Beyond Einstein and E =Mc
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1 2 Beyond Einstein and E =mc Science is infinite Ajay Sharma Contents Chapter 1 2 Einstein derived L =mc For Newton’s Perception [pp.3-24] Chapter 2 2 Contradictions In Einstein’s Derivation Of ∆L=∆mc [pp.24-60] Chapter 3 Derivation Of Generalized Form Of Mass Energy Equation, ∆E =Ac2∆m [pp.60-81] Chapter 4 Applications Of Equation ∆E =Ac2∆m In Understanding The Origin Of Universe. [pp.81-98] Chapter 5 Applications of generalized mass energy inter-conversion equation in Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactors [99-120] Chapter 6 2 Rest Mass Energy Erme = Mrmec Is Derived From Non- Existent Equation.[121-137] Chapter 7 Frequently Asked Questions: Based on previous chapters [137-157] 2 Preface The spirit or essence of science is lighting one lamp from the other. Einstein is the greatest due to his matchless imagination and unsurpassed intuition, which of course proved consistent with experimental findings in due course of time. But Einstein’s immortal intellectualism confronts with mathematical analysis and logic which is regarded as the first and the foremost requirement in physics, as no human brain is perfect. This work is the complete tribute to Einstein's work and philosophy on mass energy inter conversion. Einstein may not be knowing but he provided mathematical equation for Newton’s hypothesis of inter-conversion of light energy and mass. Newton has quoted in his book ‘Optiks’ in 1704 that "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another..." After about 200 years i.e. in 1905 Einstein derived mathematical equation for Newton’s perception i.e. mass-light energy equation L =mc2 from which he speculated E=mc2. While deriving mass-energy inter conversion equation Einstein took special values of the involved parameters but did not discuss many other feasible cases. On such significant topic ‘short cuts’ are not justified. Further Einstein did not follow the common practice of giving references of the existing literature in the research papers, on which his work is based upon. Based upon current experimental situation, theoretical analysis and future assessment, E=mc2 has been extended to E = Ac2 m. The author intends to interact in future through other book titled ‘Archimedes and Newton Generalized.’ In this book 2265 years old Archimedes principle is generalized, Newton’s three laws are made more practical and stress has been given understanding of law of Gravitation by constructing elusive water and glycerine barometers. I am indebted to my critics and promoters within the house e.g. my late mother Mrs Kala Rani Sharma, poet father Mr Dev Dutt Sharma and wife Anjana Sharma. Otherwise it would have been difficult to maintain enthusiasm over three decades on such topics. Also diligent efforts of staff of the press are gratefully acknowledged. Some people have years and years for criticism but really no moments for constructive suggestions. The knowledge is infinite and suggestions from one and all are humbly solicited, so that subject matter which is just introduced may be improved. Einstein’s E=mc2 in some sense is based upon Newton’s hypothesis, the generalized equation E = Ac2 3 m is result of critical analysis of Einstein’s E=mc2 and this work needs more sophisticated experimental observations in future. Thus science is like lighting one lamp from the other. AJAY SHARMA, Shimla . August 2012 Email ajay.pqrs@gmail.com, www.AjayOnLine.us 2 Beyond Einstein and E =mc Science is infinite Ajay Sharma Chapter 1 Einstein derived L =mc2 For Newton’s Perception First Glimpse Many scientists have contributed to concept of mass energy inter-conversion. Also qualitative and quantitative equations were also put forth by various scientists. S. Tolver Preston(1875), Jules Henri Poincaré (1900) , Olinto De Pretto (1903) Fritz Hasenohrl(1904) etc. developed equations and conceptual basis regarding inter-conversion of mass and energy . But the real credit for mass light energy inter-conversion equation goes to Einstein, who derived equations for Newton’s perception as L =mc2, under certain conditions. 4 From L =mc2 Einstein speculated E=mc2, which is not justified scientifically. In Einstein’s derivation there are four variables e.g. number of light waves, energy of the light waves, angles at which light waves are emitted and velocity v. These variables have numerous values, but Einstein has taken only special or handpicked values of the variables. If all the values of the variables are taken then result is L mc2 or L =Ac2 m. Thus Einstein’s derivation is not complete. 1.0 Mass energy inter-conversion before Einstein. The word ‘energy’ derives from energeia which was coined by Aristotle for first time [1]. German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz [1646-1716] put forth idea of vis viva (from the latin living force) as mv2 and stated that it is conserved [2-3]. vis viva or living force = mv2 (1.1) where m is mass of body and v is its velocity. In 1807, Thomas Young [1773 -1829] was first to use term ‘energy’ instead of vis viva [4-5]. Energy = mv2 (1.2) French mathematician Gustave Coriolisis [1792-1843] was first to define work as product of force and displacement. W =FScos Φ (1.3) where W is work , Φ is angle between force and displacement S. mv2 In 1829, Coriolisis [4-5] described kinetic energy as i.e. 2 mv2 Kinetic Energy = (1.4) 2 Further mass is quantity of matter contained in the body, the real understanding of mass started when Newton defined second law of motion in the Principia. [6]. Newton also stated inter conversion of light energy to mass [7], thus initiated important debate on this issue. According to Newton, "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another...", Mass energy inter-conversion processes are the oldest in nature and constitute the basis of various phenomena. Further the energies have various forms (e.g. 5 sound energy, heat energy, chemical energy, energy emitted volcanic reactions nuclear energy, magnetic energy, electrical energy, energy emitted in form of invisible radiations, energy emitted in cosmological and astrophysical phenomena energies co-existing in various forms etc.) which are converted into mass. At different times various scientists have studied this significant topic in different ways and study is continuous process even now. Many scientists and philosophers have discussed about inter-conversion of mass to energy at different times. Even an illiterate knew that more the wood or grass he would burn more heat or light energy would be produced. He may not be aware of Einstein’s work but conclusion is obvious, more mass of wood is consumed, more energy is emitted. Before Einstein many scientists contributed to the discussion of inter-conversion of mass to energy. It is equally possible that there may be many more scientists whose contributions are not recorded or may have been destroyed or purposely annihilated, hence their names are not in this list of contributors. Aristotle [384-322 BC] believed that all matter on earth consisted of four pure substances or elements, which were earth, air, fire, and water [1]. Here fire may be regarded as energy. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) French Chemist was the first to formulate a law of conservation of matter in chemical reactions i.e. matter can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to other form [8]. Newton [7] has quoted in his book ‘Opticks’ in 1704 that "Gross bodies and light are convertible into one another...", No immediate reason is known for Newton’s intuition. It implies that energy is other form of mass. Neither Lavoisier nor Newton gave any mathematical equation relating to mass- energy inter-conversion, hence the deduction is qualitative only. The speed of light c (3×109 m/s) was not defined in Newton’s time, however now c plays a significant role in such cases. S T Preston [9], an English scientist in his book Physics of the Ether in 1875, gave and applied equation ΔE Δmc2 (proportionality form) apparently. In one example, Preston speculated that one grain could lift a 100,000-ton object up to a height of 1.9 miles. Mathematically, if the calculations are based upon E = mc2 then mass of one 6 grain (64.79891 milligram) emits energy equal to 5.832×1012 J, if completely annihilated. Also energy required to lift (mgh) one hundred thousand ton (9.0718×107 kg ) to height of 1.9 miles ( 3.0577 ×103 m) is 2.7006×1012 J. E= mgh = 2.7006×1012 J (5.32) The calculations imply that Preston used equation E = mc2 in form E mc2. It is work of the rarest or exceptional scientific perspicacity. Now Preston’s 137 years old book is in the category of the rare books. Jules Henri Poincaré [10,11] in 1900 applied the calculations in a recoil process and E reached at the conclusion in the form, mv = c. From the viewpoint of dimensional c 2 E analysis, takes on the role of a ‘mass’ associated with radiation, which yields E=mc2. c 2 Olinto De Pretto [12] speculated E=mc2, implying that when v = c, then E= mv2 (Leibniz’s vis viva) becomes E=mc2, in 1903-04. Few years back some Italian scientists logically sought priority of innovation of E=mc2 as they claimed E=mc2 is Italian idea before Einstein. Just possible Einstein may have obtained E=mc2 by replacing L by E in L=mc2. In fact Einstein initially derived L= mc2. Fritz Hasenohrl [13, 14] in 1904, concluded “to the mechanical mass of our system must be added an apparent mass which is given by, 8E m= where E is the energy of the radiation.” 3c 2 4E In a later paper he further improved result that mass exchanged is, m= .