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Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds Dorothy Holland William Lachicotte Jr. Debra Skinner Carole Cain HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts ExamLondon, England Copy 1998 Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Copyright © 1998 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Identity and agency in cultural worlds / Dorothy Holland . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-81566-1 (alk. paper) 1. Culture. 2. Identity (Psychology) 3. Agent (Philosophy) I. Holland, Dorothy C. HM101.I28935 1998 306—dc21 98-19269 Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Contents Preface vii I ON THE SHOULDERS OF BAKHTIN AND VYGOTSKY 1 The Woman Who Climbed up the House 3 2 A Practice Theory of Self and Identity 19 II PLACING IDENTITY AND AGENCY 3 Figured Worlds 49 4 Personal Stories in Alcoholics Anonymous 66 5 How Figured Worlds of Romance Become Desire 98 III POWER AND PRIVILEGE 6 Positional Identities 125 7 The Sexual Auction Block 144 IV THE SPACE OF AUTHORING 8 Authoring Selves 169 9 Mental Disorder, Identity, and Professional Discourse 192 10 Authoring Oneself as a Woman in Nepal 214 VMAKING WORLDS 11 Play Worlds, Liberatory Worlds, and Fantasy Resources 235 12 Making Alternative Worlds in Nepal 253 13 Identity in Practice 270 Notes 289 References 317 CreditsExam Copy339 Index 341 Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Preface In Marxism and Literature Raymond Williams says: The strongest barrier to the recognition of human cultural activity is this immediate and regular conversion of experience into finished products. [. It is misleading to habitually project endings] not only into the always moving substance of the past, but into contemporary life, in which relationships, institutions and formations in which we are still actively involved are converted, by this procedural mode, into formed wholes rather than forming and formative processes. (Wil- liams 1977: 128–129; quoted in Harvey 1996: 24–25; interpolation by Harvey) Williams’s admonition is important for cultural studies of the person and for our focus on identity. Identities—if they are alive, if they are being lived—are unfinished and in process. Whether they be specific to the imagined worlds of romance or the careers of mental illness, or generic to ethnic, gender, race, and class divisions, identities never ar- rive in persons or in their immediate social milieux already formed. They do not come into being, take hold in lives, or remain vibrant without considerable social work in and for the person. They happen in social practice. Cultural studies of the person, in particular, need to move more sol- idly to process. They must be predicated upon continuing cultural pro- duction: a development, or interlocking genesis, that is actually a co- development of identities, discourses, embodiments, and imagined worlds that inform each moment of joint production and are themselves transformed by that moment. It is this processual understanding of iden- tity and agency that we seek to build, through concepts offered by two scholars of society and the person, whose work began in the aftermath of the SovietExam Revolution of 1917, L. S. Vygotsky Copy and M. M. Bakhtin. Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College viii Preface Although not, as far as we know, directly intertwined, the intellectual lives of Bakhtin and Vygotsky were influenced by the same currents of thought in 1920s Russia. The two men addressed the common questions and objectives that characterized the great ferment of social theory about the “new society” and its inhabitants, the new “socialist man.” Each had a thoroughly sociocentric view of human thought and feeling, and both saw speech, language, literature, and art as the pivotal media through which consciousness and subjectivity develop. Bakhtin relied upon some of the same concepts as Vygotsky did, such as the important notion of “inner speech,” but Bakhtin’s center of gravity remained in the areas of sociolinguistics and literary criticism, while Vygotsky turned to the task of building a sociohistorical school of psychology. Bakhtin’s search was less for a social science of what we will call heuristic development—the contingent formations of subjectivity over time—and more for the social grounds of “personal” creativity and authority. Vygotsky and Bakhtin together articulated a powerful version of human life as necessarily me- diated: as produced by social interchange among persons whose activity, however circumscribed by material and social circumstances, and how- ever cast in forms of discursive and practical genres, nonetheless re- makes these conditions. Theirs is a social world that is necessarily per- sonal, not automatic; a world of agents and of hope carried forward from the Revolution. It still has much to say to us today. Williams’s admonition against supposed endings reminds us of our manuscript. This book has been in process for a long time, and the intellectual projects it reflects are certainly not finished. Carole Cain, Dorothy Holland, Renée Prillaman, and Debra Skinner started talking about the subject matter more than ten years ago. Because of work and family obligations, Renée Prillaman had to drop out of the project, but the book profited from her ideas. Meanwhile, William Lachicotte joined our discussions and writing. The plan for the book has remained fairly constant. We wanted to develop our ideas about identity collectively through our discussions of other scholars’ writings and through our own research projects, which we undertook individually or in pairs. The result is a book that some- times plays havoc with current notions of authorship, just as our view of subjectivity must surely grate against common ideas of identity and per- sonhood. If authorshipExam of a collective venture is hardCopy to square with individual- Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Preface ix istic notions of cultural production, so too are our acknowledgments. A multitude of people have contributed to our field research, among them the residents of the area in Nepal where Holland and Skinner lived and worked, the members of the Alcoholics Anonymous groups attended by Cain (especially those we call Hank, Ellen, and Andrew), the clients and staff members of mental health institutions who gave their time and assistance to Lachicotte, and the students of the two universities where Holland learned about the figured world of romance. A host of readers, listeners, and partners in discussion have also been crucial to the devel- opment of our ideas. We cannot name them all. Our solution is to thank the following people, who have significantly aided one or more of us: G. B. Adhikari, Richard Ashmore, Alan Benjamin, Katherine Bunting- Howarth, Roy D’Andrade, Robert Daniels, Mary Des Chene, Margaret Eisenhart, Glen Elder, Sue Estroff, Terry Evens, Judith Farquhar, Alison Greene, Marilyn Grunkemeyer, Erin Hannan, Jean Harris, Peter Hervik, Lee Jussim, Willett Kempton, Jean Lave, Bradley Levinson, Robert Levy, Tanya Luhrmann, Donald Nonini, Alfred Pach III, Maheswor Pahari, Steven Parish, Jim Peacock, John Peterson, James Poling, Laurie Price, James Reeves, Bob S., Sapana Sharma, Claudia Strauss, Renu Lama Thapa, Julia Thompson, Jaan Valsiner, Joanne Waghorne, and several anonymous reviewers. Funders for our research projects were crucial as well: the National Science Foundation (BNS-9110010), the Fulbright Foundation, the Na- tional Institutes of Mental Health (Grant RO1 MH40314), the National Institute of Education, the University Research Council of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dissertation Fellowships. Thanks also to the Nepal Offices of the United States Educational Foundation and Save the Children, U.S.A. We dedicate this book to some special people whose voices we brought with us to our task: Ashby Gaines Holland; William S. Lachi- cotte Sr.; Willard Skinner; Mack and Delores Cain. They are part-authors of this story and shape it still in ways not even we can fully tell. Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College I On the Shoulders of Bakhtin and Vygotsky Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Exam Copy Copyright © 1998 The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1 The Woman Who Climbed up the House People tell others who they are, but even more important, they tell themselves and then try to act as though they are who they say they are. These self-understandings, especially those with strong emotional reso- nance for the teller, are what we refer to as identities. A man interviewed by Lachicotte, Roger Kelly,1 diagnosed as having a mental disorder, strug- gled with who to be: “I’m only 35. I mean I wi—kind of wish I was 60, and I was done with all . It would make things simpler, you know, ‘I’m disabled. I’ll just live out my last few years and do a little good works and try to enjoy my day.’ But when you’re only 35 there’s pressure to get back in there and try it again. I’ve tried four or five times. I’ve been up in the hospital five times now. How many more times do I have to try?” Tika Damai, a girl of fifteen in a community in central Nepal, when asked by Skinner to tell about herself and her life, answered by singing a series of folksongs, which began: Parents have earned a little money, But my life will be spent in cutting grass and wood only.
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