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2012-13 Survey of Australian Wild-Caught Prawns for Analysis of Cadmium and Selenium

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2012-13 Survey of Australian Wild-Caught Prawns for Analysis of Cadmium and Selenium 2012-13 Survey of Australian Wild-Caught Prawns for Analysis of Cadmium and Selenium Project No. 2009/787 1 1 2 Ian Stewart , Jessica Tan , Rob Kenyon , Andreas Kiermeier1, Navreet Malhi1, Amanpreet Sehmbi1, Catherine McLeod1,3 1 South Australian Research and Development Institute 2 CSIRO Wealth from Oceans, Brisbane 3 Seafood Safety Assessment April 2014 This project was conducted by: SARDI Food Safety and Innovation CSIRO Wealth from Oceans GPO Box 397 GPO Box 2583 ADELAIDE BRISBANE 4001 SA 5001 Ph: (07) 3833 5934 Ph: 08 8303-9623 ISBN: 978-1-921563-59-1 Copyright, 2014: The Seafood CRC Company Ltd and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. The Australian Seafood CRC is established and supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program. Other investors in the CRC are the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Seafood CRC company members, and supporting participants. Office Mark Oliphant Building, Laffer Drive, Bedford Park SA 5042 Postal Box 26, Mark Oliphant Building, Laffer Drive, Bedford Park SA 5042 Toll free 1300 732 213 Phone 08 8201 7650 Facsimile 08 8201 7659 Website www.seafoodcrc.com ABN 51 126 074 048 Important Notice Although the Australian Seafood CRC has taken all reasonable care in preparing this report, neither the Seafood CRC nor its officers accept any liability from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. The authors warrant that they have taken all reasonable care in producing this report. The report has been through the SARDI internal review process, and has been formally approved for release by the Research Chief, Livestock and Farming Systems. Although all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure quality, SARDI does not warrant that the information in this report is free from errors or omissions. SARDI does not accept any liability for the contents of this report or for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed upon it. The SARDI Report Series is an Administrative Report Series which has not been reviewed outside the department and is not considered peer-reviewed literature. Material presented in these Administrative Reports may later be published in formal peer-reviewed scientific literature. 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 5 RECOMMENDATIONS: ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1. GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 9 2. AIMS AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 10 2.1. Cadmium concentrations in prawns from around the world .................................................... 10 2.2. Cadmium in the environment: sources and sinks; uptake into aquatic and marine animals .... 11 2.3 SELENIUM .................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Sources of selenium, bioavailability .................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Selenium as an essential micronutrient, selenium toxicity ................................................ 15 2.3.3. Dietary selenium: recommended and maximum intakes ................................................... 15 2.3.4. Selenium in seafoods .......................................................................................................... 16 3. METHODS .......................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Australian wild-capture prawn fisheries .................................................................................... 16 3.2. Sample size estimates ................................................................................................................ 18 3.3. Random sampling program. ....................................................................................................... 19 3.3.1. Northern Prawn Fishery: ..................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2. Queensland East Coast Fishery ........................................................................................... 20 3.3.3. South Australian Prawn Fishery .......................................................................................... 22 3.3.4. Western Australia prawn fisheries ...................................................................................... 22 3.4. Random sampling program design ............................................................................................ 23 3.5. Collection of samples from the Australian prawn fisheries ....................................................... 24 3.5.1. South Australian prawn fisheries: ....................................................................................... 24 3.5.2. Western Australia prawn fisheries: ..................................................................................... 24 3.5.3. Northern Prawn Fishery: ..................................................................................................... 24 3.5.4. Queensland east coast prawn fisheries .............................................................................. 25 3.6. Sample collection protocol ........................................................................................................ 25 3.7. Cooking of prawns in the laboratory ......................................................................................... 25 3.8. Sample preparation ................................................................................................................... 26 3.9. Sample analysis for cadmium and selenium .............................................................................. 30 3.9.1. Supplementary tissues analysis and additional quality assurance ..................................... 31 3.10. MOISTURE CONTENT OF PRAWN MUSCLE TISSUES ................................................................ 33 3.11. Statistical analysis of cadmium and selenium in prawns ......................................................... 33 3.12. IDENTIFICATION OF PRAWN SAMPLE SPECIES ........................................................................ 35 3 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 36 4.1. PRAWN SAMPLING ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.2. Summary statistics: cadmium and selenium analyses ............................................................... 37 4.3. Cadmium: correlation coefficients and hypothesis tests........................................................... 40 4.3.1. Residuals, logarithmic transformation of data ................................................................... 40 4.3.2. Cadmium vs. prawn fishery ................................................................................................. 40 4.3.3. Cadmium vs. genus and species .......................................................................................... 41 4.3.4. Cadmium and other explanatory variables: prawn weight, season ................................... 44 4.3.5. Regression modelling: cadmium in prawn muscle tissue ................................................... 46 4.4. SELENIUM: correlation coefficients and hypothesis tests ......................................................... 47 4.4.1. Selenium vs. prawn fishery ................................................................................................. 47 4.4.2. Selenium vs. genus and species .......................................................................................... 48 4.4.3. Selenium and other explanatory variables: prawn weight, season .................................... 52 4.4.4. Regression modelling: selenium in prawn muscle tissue ................................................... 53 4.5. SUPPLEMENTARY TISSUES ANALYSIS AND ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE ........................ 54 4.5.1. Routine laboratory QA ........................................................................................................ 54 4.5.2. Cadmium supplementary tissues analysis .......................................................................... 55 4.5.3. Selenium supplementary tissues analysis ........................................................................... 57 4.6. ISOLATED PRAWN GUT TUBES AND HEPATOPANCREAS ........................................................... 59 4.6.1. Cadmium in prawn gut tube and hepatopancreas ............................................................
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