Technogenic Deposit in the Area of the Old Flotation Tailing Dump in Bor (Field 1 and Field 2) **

MINING AND METALLURGY INSTITUTE BOR ISSN: 2334-8836 UDK: 622

UDK: 622.271:622.68(045)=111 DOI:10.5937/MMEB1403001M

Miroslava Maksimović *, Mile Bugarin *, Zoran Stevanović *, Vladan Marinković *

TECHNOGENIC DEPOSIT IN THE AREA OF THE OLD FLOTATION TAILING DUMP IN BOR (FIELD 1 AND FIELD 2) **

Abstract

The copper ore mining in Bor was started at the beginning of the twentieth century. Parallel to this, the ore smelting was carried out in the first period. After construction of the Flotation Plant (1934), the ore dressing was performed and obtaining the concentrate of copper and precious metals. Until the 60’s of the last century, the ore processing, obtained from exploitation from the copper deposits Bor (the Old Open Pit and underground mine Jama Bor), was carried out. After this period of ore obtained from the Bor mine, the ore from the deposit Lipa, Cerovo (Mali Krivelj) was also processed. Technogenic waste of flotation was obtained as by-product of this process by flotation that was disposed from 1934 to 1980 in the area of the Old Flotation Tailing Dump in Bor (Field 1 and Field 2). Based on the previous geological explorations in the mentioned zone, the increased copper contents were indicated in the subject area. The implementation of detailed geological explorations would evalu- ate the potentiality of the area, in order to review the possibilities of raw material leaching, as well as solving a serious environmental problem in the center of the town of Bor. Keywords: tailing dump, technogenic formations, copper ore mining, open pit

INTRODUCTION

Technogenic copper deposit the "Old For the relief of the terrain, in wider area Bor Flotation Tailing Dump" is located in of Bor, a significant impact had intensive the industrial circle of the Mining and Met- volcanic activity (during the late Mesozoic allurgy basin (RTB), or in the town of Bor. and Cenozoic), which is accompanied by Bor is usually a typical mining town, found- strong tectonic movements. ed by the mine (Figures 1 and 2). However, the formation of current look The largest amount of technogenic of relief was influenced by the economic formations separated in the immediate activity in the mineral-raw material complex. vicinity of the Bor and Krivelj mines in an The processes of exploitation, prepara- area of over 4 km 2. They are presented by tion, and processing of ore in Bor and its creations that occurred by exploitation of surroundings, caused the changes of relief mineral deposits of copper (overburden) and formation of some inverse morphologi- and mineral processing (flotation tailings) cal forms, such as the open pits and landfills Figure 2 shows the old flotation tailing (rock overburden, mining waste, flotation dump in Bor. tailings, smelter slags, calcined pyrite).

* Mining and Metallurgy Institute Bor ** This work is the result of the Project TR37001 “The Impact of Mining Waste from RTB Bor on the Pollution of Surrounding Water Systems with the Proposal of Measures and Procedures for Reduc- tion Harmful Effects on the Environment”, funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Techno- logical Development of the Republic of Serbia

No. 3, 2014 1 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

Figure 1 The spatial position of the old flotation tailing dump in relation to the town center

Figure 2 The Old flotation tailing dump in Bor (May 2011) It should be emphasized that the human natural environment. activity has significantly influenced the for- The starting point for a preliminary mation of the current look of relief. The ex- evaluation of the potentials was the results ploitation of copper deposits (the old open of previous explorations that were collected, pit in Bor and open pit "Veliki Krivelj") analyzed and synthesized. Preliminary eval- caused the changes to the natural environ- uation of the potentials was performed based ment, for now, primarily in terms of the deg- on the results of completed geological explo- radation of the natural terrain, creating in- rations, which were conducted by the Mine verted form, in the form of depression (open Geological Department of the Copper Mine pit mining), on one hand, and on the other Bor and Bureau of Geology and Mining and side of the rise of the accumulated material Metallurgy Institute Bor (old name: Copper of rock overburden (waste rock) as well as Institute Bor) in the period 1947-2010, and flotation tailings especially dangerous to the based on data from the old documentation of

No. 3, 2014 2 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE OLD FLOTATION TAILING DUMP IN BOR (field 1 and field 2) the mine dating from 1909 until 1941. Based Previous geological explorations, espe- on the applied methodology of previous cially on geological maps, clearly indicate explorations, it can be concluded that the that the wider environment Bora, and there- deposition of tailings from the flotation used fore the wider environment of the old flota- the former bed of the Bor stream, so that tion tailings in Bor, are mostly built from today the river bed is filled and the ground is volcanic - pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks leveled. According to the previous studies, of the Cretaceous age. On smaller scale, they tailings disposal in the research area started are represented by granites and the Palaeo- by the French, and during the Second World zoic rocks of Jurassic, Tertiary and Quater- War, the Germans continued. After the Se- nary age. Greater distribution of Cretaceous cond World War deposition of tailings in the formations, including the deposition of the area in question was carried out by 1980’. copper mineralization, the most significant Starting from the results of previous explora- are hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of tion works, it can be concluded that the de- the Cretaceous age. gree of exploration of the research area is The space of the old Flotation Tailing low. Detailed geological explorations were carried out by the system of exploration Dump (Field 1 and Field 2) is a specific in drilling in the Field 1. Problems that should maby ways. Geological characteristics of be dealt with the implementation of explora- technogenic raw materials of the old flotation works is reflected in the following: tion tailing dump (Field 1 and Field 2), con- - Define the geological characteristics, ditioned by the immediate background on structural complex, contour and shape which they are deposited, and the way for- the physical and mechanical properties mation the landfill. The immediate surface of paleorelief (the riverbed of the Bor of the landfill is mostly of the geogenic crea- stream) and tailings, then determine tions (the Bor conglomerates, volcano- the quality, and make technological clastic rocks and alluvial deposits. For tail- preparations and testing capabilities of ings disposal from the flotation, the former application the technogenic raw mate- bed of the Bor stream is used, so that today rials. the entire riverbed is filled and the ground is - Analyze the factors and indicators of leveled. Tailing dump is located close to the geological and economic evaluation existing facilities of RTB, primarily the Bor characteristic of detailed geological Flotation Plant. Based on the available doc- studies (metallogenic geological, min- umentation on previous explorations, it can ing, technology, market, regional and be concluded that the former bed of the Bor socio-economic factors and corre- stream is much carved and that the stream sponding indicators) on the basis of was steep. which the evaluation of potentials of Disposal of tailings was carried out in exploration area, the classification and this way that the initial dam was formed on a categorization of mineral materials. downstream part of the stream of larger par- - After the potentiality evaluation based ticles of sand and surface overburden, and on the results obtained from the de- then the entire length of the stream was used tailed implementation of applied ex- for tailings disposal. Disposal of tailings ploration, and possible mining acti- began by French, in the northern part of the vities, the reclamation and remediation Bor stream, near the train station, since 1934 will be carried out in the subject area. until 1941, when the Germans continued to

No. 3, 2014 3 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor deposit tailings. The Germans continued to ally works on contemporary creations that deposit tailings in the lower southern parts of were exposed by tectonic forces acting in the Bor stream. After the war, disposal of geological time. However, it should provide tailings was continued so that the entire riv- a brief overview of the fissure tectonics in erbed was filled with tailings, with the geogenic surface of deposits. The most strik- trained field first pitch has been leveled at an ing structure in the immediate vicinity of the approximate elevation of 360 its first field in exploration area is the Bor fault. The Bor the field. Field 1 has an oval shape. Dimen- fault is actually a fissure (rupture) zone, the sion of long axis (NW - SE) was about 400 width of which reaches 30-40 m, with m and shorter (SW - NE), about 300 meters. milonitic zone from 4 to 8 m thick. The South of Field 1, downstream at about 600 main structural directions are from the Bor m, the dam was formed by flotation of sand. deposit to the north, the present system of Width of Dam 1 is approximately 30 m. At smaller sub-parallel faults along the eastern about 800 m from the dam, downstream one rim of the Bor metallogenic zone. By the dam is formed, the second dam. Between morphostructural analysis of the area Dams 1 and 2 dams the flotation tailings was (Petkovic, 1984), it was found that the large deposited so that the coarsest particles are Bor fault can be traced to the fault Veliki separated and deposited on the banks of the Pek. It presents a complex zone of breaking, Bor streams and dams, and the central part formed in the post mineral period. A steep of the area between the dams filled with decline (75-80°) to the southwest and has finer flotation tailing. In the area between the left transcurrent to the left reverse move- Dam and the Dam , the Field 2 was formed ment. These structures indicate some pre- in terrain on the field 2 that is flattened at an mineralization movement and they are spa- approximate elevation of 368 m. Field 2 has tially found only in the eastern edge of an elliptical shape. Dimension long axis TMC. (NW - SE) was about 800 m and shorter (SW - NE), about 600 m. The entire area REVIEW OF PREVIOUS (Field 1 and Field 2) has an elliptical shape, EXPLORATIONS which includes surfaces of about 1 km 2. Technogenic copper deposit the Old Flota- Evidence of mining activities in the area tion Tailing Dump in Bor, was the result of of the Bor metallogenic zone dated back to ore enrich-ment obtained by exploitation the the 6th millennium ago (Rudna Glava), fol- old open pit and underground mining. For lowed by the ancient antic and Roman peri- many years the flotation tailings disposal ods. Modern geological explorations in was done in the form of sludge, dust and Eastern Serbia begun in the late 19th century sand. Flotation concentration of minerals and in 1903’ an adit cut off the ore body due to mine-ralogical and petrologic charac- Coka Dulkan in Bor. Since then, mining and teristics of ores and useful minerals, as well geological explorations in the Bor copper as due to the imperfections of technological mineralization have been intensified. process, 85 % separates copper in concen- The wider area of exploration field of the trate, with the remainder allocated in the Old Bor tailing dump is the surrounding of flotation tailings. Similarly with the other Bor, or an area that was previously largely useful components, the percentage share of treated as the wider environment of Bor. beneficial components separated in the con- Geological data on this field are found in the centrate or the tailings depending on their works by Žujović (1889, 1893, 1900), utilization of applied technological process Antula (1904), Lazarevic (1909, 1910), of enrichment. Cvijic (1904), V. Petkovic (1935), Ilic and For the space the old flotation tailings in Simic (1949), Antonijevic (1957, 1959), and Bor, tectonics is important because it actu- M. and F. Drovenik (1956), M. Drovenik

No. 3, 2014 4 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor (1953, 1959, 1961, 1966, 1968, 1983), M. centage of removed core was about Drovenik, Antonijević I. et al. (1962, 1967). 100 % [VII]. The drill holes were analyzed The explorations related to study of tailing for copper, and total oxide, and sulfur. Ana- dumps and slag landfills and their use as lyses of the associated beneficial and detri- technogenic raw materials started at the be- mental components were also carried out. ginning of the sixties and the interruption Exploitation of the Bor deposit, since the lasts until today. It was only at the beginning beginning of the last century, caught on 26 of this century, in terms of less mining, pay- ore bodies - hole and surface mine (largely ing greater attention to tailing dump as po- at the same time. Thereby was obtained the tential areas for finding the economically total of 146 270 000 tons of ore from which interesting concentrations of copper and copper was extracted 2,437 million tons of other useful components. It contributes to metal copper, 139 140 kg, 415 000 kg of steady increase in the price of copper and gold and silver. It was also excavated and precious metals lately. 436,2 million tons of barren mass of over- In wider area of exploration area the Old burden and associated rocks [I]. Flotation Tailing Dump (Field 1 and Field The exploitation of copper deposits, the 2), in the area of mine field Bor, extensive old open pit in Bor (Figure 3), and later by explorations were conducted. Explorations the underground mining and enrichment of in the postwar period were carried out from ore and concentrate obtained in the Bor Flo- June in 1961 to the end of January 1962, tation Plant, have caused the changes of with the applied geological works, and mi- paleorelief in terms of degradation the natu- ning exploration works (exploration dri- ral terrain, creating elevations of accumulat- lling). Drilling was carried out in the period ed material of tailings. Metallur-gical treat- from 1961 to 1962. Exploration drilling is ment of concentrates resulted in formation of included in the part of the research area, the slag. The largest amount of slag is disposed so-called Field 1, wherein drilled 87 shallow at the site between the open pit ore body "H" drill holes per square network of 40x40 m. and former Pralište where the workshops of The drill hole length was 10 m, and only a the old open pit are located, and it is the lo- small number have length of 30 m. The per- cation known as the "Slag Depot – 1”.

Figure 3 The old open pit Bor, Bor (August 2005)

No. 3, 2014 5 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

Depending on the technology that was cludes the following activities: surveying used in the exploitation phase of metallur- works, geological work, drilling, field tes- gical melting process, it was produced in the ting, laboratory and technological research slag, as well as to the characteristics of the in the laboratory and pilot plant scale. Geo- ore, copper concentrate and flux, the technological survey will be followed by geologi- genic waste was created, very different - cal mapping and sampling, core drilling to both physically and mineralogically, and investigate the quality and quantity of mi- chemical characteristics. All slag formed in neral resources: samples will be taken for different time periods were delayed at se- mineralogical and petrological studies; soil veral sites, and in some locations were ca- testing will be performed in order to assess rried out and move due to mining activities the possibilities for exploitation of mineral at the opening and expansion of open pit resources. The quality testing involves ta- mines (the old open pit mine and open pit king a sample of mineral raw materials for ore body "H"). chemical and technological studies. Explora- tion carried out to define the geological DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR DETAILED structure and geological characteristics of GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF APPLIED the research area, and confirm the results of GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS investigations of mineral resources obtained earlier research works. Based on the analysis and synthesis of current research and literature data, are de- CONCLUSION fined by the concept and methodology of research in the future. Detailed applied geo- The subject property is located in the logical explorations will be carried out with town of Bor, near the Bor Flotation Plant. the aim of finding the additional amount of Based on previous geological studies, the copper from technogenic deposits to in- copper mineralization is indicated in the said crease the mineral - raw materials of “RBB”, zone which would be explored by realization and therefore increase the amount of ore that of geological works to the level B and C1 will be processed. Detailed geological explo- category reserves, and determine the quality rations in the area of the old flotation tailings of mineral resources, and the content of co- are focused on gradual, systematic and com- pper, gold, silver and other useful but also prehensive research and testing in this area harmful components. and finding economically interesting amo- The main objective of geological re- unts of secondary raw material. The overall search area the Old Bor tailing dump is to be geological explorations are subordinated and in accordance with the data collected on the adapted geology – metal - terrain conditions, results of previous research to make the se- the degree of its exploration, current issues lection of optimal design solutions (type and and goals of exploration. scope of work) for the upcoming research The main objective is to carry out de- for the purpose of finding copper and asso- tailed geological studies to determine the ciated useful components in technogenic data needed for the study on ore reserves , dumps raw materials. Density of exploration which is necessary for future mine design , works depends on the achieved results of and obtaining the relevant data for the rec- which depends on further explorations. lamation and remediation of the area which Based on exploration study, the potentiality is located in the town of Bor. Geological of study area was carried out. The imple- investigations in the coming period applied mentation of detailed applied exploration in to complex research methods, which in the form of research papers, it is expected to

No. 3, 2014 6 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

REFERENCES be reliably determine the characteristics of [1] Maksimović M., Nikolić K., et al., technogenic deposits (type and volume of Elaborate on Reserves of the Copper works), the quality of mineral resources, Deposit Bor (Ore Bodies “Brezanik”, determine reserves to levels B and C1 cate- “Tilva Roš“ and “P2A”), state on gories. Based on the exploration results rated 31/12/2004–textual part, Fund of to the geological, technical - exploitation, Technical Documentation, Geology technological, market, regional and social- Department, MMI, Bor; 2005, p.144; economic factors and the corresponding data [2] Maksimović M.: Project of Detailed research. The economic importance of ex- Geological Explorations of Copper and ploration the technogenic raw materials, in Other Useful Components in the Area the old flotation tailings in Bor, the market of the Old Flotation Tailing Dump in value of useful components that can be Bor (Field 1 and Field 2), in 2011/12, drawn from them, favorable regional factors, Fund of Technical Documentation, environmental protection through subse- Geology Department, MMI Bor; 2011, quent reclamation and remediation research p.44; area, are of course direct reasons that justify [3] Maksimović M.: Project of Explora - the projected performance of geological tions and Testing the Flotation Tailing exploration. Geological exploration of the Dumps and Open Pit Waste Dumps research area and finding economically in- Bor, in the Area of Inactive Ecological teresting concentrations of copper and asso- Exploitation Field Related to the ciated minerals (gold, silver and molyb- Activities of Remediation by the denum) will be definitely found as very sig- World Bank, Fund of Technical nificant reflection in terms of geological and Documentation, Geology Department, economic efficiency of the presented geo- MMI Bor; 2011, p. 55; logical exploration. Certainly it can be said that the pro- [4] Maksimović M.: Project of Geologi - jected geological survey research area the cal-Ecological Exploration and Tes- Old flotation tailing dump as the general ting Within the Endangered Ecolo- socio - economic trends and needs, as well gical Zone - Tailing Dumps in Bor as long-term planning and development (Dam 2), Fund of Technical Docu- orientation of RTB, the town of Bor and the mentation, Geology Department, MMI Republic of Serbia. Therefore, it is with this Bor; 2012, p. 20; aspect can be concluded that the importance [5] Maksimović M.: Elaborate on Realized and economic feasibility of the projected Geological Explorations and Testing research task beyond doubt, which is the the Flotation Tailing Dumps and Open direct reason for the current study consist- Pit Waste Dumps Bor, in the Area of ently implemented. Inactive Ecological Exploitation Field The obtained results of detailed geolo- Related to the Activities of Reme- gical explorations would be synthesized diation by the World Bank, in the through development an elaborate on comp- period 2011/12, Fund of Technical leted geological explorations and Elaborate Documentation, Geology Department, on mineral reserves. Explorations would be MMI Bor; 2012, p. 83; accompanied with development of appro- [6] Maksimovic M.: Applied Project of priate graphic documentation, periodic re- Detailed Geological Exploration the ports, and Elaborate on completed geologi- Technogenic Mineral Resources in the cal explorations.

No. 3, 2014 7 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor Area of the Old Flotation Tailings Order to the Environmental Mana- DumpBor (Field 1 and Field 2), from gement in the Area of Inactive 2014 to 2017, Fund of Technical Ecological Mining Field, Mining and Documentation, Geology Department, Metallurgy Engineering Bor, 2/2014, MMI Bor; 2014, p.55; pp. 1-6. [7] Stevanovic O., Study of Copper [9] M. Pavlović, N. Vušović, M. Maksi - Reserves in the Flotation Tailings - mović, R. Rajković: Basic Principles textual part, Fund of Technical Docu- of Development and use a Digital mentation, Geology Department, MMI Geomodel for Design the Open Pit in Bor; 1963, p.106. the Example of Quartz and Sandy Clay [8] M. Maksimović, M. Jovanović, G. Pa - Deposit “Bošnjane“ - Serbia, Mining čkovski, V. Marinković: Prel iminary and Metallurgy Engineering Bor, Geological Exploration Works in 2/2014, pp. 97-106.

No. 3, 2014 8 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR ISSN: 2334-8836 UDK: 622

UDK: 622.271:622.68(045)=163.41 DOI:10.5937/MMEB1403001M

Miroslava Maksimović *, Mile Bugarin *, Zoran Stevanović *, Vladan Marinković *

TEHNOGENO LEŽIŠTE NA PROSTORU STAROG FLOTACIJSKOG JALOVIŠTA BOR (POLJE 1 I POLJE 2) **

Izvod

Početkom dvadesetog veka započeta je eksploatacija rude bakra u Boru. Paralelno sa tim vršeno je, u prvom periodu, topljenje rude. Nakon izgradnje flotacijskih pogona (1934 . godine) vršeno je obogaći - vanje rude, i dobijanje koncetrata bakra i plemenitih metala. Do 60-tih godina prošlog veka u Flotaciji Bor vršena je priprema rude dobijena eksploatacijom iz ležišta bakra Bor (stari površinski kop i Jama Bor). Nakon tog perioda pripreme rude dobijene iz borskog rudnika, priprema se, i ruda iz ležišta: Lipa, Cerovo (M. Krivelj). Kao nus-produkt ovog procesa dobijen je tehnogeni otpad flotiranja koji je depono- van od 1934. godine do 1980. godine, na prostoru Starog flotacijskog Jalovišta u Boru (Polje 1 i polje 2). Na bazi dosadašnjih geoloških istraživanja u pomenutoj zoni, indicirani su povišeni sadržaji bakra na predmetnom prostoru. Realizacijom detaljnih geoloških istraživanja ocenila bi se potencijalnost prostora, cilju sagledavanje mogućnosti luženja sirovine, kao i rešavanje velikog ekološkog problema u samom centru grada Bora. Ključne reči: jalovište, tehnogene tvorevine, eksploatacije rude bakra, površinski kop

UVOD

Tehnogeno ležište bakra “Staro borsko Na reljef terena, u širem području Bora, flotacijsko jalovište“ nalazi se u indus- znatan uticaj imala je intenzivna vul- trijskom krugu «Rudarsko-topioničarskog kanska aktivnost (krajem mezozoika i basena» (RTB), odnosno u samom gradu tokom kenozoika), koja je praćena sna - Boru. Bor je inače tipični rudarski grad, žnim tektonskim pokretima. nastao uz rudnik. (slike 1 i 2). Međutim, na formiranje sadašnjeg Najv eća količina tehnogenih tvorevina izgleda reljefa uticala je i privredna aktiv- izdvojena je u neposrednoj okolini borskog nost u mineralno-sirovinskom privrednom i kriveljskog rudnika, na površini od preko kompleksu. Procesi eksploatacije, pripreme, 4 km 2. Predstavljene su tvorevinama koje i prerade rude u Boru i okolini, uslovili su su nastale eksploatacijom rudnih ležišta promene reljefa i nastajanje pojedinih bakra (raskrivka) i pripremom mineralnih inverznih morfoloških oblika, kao što su sirovina (flotacijska jalovišta). Na slici 2 površinski kopovi i deponije (stenske prikazano je staro flotacijsko jalovište u otkrivke, rudničke jalovine, flotacijske jalo - gradu Boru. vine, topionič ke šljake, piritnih ogoretina).

* Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor ** Ovaj rad je rezultat Projekta br TR: 37001 „Uticaj rudarskog otpada iz RTB Bor na zagađenje vodotokova, sa predlogom mera i postupaka za smanjenje štetnog dejstva na životnu sredinu“, finansiranog od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije.

Broj 3, 2014. 9 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

Sl. 1. Prostorni položaj starog flotacijskog jalovišta u odnosu na gradsko jezgro

Sl. 2. Staro flotacijsko jalovište u Boru (maj 2011.)

Posebno treba naglasiti da je i ljudska ambijent. aktivnost znatno uticala na formiranje sada- Polazna osnova za preliminarnu ocenu šnjeg izgleda reljefa. Eksploatacija ležišta potencijalnosti, bili su rezultati ranijh bakra (stari površinski kop u Boru i povr- istraživanja, koji su prikupljeni, analizirani i šinski kop „Veliki Krivelj“) uslovila je izme- sintetizovani. Preliminarna ocena potencijalne prirodnog ambijenta, za sada prvenstveno nosti je urađena na osnovu re zultata u smislu degradacije prirodnog reljefa, uz izvršenih geoloških istraživanja, koja su stvaranje inverznih oblika, u vidu depresije izvršili: rudnička geološka služba Rudnika (površinski kopovi), s jedne strane, i sa dru- bakra Bor i Biroa za geologiju, i Institut za ge strane uzvišenja od nagomilanih mate- rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor (stari naziv: rijala stenske jalovine (otkrivke), kao i flota- Institut za bakar Bor), u periodu 1947-2010. cijske jalovine posebno opasne po prirodni god., kao i na osnovu podataka stare doku-

Broj 3, 2014. 10 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

GEOLOŠKA GRAĐA STAROG FLOTACIJSKOG JALOVIŠTA U BORU (Polje 1 i Polje 2) mentacije rudnika iz perioda od 1909. Dosadašnja geološka istraživanja, pose- godine do 1941. godine. Polazeći od prime - bno rad na geološkim kartama, nedvo- njene metodologije dosadašnjih istraživanja, smisleno ukazuju da je šira okolina Bora, a može se zaključiti da je za deponovanje samim tim i šire okoli starog flotacijskog jalovine iz flotacije korišćeno nekadašnje jalovišta u Boru, pretežno izgrađena od korito Borskog potoka, tako da je danas vulkansko-piroklastičnih i sedimentnih stena čitavo korito ispunjeno, a teren iznivelisan. kredne starosti. U manjem obimu zastupljeni Prema podacima dosadašnjih istraživanja, su paleozojski graniti i stene jurske, terci- deponovanje jalovine na istražnom prostoru jerne i kvartarne starosti. Veće raspro - započeli su Francuzi, a za vreme Drugog stranjenje imaju kredne tvorevine, među svetskog rata nastavili Nemci. Posle Drugog kojima za depoziciju bakrove mineralizacije Svetskog rata deponovanje jalovine na najveći značaj imaju hidrotermalno predmetnom prostoru vršeno je do 1980. izmenjene vulkanske stene kredne starosti. godine. Polazeći od rezultata dosadašnjih Prostor starog flotacijskog jalovišta istraživanja, može se zaključiti da je stepen (Polje 1 i Polje 2), je po mnogo čemu istraženosti na istražnom prostoru nizak. specifičan. Geološke karakteristike tehno - Detaljna geološka istraživanja, sistemom genog sirovine starog flotacijskog jalovišta istražnog bušenja, vršena su u na polju 1. (Polje 1 i Polje 2), uslovljene su pre svega Problematika koju treba rešavati realiza- neposrednom podlogom na kojoj su depono- cijom istražnih radova ogleda se u sledećem: vane, kao i načinom obrazovanja deponije. - Definisati geološke karakteristike, stru- Neposredna podloga deponije su najvećim kturni sklop, konturu i oblik, fizičko - delom geogene tvorevine (borski konglo- mehaničke karakteristike paleo reljefa merati, vulkanoklastične stene i aluvijalni (korito Borskog potoka), i samog jalo- nanos. Za deponovanje jalovine iz flotacije, višta, zatim odrediti kvalitet, i izvršiti je poslužilo nekadašnje korito Borskog tehnološka ispitivanja mogućnosti pri - potoka, tako da je danas čitavo korito preme i primene, tehnogene sirovine. ispunjeno, a teren iznivelisan. Jalovište se - Analizirati faktore i pokazatelje geo- nalazi neposredno uz postojeće objekte loško-ekonomske ocene karakteristi- RTB-a, u prvom redu Borske flotacije. Na čne za detaljna geološka istraživanja osnovu dostupne dokumentacije o dosada- (metalogenetske, geološke, rudarske, šnjim istraživanjima može se zaključiti d a je tehnološke, tržišne, regionalne i soci- nekadašnje korito Borskog potoka znatno jalno-ekonomske faktore i odgovara- usečeno, i da su obale potoka bile strme. juće pokazatelje) na osnovu kojih se Deponovanje flotacijske jalovine vršeno vrši ocena potencijalnosti istražnog je na taj način, što se na nizvodnom delu prostora, klasifikacija i kategorizacija potoka formirala inicijalna brana od krup- ležišta mineralnih sirovina. nijih čestica peska i površinske raskrivke, a - Nakon izvršene ocene potencijalnosti onda je celom dužinom potoka vršeno na osnovu rezultata dobijenih reali- odlaganje flotacijske jalovine. Deponovanje zacijom primenjenih detaljnih istraži- flotacijske jalovine započeli su Francuzi, u vanja, i moguće rudarske aktivnosti, severnom delu Borskog potoka, u nepo- izvršila bi se sanacija i rekultivacija na srednoj blizin i železničke stanice, od 1934. predmetnom prostoru. godine pa sve do 1941. godine, kada su

Broj 3, 2014. 11 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor Nemci nastavili sa deponovanjem flota- koje nisu bile izložene tektonskim silama cijske jalovine. Nemci su sa deponovanjem koje deluju u geološkom vremenu. Ipak jalovine nastavili u nižim južnim delovima treba dati kratak osvrt na rasednu tektoniku Borskog potoka. Posle rata nastavljeno je u geogenoj podlozi ležišta. Najmarkantnija deponovanje jalovine, tako da je čitavo struktura, neposrednoj okolini istražnog korito ispunjeno flotacijskom jalovinom, pri prostora, je „Borski rased“. Borski rased je u čemu je obra zovano Polje 1. Teren je stvari rasedna (razlomna) zona, čija širina poravnjan na približnoj koti 360 m u Polju 1. dostiže i 30-40 m, sa milonitskom zonom od U planu, Polje 1 ima ovalan oblik. Dimen- 4 do 8 m debljine. Glavni strukturni pravci zija duže ose (SZ – JI) je (bila) oko 400 m, a su, od borskog ležišta prema severu, predsta- kraće (JZ – SI) oko 300 metara. Južno od vljeni sistemom manjih subparalelnih raseda polja 1, nizvodno na oko 600 m, formirana duž istočnog oboda borske metalogenetske je brana od flotacijskog peska. Širina brane 1 zone. Morf ostrukturnom analizom područja iznosi oko 30 m. Na oko 800 m od brane 1 (Petković, 1984), utvrđeno je da se veliki formirana je nizvodno, druga brana. Između “Borski rased” može pratiti sve do raseda brane 1 i brane 2 deponovana je flotacijska “Veliki Pek”. Predstavlja složenu zonu jalovina tako da su najgrublje čestice razlamanja formiranu u postrudnom periodu. odvajane i taložene na obalama Borskog Strmog je pada (75–80°), prema jugozapadu potoka i brana, dok je središni deo prostora i ima levo transkurentno do levo reversno između brana ispunjen finijom flotacijskom kretanje. Ovakve strukture ukazuju na jalovinom. Na prostoru između brane 1 i izvesna prerudna kretanja i prostorno su brane 2 formirano je Polje 2. Teren na Polju konstatovane samo u istočnom obodu TMK. 2 izravnan je na približnoj koti 368 m. U planu, Polje 2 ima elipsast oblik. Dimenzija PREGLED RANIJE IZVRŠENIH duže ose (SZ – JI) je (bila) oko 800 m, a ISTRAŽIVANJA kraće (JZ – SI) oko 600 metara. Celokupni prostor (Polje 1 i Polje 2) ima elipsast oblik, Dokazi o rudarskoj aktivnosti na pod- koji obuhvata povrišinu od oko 1 km 2. ručju borske metalogenetske zone potiču iz Tehnogeno ležište bakra Staro flotacijsko vremena od pre 6 milenijuma (Rudna jalovište u Boru, nastalo je kao rezultat Glava), zatim iz staroantičkog i rimskog obogaćivanja ru de dobijene eksploatacijom perioda. Savremenija geološka istraživanja na Starom površinskom kopu i podzemnom na terenima Istočne Srbije započinju krajem eksploatacijom. Dugi niz godina vršeno je 19. veka, a 1903. godine je u Boru potko- odlaganje flotacijske jalovine u vidu mulja, pom presečeno rudno telo Čoka Dulkan. Od prašine i peska. Flotacijskom koncentra- tada se rudarsko-geološka istraživanja u cijom rude, usled mineraloško-petroloških Borskom rudištu bakra inteziviraju. karakteristika rude i korisnih minerala, kao i Šire područje istražnog prostora Staro usled nesavršenosti tehnološkog postupka, Borsko jalovište, je okolina Bora, odnosno 85% bakra izdvaja se u koncentrat, dok se područje koje je ranije mahom tretirano kao ostatak izdvaja u flotacijsku jalovinu. Slično šira okolina Bora. Geološke podatke o ovom je i sa drugim korisnim komponentama. terenu nal azimo u radovima Žujovića (1889, Procentualno učešće korisnih komponenti 1893, 1900), Antule (1904), Lazarevića izdvojenih, u koncentrat ili u flotacijsku jalo- (1909, 1910), Cvijića (1904), V. Petkovića vinu, zavisi od njihovog iskorišćenja prime - (1935), Ilića, i Simića (1949), Antonijevića njenim tehnološkim postupkom oboga- (1957, 1959), F. Drovenika i M. Drovenika ćivanja. (1956), M. Drovenika (1953, 1959, 1961, Za sam prostor Starog flotacijskog 1966, 1968, 1983), M. Drovenika, I. Anto- jalovišta u Boru, tektonika nije značajna, jer nijevića i dr. (1962, 1967). Istraživanja se praktično radi o savremenim tvorevinama vezana za istraživanja jalovišta i šljačišta,

Broj 3, 2014. 12 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor odnosno za njihovo korišćenje kao tehno - oksidni, i sumpor. Analize na prate će genih sirovina, počinju početkom šezdesetih korisne i štetne komponente nisu rađene. godina prošlog veka i sa prekidima traju do Eksploatacija borskog ležišta , od poče - danas. Tek p očetkom ovoga veka, u uslo - tka prošlog veka, zahvatila je 26 rudnih tela vima sve manje rudničke, obraća se veća – jamski i površinskim kopom (dobrim pažnja na jalovišta kao potencijalne prostore delom u isto vreme). Pri tome je dobijeno za pronalaženje ekonomski interesantnih ukupno 146.270.000 t rude bakra iz koje je koncentracija bakra i drugih korisnih kom- estrakovano 2.437.000 tona metala bakra, ponenti. Tome doprinosi i stalni porast cena 139.140 kg zlata i 415.000 kg srebra. bakra i plemenitih metala u poslednje vreme. Takođe je otkopano i 436.200.000 tona U široj okolini istražnog prostora "Staro jalovih masa, otkrivke i pratećih stena flotacijsko jalovište" (Polje 1 i Polje 2), na (Maksimović M., Nikolić K., 2005) području Rudnog polja Bor, vršena su Eksploatacija ležišta bakra, starim povr- obimna istraživanja. Istraživanja u poslerat- šinskim kopom u Boru (slika 3.), a kasnije i nom periodu vršena su od juna 1961. do podzemnom eksploatacijom, kao i oboga- kraja januara 196 2. godine, pri čemu su pri - ćivanje rude i dobijanje koncentrata u bor - menjeni geološki radovi, i rudarski istražni skoj flotaciji, uslovile su izmene paleore- radovi (istražno bušenje). Istražno bušenje ljefa, smislu degradacije prirodnog reljefa, vršeno je u periodu od 1961. do 1962 uz stvaranje uzvišenja od nagomilanih godine. Istražnim bušenjem obuhvaćen je materijala flotacijske jalovine. Metalurška deo istražnog prostora, takozvano Polje 1, prerada koncentrata uslovila je stvaranje pri če mu je izbušeno 87 plitkih bušotina po deponija šljake. Najveća količina šljake kvadratnoj mreži 40x40 m. Dužina bušotina odložena je na lokalitetu između površin - bila je 10 m, a samo manji broj je imao skog kopa rudnog tela „H“ i bivšeg prališta dužinu od 30 m. Procenat izvađenog jezgra bio je oko 100% (Stevanović, 1963). radionice starog površinskog kopa, pa je Bušotine su analizirane na bakar, ukupni i ova lokacija poznata kao „Depo šljake – 1.

Sl. 3. Stari borski površinski kop, Bor (avgust 2005.)

Broj 3, 2014. 13 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor U zavisnosti od tehnologija koja su bila kompleksne metode istraživanja, koje obu- korišćena u eksploataciji, faze metalurškog hvataju sledeće radove: geodetske radove, procesa topljenja u kojima je nastajala geološke radove, istražno bušenje, studijska šljaka, kao i samih karakteristika rude, ispitivanja, laboratorijska i tehnološka koncentrata bakra i topitelja, stvaran je ispitivanja u laboratorijskom i poluindu- tehnogeni otpad, veoma različitih – kako strijskom obimu. Geološko istraživanje biće fizičkih i mineraloških, tako i hemijskih praćeno geološkim kartiranjem i oproba - karakteristika. Sve šljake nastale u razli- vanjem jezgra bušotina radi ispitivanja čitim vremenskim periodima odlagane su na kvaliteta i kvantiteta mineralne sirovine: više lokaliteta, a sa pojedinih lokacija uzimaće se uzorci za mineraloško –petro- vršena su i premeštanja usled izvođenja loška ispitivanja; vršiće se geomehanička rudarskih radova pri otvaranju i proširenju ispitivanja radi sagledavanje mogućnosti površinskih kopova (stari površinski kop i eksploatacije mineralne sirovine. Ispitivanje površinski kop rudnog tela „H“). kvaliteta obuhvata uzimanje proba mineralne sirovine za hemijska i tehnološka PROJEKTNA REŠENJA DETALJNIH ispitivanja. Istražnim radovima definisaće PRIMENJENIH GEOLOŠKIH se geološka građa i geološke karakteristike ISTRAŽIVANJA istražnog prostora, i potvrditi rezultati ispitivanja kvaliteta mineralne sirovine dobijenih Na osnovu analize i sinteze dosadašnjih ranijim istražnim radovima. istraživanja i literaturnih podataka, defini- sani su koncepcija i metodologija istraži- ZAKLJUČAK vanja u narednom periodu. Detaljna prime- njena geološka istraživanja vršiće se sa Predmetni prostor se nalazi se u gradu ciljem pronalaženja dod atnih količina bakra Boru, u neposrednoj blizini flotacijskih iz tehnogenog ležišta, radi povećanja mine - postrojenja „Borske flotacije“. Na bazi dosa- ralno – sirovinske baze RBB–a, a samim tim dašnjih geoloških istraživanja u pomenutoj i povećanje količina rude koja će se zoni, indicirana je mineralizacija bakra, koja preraditi. Detaljna geološka istraživanja na bi se realizacijom geoloških radova, istražila prostoru Starog flotacijskog jalovišta usme- do nivoa B i C 1 kategorije rezervi, i utvrdio rena su na postupno, si stematično i sveobuh - kvalitet mineralne sirovine, odnosno sadržaj vatno istraživanje i ispitivanje ovog prostora bakra, zlata, srebra i drugih korisnih, ali i i pronalaženja ekonomski interesantnih koli- štetnih komponenti. čina tehnogene sirovine. Celokupna geolo - Osnovni cilj geoloških istraživanja, ška istraživanja su podređena i prilagođena prostora "Staro borsko jalovište", je da se u geološko – metalogenetskim prilikama tere- skladu sa prikupljenim podacima o rezulta- na, stepenu njegove istraženosti, aktuelne tima dosadašnjih istraživanja izvrši izbor problematike i cilju istraživanja. optimalnih projektnih rešenja (vrsta i obim Osnovni cilj je da se izvrše detaljna radova) za predstojeća istraživanja, u cilju geološka istraživanja radi utvrđivanja pronalaženja rude bakra i pratećih korisnih podataka potrebnih za izradu Elaborata o komponenti, u deponijama tehnogene siro- rudnim rezervama, koji je neophodan za vine. Gustina istražnih radova zavisi od buduća rudarska projektovanja, ali i dobi- postignutih rezultata, od čega zavisi i nasta - janju relevantnih podataka za rekultivaciju i vak istraživanja. Na osnovu, studijskih remedijaciju ovog prostora koji se nalazi u istraživanja, izvršila bi se ocena potenci- samom gradu Boru. Geološkim istraži- jalnosti istraživanog područja . Realizacijom vanjem u narednom periodu primenile bi se detaljnih primenjenih istraživanja u vidu

Broj 3, 2014. 14 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor

LITERATURA istražnih radova, očekuje se da se pouzdanije [1] Maksimović M., Nikolić K. i dr.: utvrde karakteristike tehnogenog ležišta Elaborat o rezervama ležišta bakra Bor (obim, razmera, uslovi zaleganja), kvalitet (rudna tela “Brezanik”, “Tilva Roš“ i mineralne sirovine, utvrde rezerve do nivoa “P2A”), stanje 31.12.2004.-tekstualni B i C1 kategorije. Na osnovu rezultata deo, Fond stručne dokumentacije, istraživanja ocenili bi se geološki, tehničko – Odeljenje za geologiju IRM Bor; eksploatacioni, tehnološki, tržišni, regionalni 2005., 144 s. i socijalno – ekonomski faktori i odgova- [2] Maksimović M.: Projekat detaljnih rajući pokazatelji istraživanja. geoloških istraživanja bakra i drugih Ekonomski značaj istraživanja tehno - korisnih komponenti na prostoru genih sirovina, na području starog flota- Starog flotacijskog jalovišta u Boru cijskog jalovišta u Boru, tržišna vrednost (Polje 1 i Polje 2), u 2011/12. godini, korisnih komponenti koje se mogu dobiti iz Fond stručne dokumentacije Odeljenje njih, povoljni regionalni faktori, zaštita za geologiju IRM Bor; 2011., 44 s. životne sredine kroz kasniju rekultivaciju i [3] Maksimović M.: Projekat istraživanja i remedijaciju istražnog prostora, su svakako ispitivanja flotacijskih i kopovskih ja- direktni razlozi koji opravdavaju izvođenje lovišta Bor, na području neaktivnog projektovanih geoloških istraživanja. Geolo- ekološkog eksploatacionog polja, veza- ška istraživanja ovog istražnog prostora i no za aktivnosti na remedijaciji od stra- pronalaženje ekonomski interesantnih kon- ne Svetske banke, Fond stručne doku - centracija bakra i pratećih minerala (zlata, mentacije Odeljenje za geologiju IRM srebra i molibdena), svakako će naći vrlo Bor; 2011., 55 s. značajan odraz u smislu geološke i ekonomske efektivnosti izvedenih geoloških istra- [4] Maksimović M.: Projekat geološko - živanja. ekološkog istraživanja i ispitivanja u Zasigurno se može reći da su proje - okviru ugrožene ekološke zone – Jalo- ktovana geološka istraživanja istražnog pro- višta u Boru (Brana 2), Fond stručne stora "Staro flotacijsko jalovište", u funkciji dokumentacije Odeljenje za geologiju opštih društveno – ekonomskih kretanja i IRM Bor; 2012., 20 s. potreba, kao i dugoročnih planova i razvoj - [5] Maksimović M.: Elaborat o izvršenim nih orjentacija RTB-a, grada Bora i Repu- geološkim istraživanjima i ispitiva- blike Srbije. S toga se i sa ovog aspekta njima flotacijskih i kopovskih jalovišta može zaključiti da je značaj i ekonomska Bor, na području neaktivnog ekolo - opravdanost projektovanog istraživačkog škog eksploatacionog polja, vezano za zadatka nesumnjiva, što je i direktni razlog aktivnosti na remedijaciji od strane da se predmetna istraživanja dosledno reali- Svetske banke, u periodu 2011/12. zuju. godine, Fond stručne dokumentacije Dobijeni rezultati detaljnih geoloških Odeljenje za geologiju IRM Bor; istraživanja, sintetizovali bi se kroz izradu 2012., 83 s. Elaborata o izvršenim geološkim istraži- [6] Maksimović M.: Projekat primenjenih, vanjima i Elaborata o rudnim rezervama. detaljnih geoloških istraživanja tehno- Istraživanja bi pratila izrada odgovarajuće gene mineralne sirovine na prostoru grafičke dokumentacije, periodičnih izve - starog flotacijskog jalovišta Bor (Polje štaja, kao i izrada Elaborata o izvršenim 1 i Polje 2), u periodu od 2014. do geološkim istraživanjima. 2017. godine“, Fond stručne dokumen -

Broj 3, 2014. 15 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor tacije Odeljenje za geologiju IRM Bor; neaktivnog ekološkog eksploata- 2014., 55 s. cionog polja, Mining and Metallurgy [7] Stevanović O .: Study of Copper Engineering Bor, 2/2014, str. 7-12. Reserves in the Flotation Tailings, - [9] M. Pavlović, N. Vušović, M. Maksi - Text Part, Fund Professional Docu- mović, R. Rajković: Osnovni principi mentation Department of Geology izrade i korišćenja digitalnog geo - IRM Bor, 1963.,106 s. modela kod projektovanja površin- [8] M. Maksimović, M. Jovanović, G. Pa - skog kopa na primeru ležišta kvarcnog čkovski, V. Marinković: Preliminarni peska i peskovite gline „Bošnjane“, geološki istražni radovi u cilju uprav- Srbija, Mining and Metallurgy ljanja životnom sredinom na prostoru Engineering Bor, 2/2014, str. 107-116.

Broj 3, 2014. 16 Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor