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Esa Standard Document DOCUMENT document title/ titre du document UNAR OBILITY TUDY UNAR NVIRONMENT AND YSTEM EQUIREMENTS prepared by/préparé par Paolo Massioni – Stefano Nebuloni reference/réference issue/édition 1 revision/révision 0 date of issue/date d’édition 9/9/2005 status/état Document type/type de document Technical Note Distribution/distribution a ESTEC LunarEnvironmentAndSystemRe Keplerlaan 1 - 2201 AZ Noordwijk - The Netherlands quirements.doc Tel. (31) 71 5656565 - Fax (31) 71 5656040 Lunar Mobility Study s issue 1 revision 0 - page ii of ii T ABLE O F C ONTENTS REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................1 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................3 1.1 Purpose of this document...................................................................................................................3 1.2 Overall properties of the Moon..........................................................................................................3 1.3 List of abbreviations...........................................................................................................................4 2 LUNAR ENVIRONMENT FEATURES......................................................................................5 2.1 Atmosphere ........................................................................................................................................5 2.2 Illumination conditions and thermal characteristics of the surface....................................................5 2.2.1 Light and temperature on surface...............................................................................................5 2.2.2 Polar environment ......................................................................................................................6 2.3 Topography and terrain properties.....................................................................................................8 2.3.1 Craters ........................................................................................................................................9 2.3.2 Apollo Landing Sites ...............................................................................................................11 2.3.3 Polar topography......................................................................................................................11 2.4 Soil characteristics...........................................................................................................................12 2.4.1 Granulometric composition......................................................................................................12 2.4.2 Bulk density and void ratio ......................................................................................................13 2.4.3 Compressibility and shear strength..........................................................................................13 2.4.4 Allowable bearing capacity......................................................................................................15 2.4.5 Lunar soil trafficability ............................................................................................................15 2.5 Dust effects......................................................................................................................................16 2.6 Radiation ..........................................................................................................................................17 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................18 3.1 Launch requirements........................................................................................................................18 3.2 Landing requirements ......................................................................................................................18 3.3 Thermal requirements ......................................................................................................................18 3.4 Power requirements..........................................................................................................................19 3.5 Dust countermeasures ......................................................................................................................19 3.6 Mobility Requirements ....................................................................................................................19 3.6.1 Lunar terrain features ...............................................................................................................19 3.6.2 System requirements ................................................................................................................21 Lunar Mobility Study s issue 1 revision 0 - page 1 of 23 REFERENCES RD1. Heiken, D. Vaniman, B.M. French Lunar Sourcebook, a User’s Guide to the Moon, Cambridge University Press 1991. RD2. The Moon, Nationmaster Encyclopaedia http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Moon RD3. Lunar Surface Models SP-8023, NASA RD4. Euromoon Mission Feasibility Study Report – ESA http://ids2.esa.int:81/ATTACHEMENTS/A117179/esa-cr-2847.pdf RD5. E.A.Kozlova Temperature mode in cold traps on the Moon – Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow. http://www.planetary.brown.edu/planetary/international/Micro_38_Abs/ms049.pdf RD6. Ben Bussey, Paul Spudis Extreme Lighting Conditions at the Lunar Poles – Johns Hopkins University http://www.spaceagepub.com/pdfs/Bussey.pdf RD7. Clementine - DSPSE http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/ RD8. Michiel Kruijff (Delta-Utec) Peaks of eternal light on the lunar south pole: how they were found and what they look like http://www.delta-utec.com/papers/ESTECMoonPaperFinal2.pdf RD9. D.B.J. Bussey, M.S. Robinson, K. Fristad Permanent sunlight at the lunar north pole - Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV (2004) http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1387.pdf RD10. Apollo Lunar surface Journal. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/ RD11. T.J.Stubbs, R.R.Vondrak and W.M.Farrell, A dynamic fountain model for lunar dust. – NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1899.pdf RD12. The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Systems During the Apollo Missions Lunar Mobility Study s issue 1 revision 0 - page 2 of 23 http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2005/TM-2005-213610.pdf RD13. EuroMoon 2000 - A Plan for a European Lunar South Pole Expedition http://esapub.esrin.esa.it/br/br122/br122lan.htm RD14. Gwendolyn D. Bart, H. J. Melosh Ejected boulders: implication for secondary craters and the age dating of surfaces – Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. http://gwen.barnesos.net/LPLmainpage/publications/2022.pdf RD15. Dimitrios Apostolopoulos Systematic Configuration of Robotic Locomotion – Carnegie Mellon University RD16. V. Gromov Physical and mechanical properties of lunar soil http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/phmp-ls.pdf RD17. UW-MADISON http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/neep602/LEC22/NEAL/neal.html RD18. Lunar Exploration Study - CDF RD19. Human Spaceflight Vision (HSV) – CDF Study Report (CDF 23(A), January 2004) RD20. NASA DART experiment http://powerweb.grc.nasa.gov/pvsee/publications/wcpec2/dart.html RD21.] Mars rover chassis evaluation tools – Survey report method and tools for rover locomotion evaluation, Contraves Space/DLR/EPFL. Lunar Mobility Study s issue 1 revision 0 - page 3 of 23 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of this document The aim of this document is to collect and analyse all the peculiar features of the lunar environment. These statements have to be considered for designing any device that is going to operate on the surface of the Moon. This document has been written within the Lunar Mobility Study, so it is focused on the issues related to the functionality and survival abilities of a mobility system, with a special attention to lunar poles. 1.2 Overall properties of the Moon The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. It is in a synchronous rotation with Earth, which means that one side of the Moon (the "near side") is permanently turned towards Earth. The other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth, except for small portions near the limb which can be seen occasionally due to libration effects. Most of the far side was completely unknown until the era of space probes. This synchronous rotation is a result of torque having slowed down the Moon's rotation in its early history, a process known as tidal locking. The far side is sometimes called the "dark side". In this case "dark" means "unknown and hidden" and not "lacking light"; in fact the far side receives (on average) as much sunlight as the near side, but at opposite times. Spacecraft are cut off from direct radio communication with the Earth when on the far side of the Moon. Orbital and physical characteristics are shown in the tables below. Orbital characteristics Physical characteristics Semi-major axis 384400 km Equatorial 3476.2 km Eccentricity 0.0554 diameter Perigee 363104 km Polar diameter 3472.0 km Apogee 405696 km 3.793×107 km2 Surface area Revolution (0.074 Earths) 27 d 7 h 43.2 min period Mass 7.347×1022 kg 29 d 12 h 44.0 Mean density 3.34 g/cm3 Synodic period min Equatorial 1.622 m/s2 Average orbital gravity 1.022 km/s speed Escape velocity 2.38 km/s Inclination to Rotation period 27 d 7 h 43.2 min 5.145° ecliptic
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