House of Lords Official Report

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

House of Lords Official Report Vol. 808 Wednesday No. 150 25 November 2020 PARLIAMENTARYDEBATES (HANSARD) HOUSE OF LORDS OFFICIAL REPORT ORDEROFBUSINESS Questions Covid-19: Vaccines and Medical Equipment..................................................................233 Wales: Customs Sites......................................................................................................236 Nuclear Weapons............................................................................................................239 Covid-19: Vaccination Prioritisation ..............................................................................243 International Development (Official Development Assistance Target) Act 2015 Private Notice Question ..................................................................................................246 DHSC Answers to Written Questions Commons Urgent Question..............................................................................................251 Leaseholders and Cladding Commons Urgent Question..............................................................................................255 United Kingdom Internal Market Bill Report (3rd Day)............................................................................................................258 Sport Sector: Financial Support Statement........................................................................................................................348 Grand Committee Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 Considered in Grand Committee...................................................................................GC 1 Coronavirus Act 2020 (Expiry of Mental Health Provisions) (England and Wales) Regulations 2020 Considered in Grand Committee...................................................................................GC 8 European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (Relevant Court) (Retained EU Case Law) Regulations 2020 Considered in Grand Committee.................................................................................GC 24 Business and Planning Act 2020 (London Spatial Development Strategy) (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 Considered in Grand Committee ................................................................................GC 34 Lords wishing to be supplied with these Daily Reports should give notice to this effect to the Printed Paper Office. No proofs of Daily Reports are provided. Corrections for the bound volume which Lords wish to suggest to the report of their speeches should be clearly indicated in a copy of the Daily Report, which, with the column numbers concerned shown on the front cover, should be sent to the Editor of Debates, House of Lords, within 14 days of the date of the Daily Report. This issue of the Official Report is also available on the Internet at https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-11-25 In Hybrid sittings, [V] after a Member’s name indicates that they contributed by video call. The following abbreviations are used to show a Member’s party affiliation: Abbreviation Party/Group CB Cross Bench Con Conservative DUP Democratic Unionist Party GP Green Party Ind Lab Independent Labour Ind LD Independent Liberal Democrat Ind SD Independent Social Democrat Ind UU Independent Ulster Unionist Lab Labour Lab Co-op Labour and Co-operative Party LD Liberal Democrat LD Ind Liberal Democrat Independent Non-afl Non-affiliated PC Plaid Cymru UKIP UK Independence Party UUP Ulster Unionist Party No party affiliation is given for Members serving the House in a formal capacity, the Lords spiritual, Members on leave of absence or Members who are otherwise disqualified from sitting in the House. © Parliamentary Copyright House of Lords 2020, this publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/. 233 Arrangement of Business [25 NOVEMBER 2020] Covid-19: Vaccines 234 House of Lords scheme is an emphatically impactful scheme. Britain has taken a leadership role in it, and I thank all those Wednesday 25 November 2020 involved in its development. The House met in a hybrid proceeding. Lord Mendelsohn (Lab) [V]: My Lords, it is essential Noon that those at economic and social disadvantage be given proper access to a functioning distribution strategy. Prayers—read by the Lord Bishop of St Albans. Can the Minister reassure the 200,000 people with blood cancer in the “extremely vulnerable”classification that they can rely on proper evaluation of the suitability Arrangement of Business of vaccines, treatments and equipment for their distinctive Announcement condition, and provide some insight into how construction of the prioritisation list will be undertaken to address 12.07 pm the acute problem those in such circumstances face? In The Lord Speaker (Lord Fowler): My Lords, the this regard, would the Minister be prepared to meet Hybrid Sitting of the House will now begin. Some with representatives of Blood Cancer UK to take Members are here in the Chamber, respecting social these matters forward? distancing, others are participating remotely, but all Members will be treated equally. Oral Questions will Lord Bethell (Con): The noble Lord raises an important now commence. Please can those asking supplementary point about those with blood cancer. In fact, many questions keep them sensibly short and confined to who are in the “extremely vulnerable” group have just two points. I ask that Ministers’ answers also conditions that may or may not be affected by the be brief. vaccine. Weare working extremely hard to accommodate their particular needs. The JCVI has an extremely Covid-19: Vaccines and Medical thoughtful prioritisation process. I would be happy to Equipment meet the group the noble Lord describes. Question Lord Dodds of Duncairn (DUP): I warmly welcome 12.08 pm the agreement that was reached yesterday between Her Majesty’s Government and the three devolved Asked by Baroness Goudie Governments on Christmas household arrangements. To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps That is a good example of working together across the they are taking to ensure equitable access (1) to United Kingdom. I press the Government to continue vaccines, and (2) to medical equipment, to address that approach with the rollout of vaccines across the the Covid-19 pandemic. United Kingdom. Nothing would be worse than to have one area or region ahead of another when it TheParliamentaryUnder-Secretaryof State,Department comes to vaccinating clinical staff, care workers and of Health and Social Care (Lord Bethell) (Con): My vulnerable people. Lords, the UK is at the forefront of efforts to drive global collaboration on the development of new vaccines Lord Bethell (Con): I entirely endorse the sentiment and has committed to procuring a Covid-19 vaccine the noble Lord expresses. I offer my profound thanks for the UK, the Crown dependencies and the overseas to the devolved authorities for the immense spirit of territories.Wearecollaboratingwithinternationalpartners collaboration which has characterised the response to on vaccine development, manufacturing scale-up and the pandemic. Often, it would seem from the headlines future distribution. The NHS has allocated and assigned that the nations are at odds with each other; that is not more than 28,000 items of critical care equipment my experience. The Christmas negotiations he cites acrosstheUKandCrowndependenciesandtheremainder are a very good example of that, and I hope the is available for allocation across England according to vaccination arrangements will be the finest moment. NHS regions, based on future need. Lord Scriven (LD): My Lords, on 25 September the Baroness Goudie (Lab) [V]: My Lords, equitable JCVI reported the serious risk of disease and mortality access to vaccines has a number of dimensions and all from Covid according to deprivation and ethnicity. must be secured across the world and in the UK. The These issues have to be taken into consideration in the Covid-19 pandemic respects no lines: if we neglect the vaccination programme, so why does the present list of developing world, we neglect ourselves. A lack of priorities for the vaccine ignore those factors completely? global access will hamper global health and development. Inequitable access would impede the unity of the Lord Bethell (Con): My Lords, the noble Lord is United Kingdom. entirely right that deprivation and ethnicity are key considerations in the morbidity of Covid; we are all Lord Bethell (Con): The UK has pledged more than acutely aware of them. The JCVI has looked extremely £1 billion in aid to counter health, humanitarian and closely at a variety of different models for prioritising economic risks,including £829 million on the development vaccination. Prioritisation based largely on age gives and delivery of vaccines. I thank all those involved in the most accurate and thoughtful prioritisation of the the COVAX Facility, a multinational mechanism vaccine and is also simple to understand and deliver. administered by Gavi which pools funding. The COVAX That is why it has gone down that route. 235 Covid-19: Vaccines [LORDS] Wales: Customs Sites 236 Lord Dobbs (Con) [V]: My Lords, I congratulate partners, including the United States, on issues such as AstraZeneca and Oxford University on their triumph the vaccine. We are grateful to Gavi, which is doing a in developing this vaccine. I hope that my noble friend terrific job at buying the vaccine; it is being characterised agrees that without the exceptional input
Recommended publications
  • Jamie Stern-Weiner Tis Ebook Edition Published by Verso 2019
    anti-semitism and the labour party Anti-Semitism and the Labour Party Edited by Jamie Stern-Weiner Tis ebook edition published by Verso 2019 All rights reserved Te moral rights of the authors have been asserted Verso UK: 6 Meard St, London, W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay St, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Lef Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78960-671-3 ‘Corbyn Under Fire’ and ‘Te Never Ending Story’, © Daniel Finn 2018, frst appeared in Jacobin. ‘Jeremy Corbyn is an Anti-Racist, Not an Anti-Semite’ © Jospehn Finlay, 2019, frst appeared in Times of Israel. 'Smoke Without Fire: Te Myth of the 'Labour Antisemitism Crisis’ © Jamie Stern-Weiner and Alan Maddison, 2019. ‘Te Chimera of British Anti-Semitism (and How Not to Fight It if it Were Real)’, frst appeared on Verso Blog © Norman Finkelstein, 2019; ’60 Times Jeremy Corbyn Stood with Jewish People’ © @ToryFibs; ‘Briefng for Canvassers: Challenging false allegations of antisemitism’ and ‘Te Riverside Scandal’ with permission from Jewish Voice for Labour; ‘A Disinformation Campaign’ © Media Reform Coalition, 2019; ‘Te Fake News Nazi: Corbyn, Williamson and the Anti-Semitism Scandal’ from Medians © David Edwards, 2019; ‘Is the Guardian Institutionally Antisemitic?’ and ‘Labour Party Conference or Nuremberg Rally? Assessing the Evidence’ from author’s blog, © Jamie Stern-Weiner 2019; ‘Hue and Cry over the UCU’ © Richard Kuper 2019; with permission of OpenDemocracy; ‘Why the Labour Party Should Not Adopt the IHRA Defnition or Any Other Defnition of Antisemitism’ from author’s
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 7 Biography Dundee Inveramsay
    The Best of 25 Years of the Scottish Review Issue 7 Biography Dundee Inveramsay Edited by Islay McLeod ICS Books To Kenneth Roy, founder of the Scottish Review, mentor and friend, and to all the other contributors who are no longer with us. First published by ICS Books 216 Liberator House Prestwick Airport Prestwick KA9 2PT © Institute of Contemporary Scotland 2021 Cover design: James Hutcheson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-8382831-6-2 Contents Biography 1 The greatest man in the world? William Morris Christopher Small (1996) 2 Kierkegaard at the ceilidh Iain Crichton Smith Derick Thomson (1998) 9 The long search for reality Tom Fleming Ian Mackenzie (1999) 14 Whisky and boiled eggs W S Graham Stewart Conn (1999) 19 Back to Blawearie James Leslie Mitchell (Lewis Grassic Gibbon) Jack Webster (2000) 23 Rescuing John Buchan R D Kernohan (2000) 30 Exercise of faith Eric Liddell Sally Magnusson (2002) 36 Rose like a lion Mick McGahey John McAllion (2002) 45 There was a man Tom Wright Sean Damer (2002) 50 Spellbinder Jessie Kesson Isobel Murray (2002) 54 A true polymath Robins Millar Barbara Millar (2008) 61 The man who lit Glasgow Henry Alexander Mavor Barbara Millar (2008) 70 Travelling woman Lizzie Higgins Barbara Millar (2008) 73 Rebel with a cause Mary
    [Show full text]
  • Science Matters
    Science Matters Scientists for Science Matters No. 41 Scottish Conference Oban 2010 Training scientists of the future is Elaine Murray MSP page 1 Prof. Willie Russell page 2 vital to the Scottish economy. Richard Simpson MSP Page 4 Writes Elaine Murray MSP Contacts Page 4 The achievements of Scottish scientists are recognised internationally – we need look no further than James Clerk Maxwell, James Watt, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Graham Bell and John Logie Baird to appreciate their global impact. Scientists for Labour Secretary Paul Connell, Science contributes to more 2 Redwood Close than Scotland’ reputation, it Ross-on-Wye is vital to our economy too. Herefordshire Life sciences contribute over HR9 5UD £3.1 billion annually with www.scientists-for- expertise in translational labour.org.uk medicine, stem cell science, Patrons include: oncology and infectious diseases. The computer Prof Sir Tom Blundell Sir Paul Nurse games industry, based on our Lord Martin Rees expertise in computer Lord David Sainsbury sciences, has been estimated to contribute around £30m. The public sector, through Scotland’s Science Institutes, also contributes by the development of spin-out companies and by the direct generation of income through the provision of services. For example, the Scottish Crop Research Institute brings in £12 for every £1 invested and 8 of the top 10 animal health companies are customers of Moredun Scientific Ltd. Science Matters No. 41 Scottish Conference 2010 Oban page 1 of 4 www.scientists-for-labour.org.uk Science and technology will play a significant part in economic recovery, but we will need to address some key issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialist Labour Bulletin No
    Socialist Labour Bulletin No. 5 July 2016, donations 50p Socialist Labour - Who We Are Socialist Labour is a bulletin issued by a wide range of Labour Party socialists and trade union militants who want to see the working-class take power in society and create a socialist Britain and world. We welcome any socialists to our discussion groups and open editorial board. We have no political or organisational affiliation to the Socialist Labour Party, led by Arthur Scargill. If you would like to join the discussion group or find out more about Socialist Labour contact: Facebook: Socialist Labour Twitter: @SocialistLab1 Text/phone: 07866 616 492 07792 966 910 P+P SL PO Box 59188, London, NW2 9LJ Jeremy Corbyn after winning the right to be included on the ballot paper by 18 votes to 14: “And we will be campaigning on all the things that matter - the inequality and poverty that exist in this country, the need to end the privatisation of our National Health Service, the need to give to real hope and opportunity to young people all across this country.” Theresa May’s Tory one nation hypocrisy or Corby’s Socialism? Blairite coup defeated by socialist rank and file: CAMPAIGN AND VOTE: CORBYN FOR LEADER! By Socialist Labour Editorial Board bership and our Party in contempt, we will make our policy. THE COUP ORGANISED by the Iraq war supporter Hilary We must build ever larger Momentum groups in local areas ‘Bomber’ Benn has failed. It is a tribute to the thousands of - already huge ward and CLP meetings of hundreds are backing rank and file activists who campaigned, rallied and pressurised Corbyn - from Hull, Bristol, Tyneside and London and across our trade union leaders that the NEC voted 18-14 to ensure the country Blairite MPs are seeing their worse fears realised.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Stand for Elections Paul Upex L Humaira Garasia Objective
    How to stand for elections Paul Upex l Humaira Garasia Objective To encourage Labour Party members from a wide range of backgrounds, and those in under-represented groups, to consider standing for Labour at local and national elections. What we’ll be covering • How can you represent The Labour Party? • Why do you want to stand? • Are you eligible? • Application form to stand as an MP • Some example questions asked in council selections meetings • About you • Council selection process • Building your story • Filling the gaps • Next steps • Further resources Introduction • Ahead of a likely early general election, Labour opened selections for parliamentary candidates in its remaining vacant seats in England in early September. The announcement was made via an email from general secretary Jennie Formby. • The deadline for applications was extended to 10am on Monday 9th September. • 12,000 people submitted applications to be Labour candidates in the remaining seats where parliamentary candidates have not yet been selected. Trigger ballots of sitting MPs are taking place and are resource- heavy. The NEC asked for a timetable and process to be produced for the remaining selections so members can select their candidates as soon as possible. How you can represent The • Parish & Town Council • Local Government; District, Unitary, Labour Party Metropolitan, County • Parliamentary • London Assembly • Directly-elected Mayors • Welsh Assembly • Scottish Parliament • Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC) • MEPs Q: What does The Labour Party mean to you
    [Show full text]
  • Why One-More-Heave Is Likely to Fail Labour
    THINK PIECE #89 Big but brittle: Why one-more-heave is likely to fail Labour Matthew Sowemimo September 2017 Matthew managed Christian Aid's campaign THINK PIECE against international tax avoidance. He has equipped grassroots campaigners all over the world #89 with the skills to hold decision makers to account on issues ranging from disability to a living wage. He was Director of Communications at The Cystic Fibrosis Trust and spearheaded the charity's high profile campaign on lung transplantation in 2014. Matthew has published academic articles on Labour and Conservative party politics and is a Compass Associate. This paper has benefitted from the observations and comments of Barry Langford and Neal Lawson, although the political judgements are the authors own. ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION Whether the next general election is sooner or later it will almost certainly be hotly contested. Is Labour’s surprise showing in June 2017 a base to build from or a high water mark? Should the Party go for a one more heave approach to get over the line or adopt a more hegemonic and alliance based approach? This Think Piece look at the evidence and suggests Labour may have reached a glass ceiling and this combined with a new level of voter volatility demands a fresh electoral strategy. We are keen to keep exploring these key issues and would welcome any comments or ideas about how. Published September 2017 by Compass Compass Think Pieces are shorter, sharper and By Matthew Sowemimo more immediate responses to key issues. The ideas © Compass and the thoughts are always those of the author, not All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Form in Print
    Scientists for Labour The socialist society promoting: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics www.scientists-for-labour.org.uk I would like to join Scientists for Labour To work for the return and maintenance of a Labour government. To work to ensure that the government of the day maintains a clear commitment to science in the United Kingdom. To facilitate communication between the scientific community and the Parliamentary Labour Party, and to make available the advice and expertise of members of the Association to local and national Labour Parties and affiliated organisations. To promote greater debate and education on scientific matters, both within the Labour Party and nationally. To provide a forum for the discussion, debate and formulation of policy on matters affecting or affected by science, technology and research. To enable those working in science and technology to have a political voice. Please complete the application form in print Name: Address: Postcode: telephone: e-mail My special scientific interests are: Please tick as appropriate I am a member of the Labour Party. LP Membership No. I am interested in becoming a member of the Labour Party I am not a member of the Labour Party. I support the objectives of Scientists for Labour. I am not a member of any other political party. I agree to pay the current membership fee of £10 per annum (£5 unwaged members) I enclose a cheque made payable to Scientists for Labour I enclose a standing order form Signed Please return your completed application form to SfL Membership Secretary, Flat 10 George House, Chulsa Road, London SE26 6BU Thank you.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inner Workings of British Political Parties the Interaction of Organisational Structures and Their Impact on Political Behaviours
    REPORT The Inner Workings of British Political Parties The Interaction of Organisational Structures and their Impact on Political Behaviours Ben Westerman About the Author Ben Westerman is a Research Fellow at the Constitution Society specialising in the internal anthropology of political parties. He also works as an adviser on the implications of Brexit for a number of large organisations and policy makers across sectors. He has previously worked for the Labour Party, on the Remain campaign and in Parliament. He holds degrees from Bristol University and King’s College, London. The Inner Workings of British Political Parties: The Interaction of Organisational Structures and their Impact on Political Behaviours Introduction Since June 2016, British politics has entered isn’t working’,3 ‘Bollocks to Brexit’,4 or ‘New Labour into an unprecedented period of volatility and New Danger’5 to get a sense of the tribalism this fragmentation as the decision to leave the European system has engendered. Moreover, for almost Union has ushered in a fundamental realignment a century, this antiquated system has enforced of the UK’s major political groupings. With the the domination of the Conservative and Labour nation bracing itself for its fourth major electoral Parties. Ninety-five years since Ramsay MacDonald event in five years, it remains to be seen how and to became the first Labour Prime Minister, no other what degree this realignment will take place under party has successfully formed a government the highly specific conditions of a majoritarian (national governments notwithstanding), and every electoral system. The general election of winter government since Attlee’s 1945 administration has 2019 may well come to be seen as a definitive point been formed by either the Conservative or Labour in British political history.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Party Has a Life of Its Own: Labour's Ethos and Party
    The party has a life of its own: Labour’s ethos and party modernisation, 1983- 1997 Karl Pike Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2019 1 Appendix A: Required statement of originality for inclusion in research degree theses I, Karl Pike, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Karl Pike Date: 14th January 2019 Details of collaboration and publications: K. Pike, ‘The Party has a Life of its Own: Labour’s Doctrine and Ethos’, Renewal, Vol.25, No.2, (Summer 2017), pp.74-87. K. Pike, ‘Deep religion: policy as faith in Kinnock’s Labour Party’, British Politics, (February 2018), https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/10.1057/s41293-018- 0074-z 2 Abstract This thesis makes a theoretical contribution to interpreting the Labour Party and an empirical contribution to our understanding of Labour’s ‘modernisation’, from 1983- 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • The Food Standards Agency
    The Food Standards Agency A Force for Change Presented to Parliament by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food by Command of Her Majesty January 1998 Cm 3830 published by The Stationery Office £10.50 [sterling] The Food Standards Agency Contents Contents Preface by the Prime Minister Foreword by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Secretary of State for Health on behalf of UK Agriculture and Health Ministers Chapter Introduction And Summary 1 Chapter The Agency's Guiding Principles 2 Chapter What the Agency Should Do 3 Chapter The Agency's Role in Food Safety 4 Chapter The Agency's Role in Food Standards And Nutrition 5 Chapter The Agency's Structure and its Accountability 6 Chapter The Agency in Scotland, Wales And Northern Ireland 7 Chapter Financing the Agency 8 Chapter The Way Ahead 9 Annex 1 The James Report Annex 2 Existing Arrangements - legislation - enforcement responsibilities - Appendix 1 - Primary Legislation affecting food - Appendix 2 - Advisory Committees Glossary Fact Sheet Leaflet The Food Standards Agency Preface Preface by the Prime Minister This Government took office committed to setting up an independent Food Standards Agency, which would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers. Professor Philip James' report, which I received on 8 May, provided an excellent foundation on which to build this long-overdue reform. Since then the Government has consulted widely, finding widespread support for change. This White Paper sets out proposals that will transform the way food standards issues are handled in this country. For too long, consumers in the United Kingdom have suffered from uncertainty and confusion about the quality and safety of the food they buy.
    [Show full text]
  • An Idiot's Guide to the Private Finance Initiative
    An idiots guide to the Private Finance Initiative A SPECIAL REPORT BY PAUL FOOT This is the story of the Private Finance Initiative: how it became a jewel in the crown of New Labour, its savings, its costs, its pitfalls and windfalls, and how it changed the face of British accountancy and British politics more firmly into the governments programmes. But he insisted that PFI would only work if the whole of the financial risk Im the of a project was transferred from the public sector to the private sector. This caused a Iron lot of concern to private contractors and Chancellor banks. Their directors were prepared to bid for government contracts for which the government was eventually responsible, but were not at all happy about bidding for contracts for which private contractors might be held liable. Another worry was the Labour opposition whose MPs were inclined to oppose such measures as creeping privatisation. So although Two Brains theory was officially adopted by the Tory government, it never really got off the ground. As predicted by the sceptics, the idea infuriated Labour and the trade unions. In 1996 the TUC vigorously opposed PFI and in a Commons debate on 1 May the same year, Labour frontbencher Sam Galbraith got to the root of the matter. The private finance initiative, he Surely concluded, is basically all about Enron government bodies borrowing money but not having it set against the public sector Chancellor? borrowing requirement. He forecast: Today, the private sector will only get involved in the PFI within the health services if it carries no real risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaches to the Study of Parties and Party Organization in Contemporary Democracies
    Beyond the Catch-All Party 137 as Ruud Koole (1992, 1994) has pointed out, the level of activity is reminiscent of a cadre party. 6 The existence of these two different kinds of parties, as well as a plethora of others, points to a problem in the parties literature: parties exist in a variety of different forms, but we have few effective ways of classifying Beyond the Catch-All Party: them. Some of the schema which we use to classify political parties are nearly a half-century old. Age is not necessarily a disadvantage (it should facilitate Approaches to the Study of Parties and Party comparison), but the claim that substantial changes have occurred in the Organization in Contemporary Democracies ways in which parties are organized or approach voters has been a persistent theme in the literature. Moreover, new parties have been established in some previously frozen party systems. Some, such as Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Steven B. Wolinetz Italia, built on the basis of a ownership of TV networks, their advertising arm, and a successful soccer team, are very different from the parties which they seek to replace. Categories devised to characterize parties in one time or place may not be suitable to differentiate them in another. Imagine two different kinds of political party. One is a skeletal organization, Of course, these schemata are not our only tools. Political scientists have intermittently active. Constituency associations exist throughout the country, devised new types to cope with change. Kirchheimer's (1966) catch-all party but most of the time the party outside of Parliament is barely visible.
    [Show full text]