Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure
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Variation in Xylem Structure from Tropics to Tundra: Evidence from Vestured Pits
Variation in xylem structure from tropics to tundra: Evidence from vestured pits Steven Jansen*†, Pieter Baas‡, Peter Gasson§, Frederic Lens*, and Erik Smets* *Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; ‡Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden Branch, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; and §Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom Communicated by David L. Dilcher, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, April 13, 2004 (received for review December 4, 2003) Bordered pits play an important role in permitting water flow among adjacent tracheary elements in flowering plants. Variation in the bordered pit structure is suggested to be adaptive in optimally balancing the conflict between hydraulic efficiency (con- ductivity) and safety from air entry at the pit membrane (air seeding). The possible function of vestured pits, which are bor- dered pits with protuberances from the secondary cell wall of the pit chamber, could be increased hydraulic resistance or minimized vulnerability to air seeding. These functional hypotheses have to be harmonized with the notion that the vestured or nonvestured nature of pits contains strong phylogenetic signals (i.e., often characterize large species-rich clades with broad ecological ranges). A literature survey of 11,843 species covering 6,428 genera from diverse climates indicates that the incidence of vestured pits considerably decreases from tropics to tundra. The highest fre- quencies of vestured pits occur in deserts and tropical seasonal woodlands. Moreover, a distinctly developed network of branched vestures is mainly restricted to warm habitats in both mesic and dry (sub)tropical lowlands, whereas vestures in woody plants from Fig. -
The Lower Devonian Water Canyon Formation of Northeastern Utah
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1963 The Lower Devonian Water Canyon formation of Northeastern Utah Michael E. Taylor Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Michael E., "The Lower Devonian Water Canyon formation of Northeastern Utah" (1963). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6626. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6626 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LOWER DEVONIAN WATER CANYON FORMATION OF NORTHEASTERN UTAH by Michael E. Taylor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1963 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer greatly appreciates the advice and criticism offered by Dean J. Stewart Williams, Dr. Clyde T . Hardy , and Dr. Donald R. Olsen, of the Department of Geology of Utah State University. He is also grateful to his parents for their encouragement during the course of this investigation and for capable assistance with the preparation of the manuscript. Michael E. Taylor TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION o 1 General statement 1 Geolog ic setting o 3 External stratigraphic relations 4 WATER CANYON FORMATION 8 General statement 8 Card Member 9 Grassy Flat Member 13 Areal distribution 22 Paleonto logy 27 Age 33 Correlat i on 35 Environment of deposition 37 Source of detr itus 40 SUMMARY , 42 LITE RATURE CITED 43 APPENDIX 46 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. -
The Origin and Early Evolution of Vascular Plant Shoots and Leaves Rstb.Royalsocietypublishing.Org C
Downloaded from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on January 22, 2018 The origin and early evolution of vascular plant shoots and leaves rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org C. Jill Harrison 1 and Jennifer L. Morris 2 1School of Biological Sciences, and 2School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK Review CJH, 0000-0002-5228-600X; JLM, 0000-0002-7453-3841 Cite this article: Harrison CJ, Morris JL. 2017 The morphology of plant fossils from the Rhynie chert has generated long- standing questions about vascular plant shoot and leaf evolution, for The origin and early evolution of vascular plant instance, which morphologies were ancestral within land plants, when did shoots and leaves. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 373 : vascular plants first arise and did leaves have multiple evolutionary origins? 20160496. Recent advances combining insights from molecular phylogeny, palaeobotany http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0496 and evo–devo research address these questions and suggest the sequence of morphological innovation during vascular plant shoot and leaf evolution. The evidence pinpoints testable developmental and genetic hypotheses relat- Accepted: 11 August 2017 ing to the origin of branching and indeterminate shoot architectures prior to the evolution of leaves, and demonstrates underestimation of polyphyly in One contribution of 18 to a discussion meeting the evolution of leaves from branching forms in ‘telome theory’ hypotheses issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial of leaf evolution. This review discusses fossil, developmental and genetic ecosystem revisited’. evidence relating to the evolution of vascular plant shoots and leaves in a phylogenetic framework. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our Subject Areas: earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’. -
Getting to the Roots: a Developmental Genetic View of Root Anatomy and Function from Arabidopsis to Lycophytes
fpls-09-01410 September 21, 2018 Time: 17:3 # 1 REVIEW published: 25 September 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01410 Getting to the Roots: A Developmental Genetic View of Root Anatomy and Function From Arabidopsis to Lycophytes Frauke Augstein and Annelie Carlsbecker* Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Roots attach plants to the ground and ensure efficient and selective uptake of water and nutrients. These functions are facilitated by the morphological and anatomical structures of the root, formed by the activity of the root apical meristem (RAM) and consecutive patterning and differentiation of specific tissues with distinct functions. Despite the importance of this plant organ, its evolutionary history is not clear, but fossils suggest that roots evolved at least twice, in the lycophyte (clubmosses and their allies) and in the euphyllophyte (ferns and seed plants) lineages. Both lycophyte and euphyllophyte roots grow indeterminately by the action of an apical meristem, which is protected by a root cap. They produce root hairs, and in most species the vascular stele is Edited by: guarded by a specialized endodermal cell layer. Hence, most of these traits must have Annette Becker, evolved independently in these lineages. This raises the question if the development Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Germany of these apparently analogous tissues is regulated by distinct or homologous genes, Reviewed by: independently recruited from a common ancestor of lycophytes and euphyllophytes. Hongchang Cui, Currently, there are few studies of the genetic and molecular regulation of lycophyte Florida State University, United States and fern roots. -
EVIDENCE for AUXIN REGULATION of BORDERED-PIT POSITIONING DURING TRACHEID DIFFERENTIATION in LARIX LARICINA By
IAWA Journal, Vol. 16 (3),1995: 289-297 EVIDENCE FOR AUXIN REGULATION OF BORDERED-PIT POSITIONING DURING TRACHEID DIFFERENTIATION IN LARIX LARICINA by Mathew Adam Leitch & Rodney Arthur Savidge 1 Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6C2, Canada SUMMARY Chips containing cambium intact between xylem and phloem were cut from 8-year-old stem regions of 20-30-year-old dormant Larix laricina in late spring and cultured under controlled conditions for six weeks on a defined medium containing varied concentrations of I-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, a synthetic auxin). Microscopy revealed that auxin was essential for cambial growth and tracheid differentiation. Low (0.1 mg/l) and high (10.0 mg/l) auxin concentrations were conducive to bordered pits forming in tangential walls, whereas an intermediate concentration (1.0 mg/l) of NAA favoured positioning of pits in radial walls. INTRODUCTION Two decades ago, Barnett and Harris (1975) pointed out that the processes involved in bordered-pit formation were incompletely understood, in particular the way in which the pit site is determined and how adjoining cells form a perfectly symmetrical bor dered-pit pair. Observing that radial walls of enlarging cambial derivatives were vari ably thick and thin, Barnett and Harris (1975) advanced the hypothesis that bordered pit development occurs at sites where the primary wall is thinned through the process of centrifugal displacement of microfibrils. Others, however, considered that a thick ening rather than a thinning of the primary wall was indicative of the site where pit development commenced (FengeI1972; Parham & Baird 1973). -
YELLOW-POPLAR (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA L.)' George Lowerts E. A. Wheeler Robert C. Kellison
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOUND-ASSOCIATED WOOD OF YELLOW-POPLAR (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA L.)' George Lowerts Forest Geneticist Woodlands Research, Union Camp Corp. Rincon, GA 31426 E. A. Wheeler Associate F'rofessor Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 and Robert C. Kellison Professor, Department of Forestry and Director, Hardwood Research Cooperative School of Forest Resoumes Raleigh, NC 27695-8002 (Received May 1985) ABSTRACT Selectedanatomical characteristicsand specificgravity ofydlow-poplar wood formed after wounding and adjacent to the wound were compared to similar characteristics of yellow-poplar wood formed before and after wounding and away from the wound. The wood formed immediately after wounding was similar anatomically to the bamer zones described for other species. Vessel volume, vessel diameter, percentage of vessel multiples, and vessel elcment length were significantly lower in wound- associated wood, while ray volume, ray density, and specific gravity were significantly greater. Such changes in the vessel system would result in a decrease in conductivity in the wounded area, while the increase in parenchyma would increase the potential for manufacture of fungitoxic compounds. With increasing radial distance from the wound area, the anatomical features of the wound-associated wood -~radualh . a~~roached .. those of normal wood, although. by. four years after wounding, the wood still had not returned to normal. The specific gravity stayed significantly greater. Keywords: Liriodendron lulipirpra L., yellow-poplar, barrier zones, wood anatomy, wounding, dis- coloration and decay. INTRODUCTION Wounds extending into the wood of branches, stems, or roots of a tree create an opportunity for the initiation of discoloration and decay. -
Earliest Record of Megaphylls and Leafy Structures, and Their Initial Diversification
Review Geology August 2013 Vol.58 No.23: 27842793 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5799-x Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification HAO ShouGang* & XUE JinZhuang Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received January 14, 2013; accepted February 26, 2013; published online April 10, 2013 Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or “branch-leaf com- plexes” are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several dis- tantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO2 concen- trations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants. Early Devonian, euphyllophyte, megaphyll, leaf-like appendage, branch-leaf complex Citation: Hao S G, Xue J Z. Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 27842793, doi: 10.1007/s11434- 013-5799-x The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants was phology and evolutionary diversification of early leaves of one of the most important evolutionary events affecting the basal euphyllophytes remain enigmatic. -
JUDD W.S. Et. Al. (2002) Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Chapter 7. an Overview of Green
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny he word plant is commonly used to refer to any auto- trophic eukaryotic organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy via the process of photosynthe- sis. More specifically, these organisms produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll inside of organelles called chloroplasts. Sometimes the term plant is extended to include autotrophic prokaryotic forms, especially the (eu)bacterial lineage known as the cyanobacteria (or blue- green algae). Many traditional botany textbooks even include the fungi, which differ dramatically in being heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that enzymatically break down living or dead organic material and then absorb the simpler products. Fungi appear to be more closely related to animals, another lineage of heterotrophs characterized by eating other organisms and digesting them inter- nally. In this chapter we first briefly discuss the origin and evolution of several separately evolved plant lineages, both to acquaint you with these important branches of the tree of life and to help put the green plant lineage in broad phylogenetic perspective. We then focus attention on the evolution of green plants, emphasizing sev- eral critical transitions. Specifically, we concentrate on the origins of land plants (embryophytes), of vascular plants (tracheophytes), of 1 UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS 2 CHAPTER SEVEN seed plants (spermatophytes), and of flowering plants dons.” In some cases it is possible to abandon such (angiosperms). names entirely, but in others it is tempting to retain Although knowledge of fossil plants is critical to a them, either as common names for certain forms of orga- deep understanding of each of these shifts and some key nization (e.g., the “bryophytic” life cycle), or to refer to a fossils are mentioned, much of our discussion focuses on clade (e.g., applying “gymnosperms” to a hypothesized extant groups. -
Secretory Tissues (Gesneriaceae)
Acta Bot. Neerl. 46(4), December 1997, p.413-420 Secretory tissues of the flower of Sanango racemosum (Gesneriaceae). I. Light microscopy Sara Maldonadoi* and Marisa Oteguiif * Institute de Recursos Bioldgicos, INTA 1712, Villa Udaondo, Castelar, Argentina; fFacultad de Ciencias La 1900 La Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de Plata, Plata, Argentina SUMMARY Sanango racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) Barringer has a dry stigma without a free-flowing secretion fluid but with a hydrated proteinaceous pellicle. The stigmatic surface is covered with unicellular, bottle-shaped papillae. At maturity, a viscous emulsion is accumulated between the cuticle and the pecto-cellulosic wall of the papillae, causing it to become detached from the surface of the papilla cell walls. The style has a central solid core of transmitting tissue. The cells of the transmitting tissue are rich in starch and exhibit thick lateral walls rich in pectic substance. The nectary disk is a ring elongated into a cup, with five lobes at the top. One of the most conspicuous histological features of the disk is the abundance of starch in the secretory cells. The disk is supplied only by phloem; the stomata are found in the top of the lobes. A fluid substance is produced just before anthesis and secreted through the stomata with no visible decline in starch level. During anthesis and after fertilization, a rapid decline in starch is observed. The hypothesis that the disk has other functions besides that of a nectary is discussed. Key-words: disk, nectary, osmophore, Sanango, stigma, transmitting tissue. INTRODUCTION The monotypic genus Sanango G. S. Bunting and J. -
How Trees Modify Wood Development to Cope with Drought
DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.29 REVIEW Wood and water: How trees modify wood development to cope with drought F. Daniela Rodriguez‐Zaccaro | Andrew Groover US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; Department of Plant Societal Impact Statement Biology, University of California Davis, Drought plays a conspicuous role in forest mortality, and is expected to become more Davis, California, USA severe in future climate scenarios. Recent surges in drought-associated forest tree Correspondence mortality have been documented worldwide. For example, recent droughts in Andrew Groover, US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station; Department of California and Texas killed approximately 129 million and 300 million trees, respec- Plant Biology, University of California Davis, tively. Drought has also induced acute pine tree mortality across east-central China, Davis, CA, USA. Email: [email protected], agroover@ and across extensive areas in southwest China. Understanding the biological pro- ucdavis.edu cesses that enable trees to modify wood development to mitigate the adverse effects Funding information of drought will be crucial for the development of successful strategies for future for- USDA AFRI, Grant/Award Number: 2015- est management and conservation. 67013-22891; National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 1650042; DOE Summary Office of Science, Office of Biological and Drought is a recurrent stress to forests, causing periodic forest mortality with enor- Environmental Research, Grant/Award Number: DE-SC0007183 mous economic and environmental costs. Wood is the water-conducting tissue of tree stems, and trees modify wood development to create anatomical features and hydraulic properties that can mitigate drought stress. This modification of wood de- velopment can be seen in tree rings where not only the amount of wood but also the morphology of the water-conducting cells are modified in response to environmental conditions. -
Dicranophyllum Glabrum (DAWSON) STOPES, an UNUSUAL ELEMENT of LOWER WESTPHALIAN FLORAS in ATLANTIC CANADA
DICRANOPHYLLUM GLABRUM OF LOWER WESTPHALIAN FLORAS IN CANADA 7 Dicranophyllum glabrum (DAWSON) STOPES, AN UNUSUAL ELEMENT OF LOWER WESTPHALIAN FLORAS IN ATLANTIC CANADA Robert H. WAGNER Centro Paleobotánico, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba, Avda. de Linneo, s/n, 14004 Córdoba (Spain); e-mail: [email protected] Wagner, R. H. 2005. Dicranophyllum glabrum (Dawson) Stopes, an unusual element of lower Westphalian fl oras in Atlantic Canada. [Dicranophyllum glabrum (Dawson) Stopes, un elemento raro de las fl oras del Westfaliense inferior del Canadá Atlántico.] Revista Española de Paleontología, 20 (1), 7-13. ISSN 0213-6937. ABSTRACT Rare but well preserved repeatedly dichotomised leaves, apparently in a single plane, are identifi ed with Dicrano- phyllum, an unusual gymnosperm attributed to a special order, the Dicranophyllales. The specimens recorded here from the “Fern Ledges” at Saint John, New Brunswick are from lower Westphalian (Langsettian) strata, which is a low horizon for this genus, which is best known from the Stephanian and Lower Permian. Comparison is made with various species described from the Carboniferous in Europe. Keywords: Dicranophyllum, Langsettian, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. RESUMEN Se han hallado ejemplares aislados con hojas que se dicotomizan repetidamente en lo que parece ser un solo plano en estratos del Westfaliense inferior (Langsettiense) de los “Fern Ledges” en Saint John, Nueva Brunswick. Estos ejemplares se han atribuido al género Dicranophyllum, una gimnosperma del orden de las Dicranophy llales. Se trata de un registro antiguo para este género, que se conoce sobre todo en materiales del Estefaniense y del Pérmico Inferior. Se compara con varias de las especies descritas del Carbonífero de Europa. -
Maximum Height in a Conifer Is Associated with Conflicting Requirements for Xylem Design
Maximum height in a conifer is associated with conflicting requirements for xylem design Jean-Christophe Domec*†, Barbara Lachenbruch†‡, Frederick C. Meinzer†§, David R. Woodruff§, Jeffrey M. Warren¶, and Katherine A. McCulloh‡ *Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27795; ‡Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331; §Forestry Sciences Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331; and ¶Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Edited by Michelle Holbrook, Harvard University, and accepted by the Editorial Board June 5, 2008 (received for review November 1, 2007) Despite renewed interest in the nature of limitations on maximum creases with height, trees must strike a balance between limiting tree height, the mechanisms governing ultimate and species- the risk of embolism and maintaining adequate capacity for specific height limits are not yet understood, but they likely involve water transport to the leaves. This tradeoff of xylem safety water transport dynamics. Tall trees experience increased risk of against efficiency may impose structural limits on tree height xylem embolism from air-seeding because tension in their water concomitant with reduced capacity of processes, such as photo- column increases with height because of path-length resistance synthesis and growth, to adjust to vertical gradients of increasing and gravity. We used morphological measurements to estimate the xylem tension (9, 10). hydraulic properties of the bordered pits between tracheids in Douglas-fir tracheids are elongate dead cells Ϸ1–4 mm long Douglas-fir trees along a height gradient of 85 m.