Beyond Einstein and E =Mc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Beyond Einstein and E =Mc 1 2 Beyond Einstein and E =mc Science is infinite Ajay Sharma Contents Chapter 1 2 Einstein derived L =mc For Newton’s Perception [pp.3-24] Chapter 2 2 Contradictions In Einstein’s Derivation Of ∆L=∆mc [pp.24-60] Chapter 3 Derivation Of Generalized Form Of Mass Energy Equation, ∆E =Ac2∆m [pp.60-81] Chapter 4 Applications Of Equation ∆E =Ac2∆m In Understanding The Origin Of Universe. [pp.81-98] Chapter 5 Applications of generalized mass energy inter-conversion equation in Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactors [99-120] Chapter 6 2 Rest Mass Energy Erme = Mrmec Is Derived From Non- Existent Equation.[121-137] Chapter 7 Frequently Asked Questions: Based on previous chapters [137-157] 2 Preface The spirit or essence of science is lighting one lamp from the other. Einstein is the greatest due to his matchless imagination and unsurpassed intuition, which of course proved consistent with experimental findings in due course of time. But Einstein’s immortal intellectualism confronts with mathematical analysis and logic which is regarded as the first and the foremost requirement in physics, as no human brain is perfect. This work is the complete tribute to Einstein's work and philosophy on mass energy inter conversion. Einstein may not be knowing but he provided mathematical equation for Newton’s hypothesis of inter-conversion of light energy and mass. Newton has quoted in his book ‘Optiks’ in 1704 that "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another..." After about 200 years i.e. in 1905 Einstein derived mathematical equation for Newton’s perception i.e. mass-light energy equation L =mc2 from which he speculated E=mc2. While deriving mass-energy inter conversion equation Einstein took special values of the involved parameters but did not discuss many other feasible cases. On such significant topic ‘short cuts’ are not justified. Further Einstein did not follow the common practice of giving references of the existing literature in the research papers, on which his work is based upon. Based upon current experimental situation, theoretical analysis and future assessment, E=mc2 has been extended to E = Ac2 m. The author intends to interact in future through other book titled ‘Archimedes and Newton Generalized.’ In this book 2265 years old Archimedes principle is generalized, Newton’s three laws are made more practical and stress has been given understanding of law of Gravitation by constructing elusive water and glycerine barometers. I am indebted to my critics and promoters within the house e.g. my late mother Mrs Kala Rani Sharma, poet father Mr Dev Dutt Sharma and wife Anjana Sharma. Otherwise it would have been difficult to maintain enthusiasm over three decades on such topics. Also diligent efforts of staff of the press are gratefully acknowledged. Some people have years and years for criticism but really no moments for constructive suggestions. The knowledge is infinite and suggestions from one and all are humbly solicited, so that subject matter which is just introduced may be improved. Einstein’s E=mc2 in some sense is based upon Newton’s hypothesis, the generalized equation E = Ac2 3 m is result of critical analysis of Einstein’s E=mc2 and this work needs more sophisticated experimental observations in future. Thus science is like lighting one lamp from the other. AJAY SHARMA, Shimla . August 2012 Email ajay.pqrs@gmail.com, www.AjayOnLine.us 2 Beyond Einstein and E =mc Science is infinite Ajay Sharma Chapter 1 Einstein derived L =mc2 For Newton’s Perception First Glimpse Many scientists have contributed to concept of mass energy inter-conversion. Also qualitative and quantitative equations were also put forth by various scientists. S. Tolver Preston(1875), Jules Henri Poincaré (1900) , Olinto De Pretto (1903) Fritz Hasenohrl(1904) etc. developed equations and conceptual basis regarding inter-conversion of mass and energy . But the real credit for mass light energy inter-conversion equation goes to Einstein, who derived equations for Newton’s perception as L =mc2, under certain conditions. 4 From L =mc2 Einstein speculated E=mc2, which is not justified scientifically. In Einstein’s derivation there are four variables e.g. number of light waves, energy of the light waves, angles at which light waves are emitted and velocity v. These variables have numerous values, but Einstein has taken only special or handpicked values of the variables. If all the values of the variables are taken then result is L mc2 or L =Ac2 m. Thus Einstein’s derivation is not complete. 1.0 Mass energy inter-conversion before Einstein. The word ‘energy’ derives from energeia which was coined by Aristotle for first time [1]. German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz [1646-1716] put forth idea of vis viva (from the latin living force) as mv2 and stated that it is conserved [2-3]. vis viva or living force = mv2 (1.1) where m is mass of body and v is its velocity. In 1807, Thomas Young [1773 -1829] was first to use term ‘energy’ instead of vis viva [4-5]. Energy = mv2 (1.2) French mathematician Gustave Coriolisis [1792-1843] was first to define work as product of force and displacement. W =FScos Φ (1.3) where W is work , Φ is angle between force and displacement S. mv2 In 1829, Coriolisis [4-5] described kinetic energy as i.e. 2 mv2 Kinetic Energy = (1.4) 2 Further mass is quantity of matter contained in the body, the real understanding of mass started when Newton defined second law of motion in the Principia. [6]. Newton also stated inter conversion of light energy to mass [7], thus initiated important debate on this issue. According to Newton, "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another...", Mass energy inter-conversion processes are the oldest in nature and constitute the basis of various phenomena. Further the energies have various forms (e.g. 5 sound energy, heat energy, chemical energy, energy emitted volcanic reactions nuclear energy, magnetic energy, electrical energy, energy emitted in form of invisible radiations, energy emitted in cosmological and astrophysical phenomena energies co-existing in various forms etc.) which are converted into mass. At different times various scientists have studied this significant topic in different ways and study is continuous process even now. Many scientists and philosophers have discussed about inter-conversion of mass to energy at different times. Even an illiterate knew that more the wood or grass he would burn more heat or light energy would be produced. He may not be aware of Einstein’s work but conclusion is obvious, more mass of wood is consumed, more energy is emitted. Before Einstein many scientists contributed to the discussion of inter-conversion of mass to energy. It is equally possible that there may be many more scientists whose contributions are not recorded or may have been destroyed or purposely annihilated, hence their names are not in this list of contributors. Aristotle [384-322 BC] believed that all matter on earth consisted of four pure substances or elements, which were earth, air, fire, and water [1]. Here fire may be regarded as energy. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) French Chemist was the first to formulate a law of conservation of matter in chemical reactions i.e. matter can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to other form [8]. Newton [7] has quoted in his book ‘Opticks’ in 1704 that "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another...", No immediate reason is known for Newton’s intuition. It implies that energy is other form of mass. Neither Lavoisier nor Newton gave any mathematical equation relating to mass- energy inter-conversion, hence the deduction is qualitative only. The speed of light c (3×109 m/s) was not defined in Newton’s time, however now c plays a significant role in such cases. S T Preston [9], an English scientist in his book Physics of the Ether in 1875, gave and applied equation ΔE Δmc2 (proportionality form) apparently. In one example, Preston speculated that one grain could lift a 100,000-ton object up to a height of 1.9 miles. Mathematically, if the calculations are based upon E = mc2 then mass of one 6 grain (64.79891 milligram) emits energy equal to 5.832×1012 J, if completely annihilated. Also energy required to lift (mgh) one hundred thousand ton (9.0718×107 kg ) to height of 1.9 miles ( 3.0577 ×103 m) is 2.7006×1012 J. E= mgh = 2.7006×1012 J (5.32) The calculations imply that Preston used equation E = mc2 in form E mc2. It is work of the rarest or exceptional scientific perspicacity. Now Preston’s 137 years old book is in the category of the rare books. Jules Henri Poincaré [10,11] in 1900 applied the calculations in a recoil process and E reached at the conclusion in the form, mv = c. From the viewpoint of dimensional c 2 E analysis, takes on the role of a ‘mass’ associated with radiation, which yields E=mc2. c 2 Olinto De Pretto [12] speculated E=mc2, implying that when v = c, then E= mv2 (Leibniz’s vis viva) becomes E=mc2, in 1903-04. Few years back some Italian scientists logically sought priority of innovation of E=mc2 as they claimed E=mc2 is Italian idea before Einstein. Just possible Einstein may have obtained E=mc2 by replacing L by E in L=mc2. In fact Einstein initially derived L= mc2. Fritz Hasenohrl [13, 14] in 1904, concluded “to the mechanical mass of our system must be added an apparent mass which is given by, 8E m= where E is the energy of the radiation.” 3c 2 4E In a later paper he further improved result that mass exchanged is, m= .
Recommended publications
  • Beyond Einstein... Are We All Afraid of the Truth?
    smw-genart-02-06 Beyond Einstein ... Are we all afraid of the Truth? Sanjay M Wagh Central India Research Institute, Post Box 606, Laxminagar, Nagpur 440 022, India ∗ (Dated: March 20, 2006) Abstract The power-point presentation [1] provided herein shows exactly why Einstein’s field equations of his general relativity are based on an illogical approach to representing the observable world. Einstein had, in fact, discarded these equations way back in 1928 when he had began his solitary search for a unified field theory. However, the rest of us learned, taught, and also put too much faith for too long (for more than seventy years) in an illogical approach to representing the observable world. Consequently, we have developed great reluctance, resulting from dogmatic perceptions, prestige, reputation, ..., that is holding us back from orienting ourselves in the “right” direction to the understanding of the observable phenomena. This raises the question mentioned in the title: Are we all afraid of the Truth? Rhetorically speaking, we could then also ask: are we all afraid of Virginia Woolf? In the sequel, I also illustrate my approach to going Beyond Einstein for developing an appropriate mathematical framework for the fundamental physical ideas behind the General Principle of Relativity, for the unification of fundamental arXiv:physics/0603149v1 [physics.gen-ph] 20 Mar 2006 physical interactions and, hence, for a theory of everything. ∗Electronic address: cirinag˙ngp@sancharnet.in 1 The title of this article may appear only as an eye-catching one to some, repelling one to some others, a thought provoking one to few others ..
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of the Maxwell- Einstein-Dirac Correspondence
    Unification of the Maxwell- Einstein-Dirac Correspondence The Origin of Mass, Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin Author: Wim Vegt Country: The Netherlands Website: http://wimvegt.topworld.center Email: j.w.vegt@topacademy.center Calculations: All Calculations in Mathematica 11.0 have been printed in a PDF File Index 1 “Unified 4-Dimensional Hyperspace 5 Equilibrium” beyond Einstein 4-Dimensional, Kaluza-Klein 5-Dimensional and Superstring 10- and 11 Dimensional Curved Hyperspaces 1.2 The 4th term in the Unified 4-Dimensional 12 Hyperspace Equilibrium Equation 1.3 The Impact of Gravity on Light 15 2.1 EM Radiation within a Cartesian Coordinate 23 System in the absence of Gravity 2.1.1 Laser Beam with a Gaussian division in the x-y 25 plane within a Cartesian Coordinate System in the absence of Gravity 2.2 EM Radiation within a Cartesian Coordinate 27 System under the influence of a Longitudinal Gravitational Field g 2.3 The Real Light Intensity of the Sun, measured in 31 our Solar System, including Electromagnetic Gravitational Conversion (EMGC) 2.4 The Boundaries of our Universe 35 2.5 The Origin of Dark Matter 37 3 Electromagnetic Radiation within a Spherical 40 Coordinate System 4 Confined Electromagnetic Radiation within a 42 Spherical Coordinate System through Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction 5 The fundamental conflict between Causality and 48 Probability 6 Confined Electromagnetic Radiation within a 51 Toroidal Coordinate System 7 Confined Electromagnetic Radiation within a 54 Toroidal Coordinate System through Electromagnetic-Gravitational
    [Show full text]
  • Gravity Beyond Einstein
    Thierry De Mees Gravito- magnetism including an introduction to the Coriolis Gravity Theory Gravity Beyond Einstein Second Edition - 2011 Gravito-magnetism including an introduction to the Coriolis Gravity Theory Gravity Beyond Einstein Second Edition - 2011 INDEX Index i Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Successes of a Novel Gravity Interpretation 7 The great Michelson & Morley, Lorentz and Einstein trap 9 1. The Michelson & Morley experiment, the Lorentz and the Einstein interpretation. 9 2. A null result means : a null result. 10 3. Conclusion. 11 4. References and interesting literature. 12 A coherent dual vector field theory for gravitation 13 1. Introduction : the Maxwell analogy for gravitation: a short history. 14 2. Law of gravitational motion transfer. 14 3. Gyrotation of a moving mass in an external gravitational field. 15 4. Gyrotation of rotating bodies in a gravitational field. 16 5. Angular collapse into prograde orbits. Precession of orbital spinning objects. 16 6. Structure and formation of prograde disc Galaxies. 18 7. Unlimited maximum spin velocity of compact stars. 20 8. Origin of the shape of mass losses in supernovae. 21 9. Dynamo motion of the sun. 22 10. Binary stars with accretion disc. 22 11. Repulsion by moving masses. 24 12. Chaos explained by gyrotation. 24 13. The link between Relativity Theory and Gyrotation Theory. 25 14. Discussion : implications of the relationship between Relativity and Gyrotation 26 15. Conclusion 26 16. References 26 Lectures on “A coherent dual vector field theory for gravitation”. 27 Lecture A: a word on the Maxwell analogy 27 Lecture B: a word on the flux theory approach 27 Lecture C: a word on the application of the Stokes theorem and on loop integrals 28 Lecture D: a word on the planetary systems 29 Lecture E : a word on the formation of disk galaxies 31 Discussion: the Dual Gravitation Field versus the Relativity Theory 33 What is the extend of the Dual Gravitation Field Theory (Gravitomagnetism)? 33 The centenary of the relativity theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1709.09203V2 [Gr-Qc] 16 Oct 2019
    LIGO-P1700009 First search for nontensorial gravitational waves from known pulsars The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration, S. Buchner, I. Cognard, A. Corongiu, P. C. C. Freire, L. Guillemot, G. B. Hobbs, M. Kerr, A. G. Lyne, A. Possenti, A. Ridolfi, R. M. Shannon, B. W. Stappers, and P. Weltevrede (Dated: November 16, 2017) We present results from the first directed search for nontensorial gravitational waves. While general relativity allows for tensorial (plus and cross) modes only, a generic metric theory may, in principle, predict waves with up to six different polarizations. This analysis is sensitive to continuous signals of scalar, vector or tensor polarizations, and does not rely on any specific theory of gravity. After searching data from the first observation run of the advanced LIGO detectors for signals at twice the rotational frequency of 200 known pulsars, we find no evidence of gravitational waves of any polarization. We report the first upper limits for scalar and vector strains, finding values comparable in magnitude to previously-published limits for tensor strain. Our results may be translated into constraints on specific alternative theories of gravity. Introduction. The first gravitational waves detected candidates for searches for such signals in data from by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave ground-based detectors, and analyses targeting them have Observatory (aLIGO) and Virgo have already been used already achieved sensitivities that are comparable to, or to place some of the most stringent constraints on de- even surpass, their canonical spin-down limit (i.e. the viations from the general theory of relativity (GR) in strain that would be produced if the observed slowdown the highly-dynamical and strong-field regimes of gravity in the pulsar's rotation was completely due to gravita- [1{4].
    [Show full text]
  • Einstein and Beyond
    Big Bang and the Quantum: Einstein and Beyond An Ode to the eternal themes of the `Beginning’ and the `Origin’ Abhay Ashtekar Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos The Pennsylvania State University Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Frontier of Science Public Lecture, April 6th 2012 Organization n 1. General Relativity Discovery, Central Idea, Successes n 2. The Big Bang Curious history, Implications, Observations n 3. Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein Why, When, Challenges, Implications n 4. Loop Quantum Cosmology The Big Bounce, Implications, Observations Intellectual Tension: Einstein (1908) n Newton’s theory of gravity based on Newton’s model of space & time. Incompatible with special relativity n New theory of gravity? n 1913: Planck visits Einstein in Zurich. “As an older friend, I must advise you against it, for, in the first place you will not succeed, and even if you succeed, no one will believe you.” Planck to Einstein n Solution: 1915 General Relativity A new model of space-time Discovery of General Relativity “During the last month, I experienced one of the most exciting and most exacting times of my life, true enough also one of the most successful. …. Now the marvelous thing which I experienced was the fact that not only did Newton’s theory result as first approximation but also the perehelion of mercury (43” per century) as second approximation. ….” Einstein to Sommerfeld November 28, 1915 “of general theory of relativity, you will be convinced, once you have studied it. Therefore, I am not going to defend it with a single word.” Einstein to Sommerfeld February 8, 1916 Gravity is Geometry ! n Space-time no longer an inert background or stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmology Beyond Einstein Essay
    Adam R. Solomon Department of Physics, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 email: adamsolo@andrew.cmu.edu web: http://andrew.cmu.edu/~adamsolo/ RESEARCH INTERESTS Theoretical cosmology: dark energy, dark matter, inflation, baryogenesis; field theory; modified gravity; cosmological tests. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Sep. 2018- Carnegie Mellon University present Postdoctoral Research Associate Department of Physics and McWilliams Center for Cosmology Sep. 2015- University of Pennsylvania Aug. 2018 Postdoctoral Fellow Center for Particle Cosmology Apr. 2015- University of Heidelberg Jul. 2015 DAAD Visiting Fellow Institute for Theoretical Physics Dec. 2014- University of Cambridge Feb. 2015 Research Assistant Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics EDUCATION 2011-2015 University of Cambridge – Ph.D. Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Thesis: Cosmology Beyond Einstein Supervisor: Prof. John D. Barrow 2010-2011 University of Cambridge – Master of Advanced Study in Mathematics Part III of the Mathematical Tripos (Distinction) Essay: Probing the Very Early Universe with the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Supervisors: Prof. Paul Shellard, Dr. Eugene Lim 2006-2010 Yale University – B.S. in Astronomy and Physics Thesis: The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Data Supervisors: Prof. Daisuke Nagai, Dr. Suchetana Chatterjee PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 1. Khoury, J., Sakstein, J., & Solomon, A. R., “Superfluids and the Cosmological Constant Problem.” 2018, JCAP08(2018)024, arXiv:1805.05937 2. Solomon, A. R. & Trodden, M., “Higher-derivative operators and effective field theory for general scalar-tensor theories.” 2017, JCAP02(2018)031, arXiv:1709.09695 3. Sakstein, J. & Solomon, A. R., “Baryogenesis in Lorentz-violating gravity theories.” 2017, Phys. Lett. B 773, 186, arXiv:1705.10695 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Einstein Perspectives on Geometry, Gravitation, and Cosmology in the Twentieth Century Editors David E
    David E. Rowe • Tilman Sauer • Scott A. Walter Editors Beyond Einstein Perspectives on Geometry, Gravitation, and Cosmology in the Twentieth Century Editors David E. Rowe Tilman Sauer Institut für Mathematik Institut für Mathematik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany Mainz, Germany Scott A. Walter Centre François Viète Université de Nantes Nantes Cedex, France ISSN 2381-5833 ISSN 2381-5841 (electronic) Einstein Studies ISBN 978-1-4939-7706-2 ISBN 978-1-4939-7708-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7708-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944372 Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 01A60, 81T20, 83C47, 83D05 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • 910799D [Pdf] Beyond Einstein: the Cosmic Quest for the Theory Of
    [pdf] Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest For The Theory Of The Universe Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer - pdf free book Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer epub Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer epub Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, book pdf Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Read Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Books Online Free, PDF Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Popular Download, Download Online Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Book, by Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer pdf Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Download Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Online Free, Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Ebooks Free, by Michio Kaku, Jennifer Trainer pdf Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Read Online Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Book, full book Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, free online Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, online free Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe, Download Online Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Book, PDF Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe Free Download, Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory
    [Show full text]
  • Cover Next Page > Cover Next Page >
    cover next page > title : Visions : How Science Will Revolutionize the Twenty-first Century author : Kaku, Michio. publisher : Oxford University Press isbn10 | asin : 0192880187 print isbn13 : 9780192880185 ebook isbn13 : 9780585244884 language : English subject Science--Forecasting, Twenty-first century--Forecasts. publication date : 1999 lcc : Q125.K35 1999eb ddc : 363.107 subject : Science--Forecasting, Twenty-first century--Forecasts. cover next page > < previous page page_i next page > Page i Visions Michio Kaku is the Henry Semat Professor of Theoretical Physics at the City College of New York. An internationally acclaimed physicist, he is the co-founder of string field theory. He graduated from Harvard and received his Ph.D. from Berkeley. He is the author of the critically acclaimed and bestselling Hyperspace, as well as Beyond Einstein (with Jennifer Thompson), Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction, and Introduction to Superstrings. He hosts a weekly hour-long radio science programme that is nationally syndicated. < previous page page_i next page > < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii Other books by Michio Kaku HYPERSPACE BEYOND EINSTEIN < previous page page_ii next page > < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii Visions How Science Will Revolutionize the Twenty-First Century Michio Kaku City University of New York, New York, USA Oxford New York Melbourne OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press © Michio Kahu 1998 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 1998 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback 1999 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Einstein Program Assessment Committee
    Restarting the Exploration of the Universe: The National Academy's Beyond Einstein Report and the Future of Space Astronomy Joel Primack University of California, Santa Cruz OUTLINE Summary of the Beyond Einstein report Five Mission Areas Findings and Recommendations 1st start: JDEM DO BOTH! 2nd start: LISA } My recommended DOE response The Beyond Einstein Program Einstein Great Observatories: Facility-class missions • Constellation-X Uses X-ray-emitting atoms as clocks to follow matter falling into black holes and to study the evolution of the Universe. • Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Uses gravitational waves to sense directly the changes in space and time around black holes and to measure the structure of the Universe. Einstein Probes: Moderate-sized, scientist-led missions • Inflation Probe Detect the imprints left by quantum effects and gravitational waves at the beginning of the Big Bang. • Dark Energy Probe Determine the properties of the dark energy that dominates the Universe. • Black Hole Probe Take a census of black holes in the local Universe. The Beyond Einstein Program Einstein Great Observatories: Facility-class missions • Constellation-X Uses X-ray-emitting atoms as clocks to follow matter falling into black holes and to study the evolution of the Universe. • Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Uses gravitational waves to sense directly the changes in space and time around black holes and to measure the structure of the Universe. Einstein Probes: Moderate-sized, scientist-led missions • Inflation Probe Detect the imprints left by quantum effects and gravitational waves at the beginning of the Big Bang. • Joint Dark Energy Mission Determine the properties of the dark energy that dominates the Universe.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Einstein: the Search for Relativity Violations
    Beyond Einstein: The Search for Relativity Violations Alan Kostelecky Distinguished Professor, Physics CURRENT RESEARCH AFFILIATION Searching for changes to the fundamental theories of Indiana University Bloomington physics EDUCATION Physicists have sought to describe the fundamental laws of the universe for centuries. At Ph.D., in Physics, 1982 present, the best existing description of these laws involves two independent theories, Yale University Einstein's General Relativity for gravity and the Standard Model for quantum physics. A B.Sc., 1st class in Physics, 1977 central problem, currently unsolved, is to unify the two. To achieve this unification, scientists University of Bristol expect that modifications must be made to one and perhaps both of the existing theories. Dr. Alan Kostelecky, of Indiana University, is a theoretical physicist who investigates modifications that involve tiny changes in the laws of relativity. These changes, known as RESEARCH AREAS relativity violations, could revolutionize theoretical physics and lead to significant changes to Technology, Space, Computational Sciences / Mathematics, Materials Science / Physics our understanding of the universe. More specifically, Dr. Kostelecky pioneered the idea that there may be tiny deviations from FUNDING REQUEST the accepted laws of relativity. His research shows that these relativity violations could emerge from a fundamental theory unifying gravity with quantum physics such as string Your contributions will support the research of Dr. Alan Kostelecky at Indiana University as he theory. His comprehensive theoretical framework, known as the Standard-Model Extension studies the fundamental laws that dictate the universe. Your donations will help cover the (SME), is widely used for studying physics beyond Einstein's relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Space and Time: from Antiquity to Einstein and Beyond
    GENERAL I ARTICLE Space and Time: From Antiquity to Einstein and Beyond Abhay Ashtekar At the beginning of the 20th century, Einstein revolutionized the notions of space and time, first through special relativity and then, a decade la­ ter, through general relativity. Conceptual ideas underlying general relativity are explained and Abhay Ashtekar is the its physical ramifications summarized in general Director of the Institute of terms, without recourse to advanced mathemat­ Gravitational Physics and ics. This theory is perhaps the most sublime Geometry at Penn State creation of the human mind. Nonetheless, it has where he also holds the become increasingly clear that it too has serious Eberly Chair in Physics. His interests include limitations which can be overcome only through general relativity, quantum another dramatic revision of our notions of space gravity, geometrical and time. The article concludes by providing formulations of quantum glimpses of what awaits us in the 21st century. mechanics, gauge theories and Buddhist and Vedantic 1. From Antiquity to Einstein perspectives on the nature ofthe Inner World. "As an older friend, I rnust advise you against it. jor, in the first place you 'Will not succeed, and even if you Based on a public lecture given succeed, no one will believe you. "1 under the auspices of National Institute of Advanced Studies Every civilization has been fascinated by notions of Space and Raman Research Institute, (the Heavens) and Time (the Beginning, the Change Bangalore on 22 December and the End). Early thinkers from Gautama Buddha 2004. and Lao Tsu to Aristotle commented extensively on the subject.
    [Show full text]