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Geobotanička I Biogeohemijska UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU STUDIJE PRI UNIVERZITETU Mr Dragana D. Ran ñelovi ć GEOBOTANI ČKA I BIOGEOHEMIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA RUDNI ČKE OTKRIVKE U BORU I MOGU ĆNOST PRIMENE REZULTATA U REMEDIJACIJI doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2015 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Mr Dragana D. Ran ñelovi ć GEOBOTANICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MINE OVERBURDEN IN BOR AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION IN REMEDIATION Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2015 MENTORI: Dr Vladica Cvetkovi ć, redovni profesor Univerzitet u Beogradu - Rudarsko-geološki fakultet Dr Slobodan Jovanovi ć, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet ČLANOVI KOMISIJE: Dr Boško Gaji ć, redovni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Poljoprivredni fakultet Dr Nevena Mihailovi ć, viši nau čni saradnik Univerzitet u Beogradu - Institut za primenu nuklearne energije (INEP) Dr Gordana Tomovi ć, docent, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Datum odbrane: Mojoj Porodici, U čiteljima i Prijateljima, a naro čito onima koji su u isto vreme bili sve ovo. Srda čno se zahvaljujem svom mentoru, prof. dr Vladici Cvetkovi ću, na materijalnoj podršci i efektivnom vo ñstvu u toku izrade ove disertacije, kao i na ukazanom poverenju i spremnosti da me uklju či u proces razvoja kapaciteta Rudarsko- geološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu za bavljenje ekološkim problemima. Posebnu zahvalnost iskazujem i svom drugom mentoru, prof. dr Slobodanu Jovanovi ću, na posve ćenom podu čavanju, korisnim savetima i sugestijama vezanim za izradu ove disertacije, kao i na podršci koju mi je pružao tokom čitavog perioda mog poslediplomskog obrazovanja. Zahvaljujem se dr Neveni Mihailovi ć na svesrdnoj pomo ći u izvo ñenju pedoloških analiza, kao i na korisnim sugestijama u toku izrade ove disertacije. Tako ñe se zahvaljujem i prof. dr Bošku Gaji ću na korisnim predlozima i detaljnoj analizi pedoloških aspekata ove teze. Doc. dr Gordani Tomovi ć srda čno se zahvaljujem na vrednim savetima i usmeravanjima u toku izrade teze. Specijalnu zahvalnost dugujem dr Robertu Šajnu iz Geološkog zavoda u Ljubljani, Slovenija na pomo ći i podu čavanju u statisti čkoj obradi podataka razli čitih kategorija, bez čije pomo ći ova disertacija ne bi imala sadašnji kvalitet i oblik. Zahvalnost dugujem i kolegama sa Departmana za mineralogiju, kristalografiju, petrologiju i geohemiju Rudarsko-geološkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu za pruženu pomo ć pri izradi disertacije. Posebno se zahvaljujem dr Aleksandru Pa čevskom za pruženu pomo ć u terenskom delu istraživanja, dr Kristini Šari ć za pomo ć prilikom opisivanja petroloških preparata, dr Predragu Vuli ću na pomo ći prilikom analize uzoraka rendgenskom difrakcijom, kao i Maši Radivojevi ć na svakodnevnoj kolegijalnoj podršci u radu. Prilikom izrade ove disertacije dragocene savete su mi na razli čite na čine pružili i mnogi drugi nau čni radnici, stru čnjaci i kolege razli čitih obrazovnih profila, čime su uticali na širenje moje svesti o problematici zaštite životne sredine kao i na sposobnost sagledavanja njenih najrazli čitijih nau čnih i stru čnih aspekata. Svima njima veliko hvala što su deo mog lavirinta saznanja. Najve ću zahvalnost dugujem mojoj porodici na iskazanoj kontinuiranoj podršci u radu i obrazovanju, negovanju istraživa čkog duha i ljudskih vrednosti, kojima su mi, pored ostalog, omogu ćili da održim željeni pravac, o čuvam entuzijazam i istrajem u ovom procesu. GEOBOTANI ČKA I BIOGEOHEMIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA RUDNI ČKE OTKRIVKE U BORU I MOGU ĆNOST PRIMENE REZULTATA U REMEDIJACIJI REZIME Podru čje rudarskog basena Bor smatra se 'crnom ekološkom ta čkom' i jednim od najzaga ñenijih podru čja u Srbiji. Rudarske aktivnosti prisutne na ovom podru čju duže od jednog veka ostavile su teške posledice po životnu sredinu i rezultovale obrazovanjem tehnogenih tvorevina u vidu jalovišnog materijala zna čajne površine, koje predstavljaju snažan izvor zaga ñenja čitave oblasti prašinom, dok prirodno luženje koje sa njih vrše atmosferilije ugrožava okolno zemljište i vodotokove. Sanacija borskih jalovišta smatra se zato jednim od prioriteta u zaštiti životne sredine na nacionalnom nivou. Biološka remedijacija smatra se jednim od ekonomski i ekološki najprihvatljivijih remedijacionih tehnologija za sanaciju degradiranih podru čja. Fitoremedijacija je prirodna tehnologija koja koristi biljke da ukloni, dezintegriše ili zadrži štetne hemijske materije koje se nalaze u razli čitim medijumima životne sredine. Petrološka, mineraloška i geohemijska karakterizacija rudni čkog otpada pružaju informacije o sastavu otkrivke i njenom hemijskom ponašanju, predstavljaju ći polaznu osnovu za utvr ñivanje stepena ugroženosti životne sredine i prioriteta za sanaciju odre ñene lokacije. Geobotani čka i biogeohemijska karakterizacija ukazuju na stepen povezanosti procesa u podlozi, deposolu i biljnom svetu, daju ći okvir za odgovaraju ći obim i vrstu fitoremedijacije kao biotehnološkog rešenja za sanaciju borskog rudni čkog otpada. Samonikle biljne vrste na podru čju rudni čkih jalovišta prilago ñene su na ekološke uslove ovih staništa, što ih čini prvim izborom kod istraživanja za potrebe fitoremedijacije. Na odlagalištima otkrivke u Boru, formiranim neselektivnim odlaganjem rudni čke otkrivke, petrološko-mineraloškom i geohemijskom karakterizacijom izdvojeno je šest zasebnih litoloških grupa, od kojih su sve izuzev intenzivno orudnjenih stena selektivno kolonizovane od strane samoniklih biljnih vrsta. Na njima su izdvojena četiri inicijalna vegetacijska stadijuma povezana sa utvr ñenim litološkim grupama, odnosno karakteristikama deposola koji su nastali njihovim razlaganjem. Ova povezanost je naro čito izražena me ñu grupama podloga koje svojom mineralogijom generišu kiselu, i onih koje generišu neutralnu do blago baznu reakciju deposola. Deposoli izdvojenih, obraslih litoloških grupa pokazuju jasnu diferencijaciju u odnosu na ispitivane hemijske osobine i sadržaj makro- i mikroelemenata. Pseudo-ukupni i EDTA-pristupa čni sadržaj ispitivanih mikroelemenata nalazi se u odnosu Cu > Zn > Pb > As > Cr. Deposoli borskih odlagališta otkrivke odlikuju se sadržajem bakra i arsena iznad propisanih grani čnih i remedijacionih vrednosti, pa je u odnosu na ove elemente neophodno izvršiti remedijaciju podru čja. Unutar konstatovanih vegetacijskih stadijuma analizirano je deset biljnih vrsta koje poseduju najve ći stupanj prisutnosti-frekventnosti, ili su definisane kao dijagnosti čke vrste u izdvojenim stadijumima . Utvr ñeno je da one kao meru prilago ñavanja na stresogene uslove sredine primenjuju strategije isklju čivanja ili usvajanja ispitivanih hemijskih elemenata u svoje podzemne i nadzemne organe. Uzorkovane samonikle biljne vrste akumuliraju elemente u korenu u odnosu: Cu > Zn > As > Pb > Cr, a u nadzemnom delu u odnosu: Cu > Zn > As > Cr > Pb. Primarnu ulogu u varijabilnosti rasporeda vrsta duž gradijenata sredine pokazuju hemijski faktori deposola, i to u prvom redu koncentracija kiselih i baznih jona u rastvoru deposola. Sa snižavanjem pH vrednosti koja uti če na mobilnost mikroelemenata u deposolu, uz porast koncentracije pristupa čnog sumpora i elektri čnog konduktiviteta, kao posledice rastvaranja sulfidnih minerala i sumpornih soli, dominaciju na staništu preuzimaju vrste sa ve ćim vrednostima biokoncentracionih faktora. Pojedine biljne vrste poseduju osobine koje ih kandiduju za koriš ćenje u procesima fitoremedijacije ispitivanog podru čja, naro čito u odnosu na elemente za koje je utvr ñena potreba za remedijacijom. Potencijal u fitostabilizaciji pristupa čnog i ukupnog bakra na podru čju borskih odlagališta pokazuju vrste Agrostis stolonifera , Festuca valesiaca , Rumex acetosella i Calamagrostis epigejos. Vrsta Rumex acetosella pokazuje sposobnost višestruke akumulacije arsena u nadzemnim delovima u odnosu na pristupa čan arsen u deposolu, što je kandiduje za potencijalnu primenu u fitoekstrakciji. Na deposolima borskih odlagališta vrste Agrostis stolonifera i Festuca valesiaca pokazuju mogu ćnost višestruke akumulacije svih ispitivanih mikroelemenata u korenu u odnosu na njihov pristupa čan sadržaj, što ih preporu čuje za budu ću primenu u fitostabilizaciji ovog podru čja. Klju čne re či: odlagalište otkrivke, karakterizacija, litološke grupe, deposol, vegetacijski stadijum, fitoremedijacija, mikroelementi, sumpor. Nau čna oblast: Zaštita životne sredine Uža nau čna oblast: - UDK: 504.12:662.66(043.3) 502.174(043.3) GEOBOTANICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MINE OVERBURDEN IN BOR AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION IN REMEDIATION SUMMARY The area of the Bor mining complex is considered to be an 'environmental hot spot' and one of the most polluted areas in Serbia. Mining activities that have been present for more than a century left severe consequences for the environment and resulted in the formation of significant amounts of technogenic material, mainly present in form of mine wastes. Those wastes represent a powerful source of pollution of the entire area, mainly with dust, while their natural leaching processes performed by atmospheric agents are threatening the surrounding soil and water bodies. Remediation of the Bor mine wastes is considered to be one of the priorities in environmental protection at the national level. Biological remediation is considered to be one of the most economically and environmentally friendly remediation technologies for rehabilitation of degraded areas. Phytoremediation is a natural technology that uses plants to remove, disintegrate or hold harmful chemical substances found in various
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