury to get as it portrays in Thomas‘s work. Khalil who grew up and enjoyed his teenage years at Garden Heights was a Racial Prejudice in Education Sector childhood friend of the main character Starr. Growing up in the ghetto is a different thing With low reading and writing abilities, than growing in another environment. In his African Americans who are no longer slaves book, Thomas describes how the main have to fight in certain situations to survive and character lives by likening her neighborhood find work. These are interrelated and still have to a "war zone" (2017). Economic growth an impact today. In the novel, Lisa Carter holds an important role in the environment chose to send her children out of their ghetto itself as it is managed to measure whether a school. It proves that their fear of 'failing' is place is a good environment or a bad one. The because the system is weighed them down. The high needs, the low education and the poor government provides job opportunities with environment in which they live ultimately fair wages to people with high education. leads them to bad things. It is clearly what Meanwhile, in fact, in the past good education

51 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 could only be pursued by whites. In 1898, Jim formed in the community (1983). The stigma Crow‘s law separated the facilities, and one of or prejudice that had been attached first made which was separated is the education sector or Khalil lose his life. Thomas described the schools. Schools that mainly were attended by brutality committed by the police against African Americans are usually in remote places Khalil which made Khalil lost his rights when with very different facilities from white the police conducted a search or traffic stop. people‘s schools. The teachers' quality from the two schools is also very different because most Racial Prejudice in the Aspect of Daily Life African-American schools are taught by less- Everyday racism is a form of mild racism trained teachers with basic education that is carried out in a familiar activity (Education Policy). In terms of education, continuously (Essed, 1991). It is often ignored African-American and Latin-American or considered as something that is not so students throughout the United States tend to important, but the authors consider that the act be left behind more than white students. of everyday racism has a large impact on the The Prejudice and Imbalances in the Fields formation of a person's identity and their of Legal Protection perspective on a thing. In this case, the media plays an important role in influencing Angie Thomas describes how Starr as an perceptions or shaping public opinions about African American witnessed an act of injustice racism in daily life. committed by someone who should not put any harm on her. Thomas (2017) also stressed After Khalil allegedly was speeding, and about how an African American should behave said harshly to the officers, Starr also found when they are stopped halfway by the police or that the media was trying to justify Khalil's police searching. ‗'The Talk‘ has become a death by asking for an opinion, which was then material taught by African American parents to disseminated, accepted and remembered by the their children as a form of provision for how public audiences. It is clear that Khalil was a they should act if they are confronted in such victim, but the presumption that was broadcast an urgent situation. African Americans are live on television that most likely saw by most often being victimizedby the law because its people made the unconfirmed presumption injustice against their right to guarantee the become a fact that is easily deflected, meaning ―... a gun was found in the car‖ (Thomas 2017). safety of their lives. One of the ten-point programs by the Black Panther that is still Starr, who was still under investigation because being fought for by African Americans is how she acted as a protected witness, was unable to the law acts on them. In the seventh point of make any defense of the media's coverage of demand, Black Panthers stressed how big the what actually happened. The media seemed to impact of legal protection inequality in justify acts of violence committed by police America, especially for people with officers, and believed that the death of Khalil was not a doubtful condition. color.McLemore explained in his book that prejudice circulating in the community was a Hailey, a friend of Starr from Williamson prejudice that was generated due to the cultural who was a white person, responded to Khalil‘s transmission where people would naturally case, and she assumed that those police officers have racist thoughts because it was already were not wrong because he only did his job.

52 Yusrina Dinar Prihatika & Muh Arif Rokhman – Debunking the Post- Racial Notion: A Racial Prejudice Study in American Society as Reflected in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give

Based only on information she saw on long journey. They not only fight racism that television, Hailey stereotyped Khalil as a thug comes from white people or the majority, but and a drug dealer. She even refused to ask for there are times when racism comes from within pardon to Starr because she felt everyone had the community itself. Black people are the same thoughts as her about this case. ―So shouting out the rights they should get. It you want us to apologize for it even though would be a different story if an African everybody else did it too?‖ Hailey asks American went to racially mixed schools, or (Thomas, 2017). McLemore (1983) explained even made friends with white people. Living in that in the process of racial prejudice, there is a social environment where white people have what is called a ‗group identity‘ where the full control over the social system that they live preference of a group is made as a standard by in affects the mindset of some African racists in prejudicing someone. The portrayal Americans who have narrow thinking. of Khalil by the media was accepted, digested and disseminated with a new form that will His peers alienated Sekani in Garden usually lead to acts of discrimination. Heights. He has no friends to play with because people in the hood think that Sekani is different The Effect of Racial Prejudice towards from them. It happened only because he went African American in The Hate U Give to school with white people. It indicates how intra-racial racism existed in the middle of the Racism can happen to anyone, but in this community. African Americans, who really context Reverse Racism committed by want to fight for equality, some of them minorities is usually a form of self-defense of actually forgot the purpose of equality itself. racist actions that they accept. Racism can also They were not aware of the racism happening be said to turn around as a form of reaction. in their communities (Bodenner, 2016). African Americans who often get racist acts Another example in the Starr case was that the from whites, in the future will have a certain Garden Heights people alienated her because view that whites are racists, and superior. They she did not attend a special school for blacks. It can even be at a stage where they feel whites was one of the bad things a community could are a threat to their survival. It goes back to the do for its group members by justifying that theory in which a person commits an act of ―you aren‘t black enough if you're not like social prejudice and generalizes a people. One us‖.Therefore, white people's stigma regarding of theforms of reverse racism that results from black people will cling to them and turn into racism is how Maverick views almost all white anxiety where they will begin to act racial people. Not only the police officer, but Starr prejudice against each other. It does not stop hid the fact of having a boyfriend from her dad there, racism makes some African Americans was also because Maverick hated white people, want to ‗blend‘ themselves with the white and Chris was a white person. According to society so they can escape the bad stigma of Cashmore (2004) in his book, forms of African Americans, but it creates new hostility, racial prejudice, stereotypes about problems among group members. white people committed by minorities are a form of reversed racism. In the story, Thomas describes the character of Starr of having Double The next effect is Intra-Racial Prejudice. Consciousness, which does not accidentally Prosecution of equal lives for minorities is a

53 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 happens. As an African American who lives remind both races that racism is still alive and and blends in a white environment, she suffers happens very clearly if people care enough to from racism and witnesses an impact on her pay attention to the surrounding environment psychological double consciousness. Thomas because racism nowadays happens in plain tells about Starr's difficulties in embracing her sight.America claimed to havebeen entering a identity as an African American. It was first new era now. A place where minorities hope seen at the beginning of the story when Starr that equality will exist in every aspect of their for the first time came to a party that was life. One of the little prayers is finally granted usually held by one neighbor. Starr found that by Obama‘s election. The presence of Obama she felt alienated and unable to adjust. "A as the first president of the United States of Garden Heights party and a Williamson party African-American descent was a rapid are two very different things." (Thomas 2017) progress, but slavery and separation of The assumption that Garden Heights and minorities did not completely disappear Williamson are the two different worlds because the majority government was still constantly mentioned in the novel. According controlled by white people. It is very clearly to W.E.B Du Bois (1903), a state of dual implied in the book Angie Thomas. Racism is consciousness is a state in which a person feels only packaged into something new, different he has two worlds, two thoughts, two and in the smoothest way possible, adapted to behaviors, two things one cannot choose. This the interests of government corporates. situation is experienced by Starr in The Hate U Give. Starr, who is of African American blood, It contrasts to what really happened in grew up in an African American environment, America. Racism is still commonly found in and made her identity as an African American various places in various forms. Racism in deeply rooted in her. On the other hand, Starr America today is no longer like racism that has another life outside of Garden Heights, the occurred in the past when racism is very clearly Williamson prep school, where she associates seen. The existence of post-racial claims, with the majority of white people, and it makes which began to be a hot topic and were her have to adapt to everything related to white celebrated by society, made people's awareness people. Here, Starr's perspective on black of racism blurred. Racism, which now exists in people began to change.Starr knew the society, seems to be obscured by the idea of the post-racial itself. White people may have been existence of two worlds in her, and she felt difficult every time she had to change herself proud of themselves because Obama's victory from the procedure for a dress and an attitude was a huge act to break the existence of white to speak. supremacy. Meanwhile, African Americans may be prolonged in happiness, so they begin Post Racial Delusion in American Society to become unaware of the situation that they face right now. It is dangerous that people who In making of The Hate U Give, Thomas still believe in racism will be considered poured her own experience as an African making a fuss because of their post-racial American teenager living in social situations ideology. Silva explained in his book titled where racial bias and unfair treatment are still Racism Without Racist: Color-Blind Racism common in America today. This novel is a and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the reflection of the condition of America to United States (2006) that basically, America is

54 Yusrina Dinar Prihatika & Muh Arif Rokhman – Debunking the Post- Racial Notion: A Racial Prejudice Study in American Society as Reflected in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give currently living in the ideology of 'Color-Blind permanently protected by law, not to have Racism' where they believe that equality has 'freedom' due to their criminal actions. In 2009, been successfully attained, so no more racism, data showed that 25% of African Americans stereotypes or discrimination. Americans no were still living in poverty and this figure is longer see race and colors since they see expected to continue to grow if the government someone as a pure individual. calculated by looking at the expenditure figures of African Americans at that time (Aguirre & Obama's victory is indeed a progress, but Turner, 2009). It can be said that to meet the it actually proves that his celebrations, which daily needs of African Americans is still very seem to be hailed, are actually bringing an difficult. It will cause them to live in poverty, atmosphere of intoxicating to the American and like what the writer has discussed before, state, which is clearly still very backward in poverty has a negative impact on many terms of racial equality.The post-racial concept things.The poverty that still haunts minorities, that was so exalted after the Obama election especially African Americans, occurs due to seemed to make Obama a mask to cover up the failure of the government in seeking an racism that was still rooted in America. equal opportunity for all people. Valerie Discrimination that occurred in the past is still Rawlston in VOA Indonesia said that between a wedge for African Americans today (Aguirre African-American and white people, there was & Turner, 2009). Although this form of considerable inequality in the field of equal discrimination is no longer as blatant as what opportunity; this led to high differences in happened in the past, racial discrimination is unemployment rates that came from both sides now secretly happening. It is a way for certain (Simkins, 2011). Unemployment is an elements in an effort to hide racism that is still important thing that must put so much attention very clearly growing and developing in because unemployment is the measurement of America. In fact, racism is an endemic that the success or failure of a country's economy. always exists in American society. It is not only employment that causes the Stute (2014) explaines that at the moment, minority to be unemployed, but also other 50% of African Americans are facing racism inequality that lies in the fact that black people centered in the economic, school, law are still under-represented in good jobs with enforcement and police force sectors. good income. White people have more Institutions that should be responsible for the opportunities to have good employment than welfare of the community as fairly as possible minorities, such as African Americans and are actually utilized by powerful people to Latinos (Carnevale, Strohl, Gulish, Werf, & pressure minorities, especially to African Campbell, 2019). According to Lesley Americans without letting them know so that Williams Reid and Beth A. Rubin, the number they remain in the lower social classes. of black people employed in good jobs with After the Segregation Law was abolished, good salaries is still very low compared to President Nixon proudly declared 'war on whites (2005). In this case, it can be said that drugs' and ordered all Americans to work African Americans' situation still does not together in mass incarceration (Duke, 2010). It experience a significant change in the direction is intended to make African Americans better than the period of slavery. Daily expenses that are barely covered by salary keep

55 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 them in a circle of poverty. In 2018, a study funding‖ in education is the failure of schools showed the median U.S wage around $ 18.58 to provide textbooks that can support the per hour, in contrast to the income owned by quality of student education. Quoting from African Americans who at that time only Tempo (2012) "Most of the schools are earned about $ 12.41 to $ 13.44, far from the attended by minority races in both Latino average income figure (May 2018 National American and African Americans, only 29% Occupational Employment and Wage have calculus classes, while schools with only Estimates United States, 2018). This data 40% choice of physics classes." It is very shows a significant difference. concerning. The teacher's quality is good, but this also greatly impacts the opportunities for In the educational sector, educators' students to learn. quality is very important because teachers must have extensive experience to be shared with Apart from education and economics, students. The smarter a teacher is the wider and equal legal protection cannot be given by the more experience to be shared with the government to minority groups, especially students.The teacher‘s experience is another black people. Racial prejudice, stereotypes, obstacle factor in the field of education. A discrimination, and things that refer to the teacher will not be able to continue to develop existence of racism or oppression against them their knowledge with inadequate facilities and are a form of government failure to protect the work environments. Even though former rights of minorities. The legal enforcement that President Obama (Mesecar, 2016) have sought was supposed to protect them cornered their equal and comprehensive educational existence in American society. It is not wrong opportunities in the Every Student Succeeds if black people's response to police officers Act (ESSA) program, itcan be interpreted that looks so sensitive because they are people who equal opportunities in education for African witness and feel the oppression themselves. Americans living in segregation areas have not yet been fulfilled. The absence of equal The racism situation most often faced by opportunities results in poor educational African Americans and had sparked attention output. The quality of teachers is also better because it created a new movement was the because according to teachers with high salary shooting of black people by white police and experience will usually be automatically officers. In history, in 1870-1960, more than placed in schools that are already advanced, half of African Americans had been killed by while teachers with low fees and experience white police officers (Feagin, 2014). It turns are actually placed in high-needs schools out that it does not stop just like that since (Education Policy) It is an ironic phenomenon police brutality continues to this day. They did where precisely schools with students who are a lot of mistreatment towards the African American community. in dire need of educational input, in fact cannot get it because the majority of teachers with Police brutality does not just happen. As high expertise have been placed in urban with discrimination in other fields which is a schools. long-term effect of racism in the past, police brutality is also a result of racism that has Besides the quality of teachers, another thing that has an impact on ―insufficient occurred in the past. The Nixon and Reagan

56 Yusrina Dinar Prihatika & Muh Arif Rokhman – Debunking the Post- Racial Notion: A Racial Prejudice Study in American Society as Reflected in Angie Thomas’ The Hate U Give governments provided many roles for legal were negligent in carrying out their duties. entities to crack down and carry out mass According to statistical data collected by incarceration towards colored people. Drugs Nicholas Quah (2015), Of the 15 cases of are one of the fastest ways to get them behind black shootings by police officers from 2014- the bars. Therefore, in his documentary, 2015, as many as seven cases were not DuVernay (2016) revealed that the circulation sentenced to police officers who served and of cracks and powder cocaine was something were responsible for the incident. The newest that Nixon used solely to carry out the political case that is still under investigation is the case cleansing of African Americans. John of police brutality towards George Floyd. Ehrlichman revealed: Floyd died suffocated from a white police The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the officer. Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people. CONCLUSION You understand what I‘m saying? We knew we couldn‘t make it illegal to be Prejudices filled with negativities about either against the war or blacks, but by African Americans shape people‘s views, and getting the public to associate the hippies those views are used as a reference in acting on with marijuana and blacks with heroin, social life. Racial prejudice affects the African and then criminalizing both heavily, we American community and all races that live could disrupt those communities. We side by side. These acts of discrimination occur could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them in various ways, from small to big things that night after night on the evening news. Did make African Americans lose their lives. we know we were lying about the drugs? Another impact is that people who Of course we did (Perry, 2018). unconsciously become targets of racism will automatically have self-defense; it is realized Since then, cocaine and drug have often by doing reverse racism. In addition, racial been associated with African and Latino prejudice can also cause disunion within the Americans. They continue to carry this until community that is targets of stereotypes. the 21st century when those who claim Living by consuming all the stereotypes thrown America has lived in the post-racial era at them, will make them blame each other. apparently still see skin color as a barrier to Besides, the biggest impact of racial prejudice thinking. This related with the statement of is the formation of a double consciousness that Jefferies et al. (2011), that aggressive police occurs in Starr's character. It formed because factor is most likely due to racial influence. there is a limit in her to see everything from The police, who should provide security both sides.Today, America no longer uses for every citizen, actually become the main slavery, and Jim Crow‘s law is considered factor where minority people do not feel racist. The fact that the both in the novel and in protected. Cassandra Chaney said that the legal the real society condition of America today enforcement had misconducted the law police officers who are abusing their power to (Chaney & Robertson, 2013). Many legal conduct such racism can easily escape them protections in America continuously try to from being charged. The society is about to marginalize some groups by several times, change. African Americans are ready to use sentenced not guilty to police officers who their voice to fight racism that happens silently

57 RUBIKON Volume 7/ Number 1 February 2020 and unwittingly around them. Once again, Barack Obama, Warga AS Keturunan Afrika African Americans must again fight for their Pertama Terpilih Sebagai Presiden. rights. From this research, the writer wants to (2008, November 5). Retrieved January convey what Angie Thomas is trying to convey 7, 2020, from through Starr‘s character that the spirit to fight https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/a-32- for African Americans' rights will continue. 2008-11-05-voa1-85112332/8987.html America must wake up from its beautiful Berman, M. (2008). All Power To The People: dream in the name of post-racial. The Black Panther Party As The REFERENCES Vanguard of The Opressed. Florida: Florida Atlantic Unversity. (2009, August 3). National Institute of Justice. Bodenner, C. (2016, July 22). The Atlantic : Retrieved August 12, 2019, from Stories of Intraracial Prejudice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/use- Retrieved December 12, 2019 force-continuum Bois, W. D. (2015). The Souls of Black Folk. (2015). The Role of Racial Profiling in New York: First Yale University. Encounters with Law Enforcement. Social Justice Brief , 3-4. Brennan, F. (2017). Race Rights Reparations: Institutional Racism ad the Law. New Abrams, H. M. (1976). The Mirror and The York: Routledge. Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradtion. London: Oxford University Brownie, J. (2007). Rooted in Slavery: Prison Press. Labor Exploitation. Spring. Abrams, M. A. (1988). Social Identification: A Bryson, S. (1998). Relationship Between Race social psychology of itergroup relations and Attitudes Towards Black Men. and group processes. Florence, KY, US: Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Routledge. Development , 282-294. Aguirre, A. J., & Turner, J. H. (2009). Carnevale, A. P., Strohl, J., Gulish, A., Werf, American Ethnicity : The Dynamics and M. V., & Campbell, K. P. (2019). The Consequences of Discrimination. New Unequal Race for Good Job : How York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Whites Made Outsize Gains in Education and Good Jobs Compared To Balcks and Apollon, D. (2011). Don't Call Them "Post- Latinos. Washington DC: JPMorgan Racial". Millenials' Attitudes On Race, Chase & CO. Racism and Key Systems in Our Society. Applied Research Center. Cartaya, M., Watts, A., & Levenson, E. (2019, October 14). Former Police Officer Austin, A. (2013, July 22). African Americans Found Not Guilty of Murder in Shooting are still concentrated in neighborhoods Death of Unarmed Black Veteran. with high poverty and still lack full Retrieved January 14, 2020, from access to decent housing. Retrieved https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/14/us/ant November 20, 2019, from hony-hill-robert-olsen-trial-not- https://www.epi.org/publication/african- guilty/index.html americans-concentrated-neighborhoods/

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