DOCSLIB.ORG

The Kurdish Resurrection Society (1942-1945)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Kurdish Resurrection Society (1942-1945) Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 6, No. 6, December 2017 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr مجلة البحوث التاريخية والثقافية والفنية DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1317 Citation: Yazdani, S., & Sajjadi, A. (2017). The Kurdish Resurrection Society (1942-1945). Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(6), 1-18. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1317 The Kurdish Resurrection Society (1942-1945) Sohrab Yazdani1, Amir Sajjadi2 Abstract The Kurdish Resurrection Society (known as Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) was the first political society that was founded after August and September 1941 and following the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran. This society arose from traditional and modern strata of urban Kurdish petty bourgeois in Mahabad. The present study aims at discussing the following questions applying a descriptive-analytical approach and using the historical resources and studies: 1. What is the role of the new social and historical structure of the Iranian Kurdistan in forming the Kurdish Resurrection Society? 2. How did the nationalism discourses of the modern absolutist Pahlavi state result in evolving the ideology of Kurdish Resurrection Society (KRS)? The evolution of KRS among the traditional and modern strata was the result of the changes and developments occurred in the structure of social forces in Iranian Kurdistan. These changes took place in the aftermath of modernization-related plans of the modern absolutist Pahlavi state in renewing the social structure and cultural assimilation of this era. This policy provoked a new form of collectivism based upon linguistic and ethnic minorities. In other words, while weakening and isolating the forces of the previous order, modernization paved the social and political ways needed for the emergence of new urban Kurdish forces. The Kurdish leaders and elites, affected by the nationalistic discourse of the modern absolutist Pahlavi state, attempted to provide a new definition of their ethnic identity. Thus, the nationalism discourse of the modern absolutist state led to the emergence of a particularistic nationalism discourse of KRS among the Kurds. Keywords: Kurdish resurrection society, Modern absolutist Pahlavi state, Ethnic nationalism, Iranian Kurdistan. 1 Associate professor at the Department of History, Kharazmi University. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Ph.D. student in Post-Islamic Iran History. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction In the years of Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran in the midst of World War II, a society called “Kurdish Resurrection Society” entered the political arena in Iran. This society started its political-cultural activities first in Mahabad and then expanded its scope across Iranian Kurdistan through Kermanshah. Structurally speaking, the evolution of KRS was the outcome of post-war developments (World War I) which changed the class structure in Iranian Kurdistan. This political organization, adopted a cultural-social approach in dealing with the issues of Kurdistan in those years. According to KRS, the tribal organization and culture governing the social life, cultural backwardness and poverty in Iranian Kurdistan (bringing about separation and split) are the most important problems and obstacles of cultural growth and promotion, identity reconstruction, and historical and collective awareness of Kurdish community. Here, tribe heads, tribal landholders, and religious sheikhs are the important agents of reproducing these conditions; they were subject to most criticisms of KRS. The emergence of capitalism and the evolution of modern absolutist state were two main factors of the abovementioned developments. Weakening and isolating the power and position of traditional leaders and heads, these developments also resulted in urbanization and qualitative as well as quantitative growth of the educated in Iranian Kurdistan. Capitalism and the modern absolutist state brought about the emergence of urban elites that could be classified as petty bourgeois through enjoying modern education and trade/office jobs. The reaction of the urban petty bourgeois to the centralist policies and the process of constructing national integrated Iranian identity which was followed through “dominant discourse of modernist nationalism” by Pahlavi state paved the way for the evolution of nationalism movement discourse in Iranian Kurdistan. In other words, the formal holistic nationalism was a main factor in the emergence of atomistic Kurdish nationalism. Thus, this group, affected by the ethnic nationalistic ideas, founded KRS as the first modern political society in Iranian Kurdistan. Early Developments By the German invasion of Poland (1939), flames of war were sparked. “When the war started the German influence was incredible in Iran. The German secret agents were active in Iran, and Shah’s inclination (Reza Khan) was an open secret” (Keddie and Richard, 1990: 175). Two years later in the summer of 1941, Hitler attacked the Soviet Union for accessing the Caucasian oil resources. Iran happened to be at the intersection of international policies; where Iran, owing to its strategic situation, became a passage-way for the Soviet Union and its allies. “When the Turkish straits were blocked, it was impossible for Soviet Russia to be provided with supplies and ammunitions through Murmansk that was accessible for the German air force and sea force bases in Norway. On the other hand, using Vladivostok port was also impossible; the Siberian railway capacity was limited, and using this port was subject to the Japanese indulgence and connivance. Thus, the Iranian passage-way was the only option on the table; safer than the former and shorter than the latter” (Derriennic, 1989: 160). It was this strategic obligation for the allied forces that made the leader of the USA, Soviet Union, and England decide to invade Iran. Reza Shah’s stepping down from power created new issues in Iran. Issues that have to do with the ever- increasing growth of social-political conflicts and the aggravation of economic as well as financial crises. Domestic trade was in a state of shutdown as a result of the reduction in transporting products and goods in the nationwide railway. The price of the basic goods increased owing to the allied forces’ requirements and hoarding these goods. As a result of the calamitous condition of harvesting and the famine breakout of 1941-1942 Iranian financial and economic systems were afflicted with disturbance and disorder (Keddie and Richard, 1990: 176). In the political arena of the country, the main centers of power, including the parliament, state, foreign powers, court, and political parties were often in conflict with one another 2 owing to their conflicting interests and severe political conflicts. This led to instability and the crisis of cabinets that continued until the 1940s. Thus, after the first military Pahlavi dictatorship, the repressed dissatisfactions of social forces during 16 years broke the ground for class conflicts, political conflicts, and ethnic competitions. In the ethnic areas, the quick collapse of the Imperial Army, made the central state encounter one of its most critical issues from the very beginning of the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran. In the Reza Shah era, dissatisfactions of ethnic and tribal areas were quelled applying the policy of “iron fist”. However, as the bases of the central state weakened, all the Iranian military forces broke up; from the Iranian Gendarmerie facing tribal dissatisfactions and complaints to the Iranian army. “As soon as abandoning resistance was announced by the state, thousands of soldiers escaped from the barracks. The soldiers took with themselves the weapons and ammunitions to the farthest areas having been disarmed for many years. The state also sets free the heads of the tribes being either under surveillance or in jail. The exiled heads returned to their own tribes. No wonder the areas not being invaded by the allies were insecure again” (Zowghi, 1993: 75). There was an area located between Mahabad and Saghez between the British-controlled and the Soviet- controlled regions; though being under Soviet control, it was not under their direct surveillance. The aforementioned area used to be a battlefield for the local forces and those of the Iranian weakened state. The new conditions, however, smoothed the path for political instability within this area. The conditions of this area were reported to the prime minister’s office: “Mahabad and Sardasht are of great importance; given their strategic situation, being residence for some Kurdish tribes, and being neighbor to Iraq and its Kurdish part. Thus, its strategic situation is of great importance to protect the security of West Azerbaijan. After the August incident (Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran), one can say the influence of the state diminished, and all affairs were under the surveillance and interference of local Kurdish Influential men and executed by the Khans of those areas” (National Library of Iran, report to the prime minister’s office, document No. 2305-109048, 1943/9/29). “The tribes around Mahabad were all armed by then; every day one of the claimed to be a new Khan; insecurity was widespread throughout the city. Armed thieves robbed houses and shops or took whatever they have by weapon force. My fellow citizens were thinking of holding firearms to protect their lives, properties, and chastity… The armed tribes wanted to satisfy all their wants through using weapon force. Some of whom, though being completely illiterate, were thinking of being a tribe leader or a city governor” (Mahmoudzadeh, 1995: 121-122). According to another document: “following August incidents of 1941 (Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran) and the entrance of two neighboring forces into Kurdistan, units of the army were destroyed and escaped leaving their weapons behind. Iranian Kurds and tribes, disgusted with the state agents, were waiting for such a day. They were armed with both small and heavy arms and took the soldiers’ weapons that were around 12-14 thousands of vz.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iran and Central Asia: a Cultural Perspective1
    Iran and Central Asia: A Cultural Perspective1 Davood Kiani One of the most important tools utilized by states to maximize their impact in foreign affairs is public diplomacy and to this extent, public diplomacy is considered a source of soft power. The robust use of public diplomacy can enhance and reinforce the soft power of countries. Central Asia is among the regions that have an ever increasing relevance to regional and international affairs in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and is currently considered a critical subsystem for our country. The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards this region is, on one hand, built on the foundation of converging factors in political, economic, and cultural arenas and looking towards opportunities for influence and cooperation. On the other hand, considering the divergent components, it also faces challenges and threats, the sum of which continues to effect the orientation of Iranian foreign policy towards the region. This article will study Iranian public diplomacy in this region and examine the opportunities and challenges, as well as, provide and proper model for a successful public diplomacy in the region of Central Asia, while taking into account the Islamic Republic of Iran’s tools and potential. Keywords: Public diplomacy, foreign affairs, Central Asia, Islamic Republic of Iran 1 This article is based on “Cultural Policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Central Asia” a research funded by Islamic Azad University, Qum Branch Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University of Qom ([email protected]) (Received: 20 January 2014 Accepted: 5 June 2014) Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Draft Constitution of the Kurdistan Region- Iraq
    The National Assembly of Iraqi Kurdistan-Iraq The Draft Constitution Of the Kurdistan Region- Iraq Prepared by: The Committee for Revising the Draft Constitution Of the Kurdistan Region- Iraq Preamble We, the People of Kurdistan- Iraq, Recognizaing that generations of our people have suffered from the cruelty of successive governments that exceeded the bounds in practicing oppression, injustice, and persecution, as well as depriving us from God-given rights to mankind to freedom, equality and justice, and committed crimes against humanity and carried out campaigns of mass genocide and ethnic cleansing against our people, the likes of which history has never seen, resulting in total annihilation of about 4,500 villages and changing the demography of large parts of Kurdistan- Iraq by coercively displacing their people and forcing them to change their nationality, and used of chemical weapons and other internationally-banned weapons against civilians in martyred Halabcha, Ballisan, Garamiyan, Bahdiniyan and other large areas, whereas thousands of the Faili Kurd youth were led to their death into chemical experimentation fields and mass graves and their remaining families were displaced outside Iraq and stripped of their Iraqi citizenship, whih was followed by mass genocide campaigns against more than 8,000 of the Barazanis and genocide operations called the Anfal, in which more than 182,000 human beings were killed. In appreciation of the leaders and symbols of the Kurdish Liberation Movement, its Peshmerga fighters, and devoted martyrs
    [Show full text]
  • Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution
    The Road to Isolation: Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution Salma Schwartzman Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2, 499 !1 Born of conflicting interests and influences — those ancient tensions deeply rooted in its own society — the Iranian revolution generated numerous and alternating cycles of triumph and tragedy, the one always inextricably resulting from and offsetting the other. This series of vast political shifts saw the nation shudder from a near feudal monarchy to a democratized state, before finally relapsing into an oppressive, religiously based conservatism. The Prelude: The White Revolution Dating from 1960 to 1963, the White Revolution was a period of time in Iran in which modernization, westernization, and industrialization were ambitiously promoted by the the country’s governing royalty: the Pahlavi regime. Yet although many of these changes brought material and social benefit, the country was not ready to embrace such a rapid transition from its traditional structure; thus the White Revolution sowed the seeds that would later blossom into the Iranian Revolution1. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the State of Iran underwent serious industrial expansion. After seizing almost complete political power for himself, the Shah set in motion the land reform law of 1962.2 This law forced landed minorities to surrender vast tracts of lands to the government so that it could be redistributed to small scale agriculturalists. The landowners who experienced losses were compensated through shares of state owned Iranian industries. Cultivators and laborers also received share holdings of Iranian industries and agricultural profits.3 This reform not only helped the agrarian community, but encouraged and supported 1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.
    [Show full text]
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirkuk and Its Arabization: Historical Background and Ongoing Issues In
    Abstract The Arabization of the Kurdistan region in Iraq Since the establishment of the Iraqi state, the ruling Arab regimes forcibly displaced native Kurds and repopulated the area with Arab tribes. The change of demography,known as “Arabization,” existed in both Kurdish majority agriculture and urban lands. These policies were part of a larger Iraqi campaign to erase the Kurdish identity, occupy Kurdistan, and control its wealth. The Iraqi government’s campaign against the Kurds amounted to genocide and eventually destroyed Kurdish communities and the social fabric of Kurdistan. The areas affected by the Arabization stretch from eastern to northwestern Iraq , incorporating major cities,towns, and hundreds of villages. After the fall of Saddam Hussien’s dictatorship, these areas became referred to as “Disputed Territories'' in Iraq’s newly adopted constitution of 2005. Article 140 of Iraq’s constitution called for the normalization of the “Disputed Territories,” which was never implemented by the federal government of Iraq. 1 www.dckurd.org Kirkuk province, Khanagin city of Diyala province, Tuz Khurmatu District of Saladin Province, and Shingal (Sinjar) in Nineveh province are the main areas that continue to suffer from Arabization policies implemented in 1975. KIRKUK A key feature of Kirkuk is its diversity – Kurds, Arabs, Turkmens, Shiites, Sunnis, and Christians (Chaldeans and Assyrians) all co-exist in Kirkuk, and the province is even home to a small Armenian Christian population. GEOGRAPHY The province of Kirkuk has a population of more than 1.4 million, the overwhelming majority of whom live in Kirkuk city. Kirkuk city is 160 miles north of Baghdad and just 60 miles from Erbil, the capital of the Iraqi Kurdistan region.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmen Language: Alphabet, Structure and Writing
    International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation ISSN: 2582-7138 Received: 03-07-2021; Accepted: 19-07-2021 www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com Volume 2; Issue 4; July-August 2021; Page No. 663-664 Turkmen Language: Alphabet, structure and writing Homayoun Mahmoodi Lecture, Department of Turkmani, Education Faculty, Jawzjan University, Sheberghan, Afghanistan Corresponding Author: Homayoun Mahmoodi Abstract The Turkmen Language is classified as one of the Turkic people worldwide, with approximately 1 million more languages which are all in the Ural-Altaic language family. speaking it as a second language. The majority of Turkmen Like all Turkic languages, the Turkmen Language is an speakers are located in Eurasia and Central Asia, with the agglutinative language that has productive inflectional and highest concentrations located in Turkmenistan, Iran, and derivational suffixes which are affixed to a word like “beads Afghanistan. on a string”. Turkmen is spoken natively by about 7 million Keywords: Turkmen, Afghanistan, Alphabet, structure 1. Introduction Turkmen are part of the ethno-linguistic Turkic continuum that stretches from western China to western Turkey. They share a claim to western-Turkic (Oguz) heritage along with Azerbaijanis and Turks in Turkey (Golden 1972) [4]. Despite a distinct twenty-first century identity, Turkmen culture and traditions historically overlapped with that of other Turks. The term “Turkic” refers to this cultural and linguistic heritage that all Turkic-language speaking groups share. Nevertheless, a separate Turkmen sense of identity was born out of their particular historical experience. A nomadic heritage, distinctively Oguz dialects, and tribal traditions contribute greatly to the identity that sets Turkmen apart from other Turkic groups and shape a specifically Turkmen sense of ethnic identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Note Mm3.7.2
    MM3.7.2 INFORMATION NOTE Date: February 25, 2019 Request to Raise the Flag of Kurdistan on the Courtesy Flag Pole at Toronto City Hall Summary of the Request Councillor Jim Karygiannis received a request from Sartip Kakaee, Chairman of Kurdish House Toronto, to raise the Kurdish flag at City Hall to mark the 31st anniversary of the Halabja chemical attack. Councillor Karygiannis sent the request on to the Strategic Protocol and External Relations office for follow up. Response ● The request does not meet the stated City of Toronto criteria for a flag raising on the courtesy flag pole. ● The flag identified is an official symbol of the sub-national Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and is therefore not a flag of a nation recognized by Global Affairs Canada. ● Council may choose to bring awareness to violent world events through a member announcement or a proclamation. ● The City has other programs and services that enable groups to commemorate and raise awareness for events of importance. Global Affairs Canada perspective The Government of Canada is committed to the unity and diversity of the Republic of Iraq and it supports Iraq’s territorial integrity. This position is well known to the Government's Iraqi interlocutors, including in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Canada has a constructive partnership with the federal government of Iraq and the Kurdistan Regional Government. The Government of Canada favours a peaceful dialogue in good faith, so as to resolve their differences through continued negotiations. The Government of Canada respects that the Kurdistan Regional Government already enjoys certain decision making powers for itself within the Iraqi federal system.
    [Show full text]
  • GOLDMINE? a Critical Look at the Commercialization of Afghan Demining
    Bolton, Matthew GOLDMINE? A Critical Look at the Commercialization of Afghan Demining Centre for the Study of Global Governance (LSE) Research Paper 01/2008 Centre for the Study of Global Governance London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global 1 GOLDMINE ? A Critical Look at the Commercialization of Afghan Demining Matthew Bolton Centre for the Study of Global Governance London School of Economics and Political Science This research is funded in part by the Economic and Social Research Council All text, graphics and photos © Matthew Bolton, 2008. 2 Contents Acronyms........................................................................................................................ 4 Executive Summary........................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 8 2. A Brief History of Afghan Demining ....................................................................... 10 2.1 The Three Roots of Afghan Demining, 1987-1994............................................ 10 2.2. UN Hegemony, 1994-2001................................................................................ 19 2.3. The 9/11 Sea Change ......................................................................................... 23 2.4. Summary...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan
    Lament of Ahmad Khani: A Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan Erik Novak Department of Political Science Villanova University The Kurdish poet Sheikmous Hasan, better known as Cigerxwin, wrote these words as part of his much larger work, Who Am I? while living in exile in Sweden. “I am the proud Kurd, the enemies’ enemy, the friend of peace-loving ones. I am of noble race, not wild as they claim. My mighty ancestors were free people. Like them I want to be free and that is why I fight, for the enemy won’t leave in peace and I don’t want to be forever oppressed.”1 Although Hasan, who died in 1984, was a modern voice for Kurdish nationalism, he is merely one of a chorus of Kurds reaching back centuries crying out for a free and independent Kurdish state, unofficially named Kurdistan. Although the concept of nationalism is common today, the cries of the Kurds for their own state reach back centuries, the first written example coming from the Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani in his national epic Mem-o-Zin in 1695. Mem-o-Zin actually predates the French Revolution of 1789, which is often thought to be the true beginning of the concept of a national state. Despite having conceived of nationalism for the Kurds nearly a century ahead of France and the rest of Western Europe, the Kurds lack a state of their own. What are the origins of Kurdish nationalist thought and how has it evolved over the years? To answer this question, we will track the evolution of Kurdish nationalist thought from its origins during the Ottoman Empire, 1 through World War I and up to the present by looking at the three successor states of the Ottoman Empire that contain the largest Kurdish populations: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 5 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy October 2016 Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development 1Mohammad Reza Motamedi 2Dr. Ali Akbar Amini 1, 2Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran Corresponding Author email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n5s1p84 Abstract Reza Khan, commander of Cossack Brigade based in Qazvin, came to power by coup in 1920, and with the coronation in 1305 brought Qajar dynasty to an end and founded Pahlavi dynasty. He as the first Pahlavi King started a series of planned reforms to establish himself and bring about a secular state and society inspired by the West, especially Ataturk in Turkey. Since then, Islam and Islamic clergies enjoyed power and influence in political and social affairs especially after the effective presence and leadership tobacco and constitutional movements. Reza Shah tries to use sources of progress to bring modernization into people's private life. In 1929, he passed a law that required men to wear foreign outfits instead of traditional and clergy dress, and then to remove hijab was obligatory to women and they were banned from wearing hijab. Keywords: Reza Shah, Modernism, Modernity 1. Introduction Our contemporary history of Iran has always been the scene of battles, victories, defeats and honorable acts of a nation with freedom from domestic and foreign tyranny, the main objective. Trying to prevent the collapse of the country against colonial invasion of Russia, Britain, and The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC) Dataset Codebook
    The Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) Dataset Codebook (Version 1.0, 2015.07) (Presented in Bartusevičius, Henrikas (2015) Introducing the Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) dataset. Forthcoming in Conflict Management and Peace Science) The Categorically Disaggregated Conflict (CDC) Dataset provides a categorization of 331 intrastate armed conflicts recorded between 1946 and 2010 into four categories: 1. Ethnic governmental; 2. Ethnic territorial; 3. Non-ethnic governmental; 4. Non-ethnic territorial. The dataset uses the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v.4-2011, 1946 – 2010 (Themnér & Wallensteen, 2011; also Gleditsch et al., 2002) as a base (and thus is an extension of the UCDP/PRIO dataset). Therefore, the dataset employs the UCDP/PRIO’s operational definition of an aggregate armed conflict: a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths (Themnér, 2011: 1). The dataset contains only internal and internationalized internal armed conflicts listed in the UCDP/PRIO dataset. Internal armed conflict ‘occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) without intervention from other states’ (ibid.: 9). Internationalized internal armed conflict ‘occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) with intervention from other states (secondary parties) on one or both sides’(ibid.). For full definitions and further details please consult the 1 codebook of the UCDP/PRIO dataset (ibid.) and the website of the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University: http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/definitions/.
    [Show full text]