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Sport, Museums and Cultural Policy by Justine Reilly Volume 1 of 2

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Sport, Museums and Cultural Policy by Justine Reilly Volume 1 of 2 Sport, Museums and Cultural Policy By Justine Reilly Volume 1 of 2 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire September 2014 1 University of Central Lancashire STUDENT DECLARATION FORM Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution Material submitted for another award I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work Signature of Candidate ______________________________________________________ Type of Award Doctor of Philosophy School Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors 2 Volume One Abstract Britain is widely considered to be the birth place of modern sport. Given this fact, it could be expected that the representation of sport within British museums would be extensive. However, the discussion of sport in museums within the existing literature is limited at best and, where it does occur, has a focus primarily on sport specific museums. Therefore, this thesis examines the development of sport in museums and the motivations and barriers which have influenced its development. Placing sport in museums within the wider context of cultural policy between the period of 1997 and 2012, the study explores the impact of sport in museums within wider social and economic agendas. Due to the lack of existing evidence concerning the subject area, the study draws on extensive fieldwork conducted by the author with individuals working in the fields of cultural policy, museum practice, and academia. In addition, focus groups and questionnaires were carried out with members of the public to ascertain perceptions towards sport as a subject matter for museums and the potential of sport to increase and change museum audiences. In addition, there is an in-depth evaluation of the Our Sporting Life exhibition programme in order to establish the impact of sport in museum against the widely used museu-m methodology frameworks, the Generic Learning Outcomes and Generic Social Outcomes. The findings of this research demonstrate that sport in museums responds to a range of wider cultural policy objectives which support economic and social outcomes. These include: improving individual’s knowledge and understanding; providing enjoyment; supporting health and well-being agendas; and building stronger communities. In addition, the evidence establishes that sport attracts new and different audiences to museums and suggests that this may impact on the visiting habits of these individuals in the long-term. However, the findings also demonstrate that there are significant barriers to the delivery of sporting exhibitions in museums, most notably access to sufficient funding and inadequate knowledge and availability of relevant sporting collections. Therefore, this thesis presents the first conclusive evidence that sport in museums is both relevant and valuable as a subject matter for museum discourse, and argues that this alone suggests a need for increased funding to support further development of activity in this field. Keywords: Sport; Museums; Cultural Policy; Audiences; Impact 1 Table of Contents Volume One Abstract 1 List of Figures 6 Acknowledgements 8 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 9 Chapter One: Introduction 12 1.1 Situating the Research 13 1.2 Research Questions 22 1.3 Methodology 23 1.4 Qualitative Analysis Approach 24 1.5 Participant Observation 25 1.6 Questionnaires 27 1.6.1 Questionnaires with Staff of Sport Specific Museums 1.6.2 Questionnaires with Staff of Non-Sport Specific Museums 1.6.3 Questionnaires with Staff of Sporting Organisations 1.7 Interviews 1.7.1 Interviews with Staff of Sport Specific Museums 31 1.7.2 Interviews with Staff of Non-Sport Specific Museums 1.7.3 Interviews with Staff of Sporting Organisations 1.7.4 Interviews with Staff Working within the Cultural Field 1.7.5 Interviews with Sporting Exhibition Visitors 1.8 Focus Groups 33 1.9 Thesis Structure 37 Chapter Two: Museums, Popular Culture and Sport 40 2.1 Defining the Term ‘Museum’ 40 2.2 Museum Typology 42 2.3 The Transition of the Museum 44 2.4 Defining the Term “ Culture” 48 2.5 Defining the Term ‘Popular Culture’ 50 2.6 Popular Culture as a Subject Matter for Museums 52 2.7 The Value of Popular Material Culture 57 2.8 Defining the Term ‘Sport’ 60 2.9 Sport, Popular Culture and Museums 61 2.10 Sport in Museums 67 2.11 The Separation of Academic Theory and Museum Practice 71 2.12 Conclusion 73 2 Chapter Three: The Historical Development of Sport in Museums 75 3.1 The Case for a National Sports Museums 76 3.2 Early Sporting Exhibitions and Social Change 80 3.3 Museums begin to Address the Theme of Sport: The Sport in Art 83 Exhibition 87 3.4 The National Gallery of British Sporting Pastimes 92 3.5 Football and the Fine Arts Touring Exhibition 96 3.6 Marylebone Cricket Club Museum 100 3.7 The Developing Practice of Sport in Museums 103 3.8 The Homes of Football Touring Exhibition 106 3.9 Museums and Cultural Policy 110 3.10 The Sports Heritage Network 114 3.11 The Our Sporting Life Exhibition 121 3.12 Conclusion Chapter Four: Existing Practice of Sport in Museums 124 4.1 Sport Specific Museums in England 125 4.2 The Time and Place of Sport Specific Museums in England 126 4.3 The Creation of Sport Specific Museums 130 4.4 The Objectives of Sport Specific Museums 135 4.5 The Finances and Governing of Sport Specific Museums 140 4.6 Existing Practice of Non-Sport Specific Museums 143 4.7 The Motivations of Non-Sport Specific Museums to Use Sport 144 4.7.1 Attracting New Audiences 4.7.2 The London 2012 Olympic Games 4.7.3 A Personal Interest in Sport 4.7.4 Opportunities to Create New Partnerships 4.8 The Barriers to Non-Sport Specific Museums 155 4.8.1 Deficiency of Relevant Sporting Objects 4.8.2 Insufficient Knowledge and Understanding 4.8.3 Space Limitations 4.8.4 Resource Limitations 4.8.5 Attitudinal Barriers 4.8.6 Involvement of Sporting Organisations 4.9 Conclusion 169 Chapter Five: Cultural Policy and Museums 173 5.1 Defining the Term ‘Cultural Policy’ 175 5.2 The Development of Cultural Policy Pre-1990 177 5.3 The Repositioning of Cultural Policy: The Major Government 178 1991 – 1997 5.3.1 The Department of National Heritage and the National Lottery 5.3.2 A Common Wealth 5.4 Cultural Policy Takes Centre Stage: New Labour 1997 – 2010 183 5.4.1 The Department for Culture, Media and Sport 5.4.2 Instrumentalism Versus Intrinsic Value 5.4.3 Increased Investment in Museum Activity 5.5 Cultural Policy Wilderness: The Coalition Government 2010 – 2012 199 5.6 Cultural Policy and Major Sporting Events 203 3 5.6.1 The UEFA European Football Championships 1996 5.6.2 The Manchester Commonwealth Games, 2002 5.6.3 The London 2012 Olympic Games 5.7 Conclusion 221 Chapter Six: Sport, Museums and Audiences 224 6.1 Defining Museum Audiences 226 6.2 Evaluating Audiences 229 6.3 The Audiences of Sport Specific Museums 233 6.4 Non-Sport Specific Museums, Sport, and Audiences 239 6.5 Audience Motivations 247 6.6 Secondary Museum Visits 252 6.7 Conclusion 254 Chapter Seven: Museums and ‘Impact’ 257 7.1 Defining the Term ‘Impact’ 259 7.2 Why Museum Impact is Measured 261 7.3 How Museum Impact is Measured 264 7.4 The Type of Impact Measured in Museums 268 7.5 Measuring Economic Impact on Museums 270 7.6 Measuring Societal Impact in Museums 274 7.7 The Effect of Measuring Impact in Museums 279 7.8 Conclusion 282 Chapter Eight: Sport, Museums and ‘Impact’ 284 8.1 The Economic Impact of Sport in Museums 285 8.2 The Societal Impact of Sport in Museums 288 8.3 Case Study of Our Sporting Life 294 8.3.1 Official Evaluation of Our Sporting Life 8.3.2 Coding Our Sporting Life to the Generic Learning Outcomes 8.3.3 Coding Our Sporting Life to the Generic Social Outcomes 8.4 Conclusion 312 Volume Two Chapter Nine: Conclusion 1 9.1 Key Findings of the Thesis 2 9.2 Implications for the Literature 13 9.3 Policy Implications 14 9.4 Recommendations for Future Research 15 9.5 Limitations of the Study 17 9.6 Conclusion 18 References 20 (I) Books and Chapters in Books 20 (II) Journal Articles 28 (III) Reports 37 (IV) Thesis 43 4 (V) Newspapers, Newsreels and Images 43 (VI) Web Pages and Blogs 48 (VII) Survey Responses 62 (VIII) Oral Interviews and Speeches 65 Appendices 68 Appendix I: Survey Conducted with Sport Specific Museum Staff 68 Appendix II: Survey Conducted with Non-Sport Specific Museum Staff 70 Appendix III: Survey Conducted with Staff of Sporting Organisations 71 Appendix IV: Survey Conducted with Museum Visitors 72 Appendix V: Survey Conducted with Museum Development Officers 73 Appendix VI: Published article using material from this thesis 74 5 List of Figures Chapter One Figure 1: Example of Distribution Networks for Museum Staff 29 Questionnaires…. Figure 2: Focus Groups – Museums, Cultural and Academic Staff 34 Figure 3: Focus Groups – Audiences 35 Chapter Two Figure 4: Typology of Museums 43 Chapter Three Figure 5: Walter Hutchinson, Creator of the National Gallery of British 89 Sporting Pastimes Figure 6: Trophies Included in the National Sporting Trophies Exhibition 91 1951 Figure 7: L.S.Lowry’s ‘Going to the Match’ 94 Figure 8: Exhibition of Sporting Trophies – Café Anglais 1956 100 Figure 9: Marin Parr.
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