Sustainable Restoration of 's Art + Building Author(s): RUSSELL M. SANDERS, BENJAMIN SHEPHERD, ELIZABETH SKOWRONEK and ALISON HOFFMANN Source: APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology, Vol. 42, No. 2/3, Special Issue On Modern Heritage (2011), pp. 29-35 Published by: Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41228981 Accessed: 02-03-2020 19:55 UTC

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This content downloaded from 24.169.4.130 on Mon, 02 Mar 2020 19:55:46 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Sustainable Restoration of Yale University's Art + Architecture Building

RUSSELL M. SANDERS, BENJAMIN SHEPHERD, ELIZABETH SKOWRONEK, AND ALISON HOFFMANN

Renovation of a Modernist icon Renovation of Paul at by a serious fire in 1969, the structure demanded innovation to restore the Yale University suffered a series of unsympathetic reno- vations, which split and reconfigured its original aesthetic while incorporating When Yale University's Art + Architec- soaring double-height drafting room and sustainable-design strategies. ture Building was completed in 1963, Times architecture critic Ada obstructed light and views. The external facade was scarred and barely recogniz- Louise Huxtable praised it as "a spec- able after Rudolph's vast fenestrations tacular tour de force."1 It appeared on were filled in with double-glazed win- the cover of every major architecture dows that were disrespectful of the magazine and has since been described original geometries. Interior volumes as "the Bilbao of its day."2 Designed by lost their definition not only through , then chair of the School unwelcome intrusions and divisions but, of Architecture, the Art + Architecture more importantly, by removal of the Building is considered one of his most ceiling planes and the signature linear important works. The complex of inter- lighting system that defined them. locking spaces and strata catapulted the For the project team in 2006, the designer to fame with its assertive treat- task was imposing: restore a controver- ment of concrete forms (Fig. 1). sial, commanding piece of American By the late 1990s, however, the build- architectural heritage while introducing ing had been so altered that it bore little new infrastructure and sustainability resemblance to its original form. Marred measures. Previous renovation efforts had aimed to address practical short- comings in the original design, but the 2008 restoration was the first that sought to honor the Modernist cult figure Rudolph had become after he designed this monument to the architec- ture department. It was also one of the first to place sustainable-design consid- erations at the forefront of the renova- tion effort, a commitment that garnered the project a Green Build- ing Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification.

Context

Although Rudolph's design had its de- fenders, many saw the building's hulk- ing forms and rough textures as abra- sive. Since its completion, the iconic building has dominated the downtown commercial district over which it pre- sides. Multiple exterior renovations to the 114,000-square-foot, cast-in-place Fig. 1 . Yale Arts Complex, consisting of Paul Rudolph Hall and the Jeffrey H. Loria Center for the concrete structure exaggerated its History of Art. Sketch and model by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects.

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Fig. 2. Schematic of the corduroy-concrete repair detail, showing custom Fig. 3. Wood formwork in position for corduroy-concrete repair, Paul wood formwork, Paul Rudolph Hall. Courtesy of , Rudolph Inc. Hall, photograph 2008. Courtesy of Hoffmann Architects, Inc.

fortress-like bearing by diminishing Application and Intent ble by today's codes. Fire sprinklers with views into Rudolph's surprisingly open exposed pipes and sprinkler heads were The renovation design, which resulted yet complex interior. added over the last 20 years, contribut- from the integration of programmatic, Some of the most egregious interven- ing to the overall run-down look of the structural, and mechanical needs, in- tions included the removal of the origi- building. As part of the 2008 work, a cluded restoration of exterior walls, nal ceiling planes, the insertion of mez- new sprinkler system, which employed installation of historically correct win- zanines into the grand fourth-floor wall sprinklers to create fire separations dows, and upgrades to all building facil- studio volume - the college's solution between spaces, was added. With care- ities. It also introduced new lighting and to overcrowding - and closing off the fully selected, discreet locations for the furnishings throughout and brought the light wells that in the original design piping, the system brought the building structure into compliance with current allowed natural light to penetrate deeply into full compatibility with current fire building-code regulations.3 into the underground volumes, which codes. Meeting the current codes was espe- were all part of the renovations follow- cially challenging with respect to the ing the 1969 fire. The original mono- Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The Building Envelope: Consistency lithic ceilings, made of asbestos, were and Performance removed in the late 1970s. These visu- and fire codes. The original building utilized some 37 different levels over 9 ally uniform planar ceilings underscored A 1994 renovation replaced most of the floors, making wheelchair accessibility spatial dynamics and served as a plenum Art + Architecture Building's original impossible. In addition, handrails and for the HVAC, with discreet coves for steel-framed, single-pane windows with guardrails either were not present or did registers and integrated lighting systems. insulating-glass, aluminum-framed not meet code requirements as to size, Rudolph's linear array of bare, incandes- units, and in so doing altered the build- height, and openness. New handrails cent R-lamps served as a volume defini- ing profile.4 Not only were the replace- were added as needed following the ment windows much smaller than the tion as much as illumination. Stripping original materials, color, and design the building of these crucial elements originals, but this renovation attempted geometries; these interventions are vir- slowly transformed it into a poorly lit, to rectify shallow reinforcement place- tually unnoticeable unless one looks at nearly hostile environment. ment in the spandrel beams by affixing the original photographs. Selective The project team's challenge, then, precast concrete panels to the spandrel changes in the floor levels were also was to reintegrate the sometimes con- face. As a result, the vertical plane of employed to make all spaces fully acces- tentious structure into the community the building was shifted outward by sible. The addition of a new elevator several inches. by resurrecting the vision and legacy of bank in the adjacent Jeffrey H. Loria Rudolph. In practical terms, this meant Re-creating the appearance of the Center for the History of Art, part of the incorporating infrastructure upgrades original fenestration while meeting 2008 building expansion, alleviated current energy standards5 posed multiple and restoring exposed concrete surfaces, most of the access issues. while satisfying the design objectives of challenges. To fit insulating glass into The original building did not employ the building's occupants: the faculty and Rudolph's vast openings, the 1994 any sprinklers, and the spatial connec- students of Yale School of Architecture, window-replacement project had used tions between three or four different as well as the Yale Arts Library. multiple-pane windows, adding framing levels created fire hazards not permissi-

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and compromising the original mass crete and coverage. Wood forms for the light interplay at the building envelope. concrete overlay would be anchored to The 2008 restoration specified vast the glass spandrels, with bolts positioned to sheets developed to reduce heat gain replicate and the size and spacing of anchor energy consumption. After mock-ups holes on the original beams. Using were evaluated for aesthetics and perfor-hooked rods, a mesh screen would be mance, the project team selected asecured glaz- to the substrate both as rein- ing product that provided suitable forcement insu- and as protection against lating properties, low-emissivity shrinkage.(low-e), and glare reduction, while reproducing, Specifying the right concrete mix was as closely as possible, the look of thethe challenge. The building profile al- original windows. Fabricated by Vira-lowed only a few inches of depth for con, the 8 -by- 12-foot panels were repair some of the spans. To reduce the possi- of the largest single sheets of insulating bility of hairline cracks, the designers' glass ever made in the United States. first approach used large, preplaced This change was the single most impor-aggregate and pumped the concrete mix tant aspect of the renovation in terms up through of the bottom of the form- the impact on the building's appearance work. However, mock-up tests showed from the street. that pressure within the narrow forms What made the restoration of the became great enough to force the con- spandrels particularly difficult was crete the mix out through joints in the impressive size of the beams; some wood. span- Voids between the large pieces of ned as much as 70 feet. Developing aggregate a were also an issue. Fig. 4. View of fourth-floor jury space and fifth- To accommodate the restrained concrete formulation that would repli- floor studio space, including the statue of cate the original appearance, hold conditions, up as well as the multistory Minerva, Paul Rudolph Hall. Photograph by well as a thin overlay, and resolve ascent prob- from the mix truck, the project Richard Barnes. lems inherent to the existing construc- team developed a high-performance, tion was the challenge. Like much small-aggregate of the mix.6 A low water-to- held up beyond expectation, with only concrete in the building, the spandrels cement ratio, combined with a propri- negligible hairline cracks. bore a distinctive finish. Although etary the anti-shrink admixture, performed Like the board-form spandrel beams, structure is known for its corrugated well in pétrographie, air content, and the distinctive "corduroy "-textured walls, the spandrels had a horizontal compression-strength laboratory test- concrete suffered from poor construc- board finish that needed to be repli- ing.7 To reproduce the original surface tion practices. Shallow placement of cated. texture, 2V4-inch-wide tongue-and- steel reinforcement, with an inch or less Exploratory window removals groovere- red oak flooring planks, unfin- of concrete protection in many areas,8 vealed that the superimposed precast ished and unsanded, were used for the had led to corrosion, cracks, and spalls. concrete panels were secured by noncon-formwork. Mock-ups closely approxi- Restoration involved removal of the tinuous steel lintel angles attached mating by the concrete mixture and tech- delaminating concrete, repair and treat- stainless-steel anchors to the spandrel niques to be used in construction were ment of embedded steel, and re-covering beams. When the original window used to identify a suitable color match. of the steel reinforcement to an appro- receivers, which were cast into the con-To evaluate the proposed window priate depth with color- and texture- crete structure, were removed during and spandrel the design for water and air matched concrete. Approximately 500 earlier renovation, portions of the infiltration, span- mock-ups of the entire square feet of fluted concrete throughout drel beams were damaged. Even withwindow assembly, including glazing, the structure was restored using this the most exacting methods, removal framing, of mullions, and concrete span- repair strategy. the superimposed precast concrete drel slabs beams, were evaluated at an off-site Because the corrugated vertical ribs would likely cause further damage architectural-testing to the facility. Based on were not uniform in dimension, custom original concrete. the results of this testing, adjustments formwork had to be created for each To determine the best strategy, werethe made to the perimeter-seal system area of repair (Figs. 2 and 3). Here design team completed a series of to mock- improve adhesion to the concrete and again, developing and testing a concrete up concrete tests. After testing, the prevent water infiltration. mix that would replicate the original following approach was agreed upon. What the mock-ups could not repro- appearance, hold up well as a thin over- First, the original concrete slab would duce was be the extremely long length of lay, and resolve the problems of the cut back and prepared, leaving a frac-the spandrels, as well as their height existing construction was the challenge. tured aggregate surface for adhesion from of the ground. A continuous-pour Concrete was placed by hand into the the repair material. Steel reinforcements technique was used to set the concrete fluted forms, with individual pieces of would then be treated where possible, evenly across the span. Despite concerns aggregate forced between block-outs replaced, or reinforced and would that be such an expanse could show crack- into the mix. To properly consolidate positioned to ensure appropriate ingcon- every few feet, the final product has the material, the concrete-restoration

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and seating throughout. Period pho- tional drainage slope further improved tographs show that the original terrace water management during weather pavers, which were not in place at the events. time of the 2008 renovation, followed a At building entrances, existing doors running-bond pattern, and the new showed signs of pervasive corrosion, pavers were installed to reproduce this drafts, and deformation and required configuration. Roof areas not open to replacement in kind. New steel doors public traffic have cold-adhesive MBR were filled with a rigid polyurethane assemblies with white granular cap core, which was chemically bonded to sheets to reduce heat absorption.10 As the interior surfaces of the door and had multilayer systems, MBR membranes steel stiff eners for structural support.12 resist puncture and provide waterproof- For glazed entrance doors, the project ing redundancy; bituminous compounds team specified a laminated infill glass also offer flexibility and self-healing with a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer properties,11 qualities critical to durabil- for safety, durability, and shatter resis- ity and, consequently, sustainability of tance. Existing concrete frames and the roof assembly. openings were retained and restored. Leaks were also an issue at the build- Fig. 5. Custom lighting in the restored pent- house, Paul Rudolph Hall, photograph 2008. ing's complex and massive skylights. Interiors: Space and Light Photograph by Peter Aaron, courtesy of Peter Central to the building's treatment of Aaron/Esto. light and space, the compound skylights Past renovations had severely altered join multi-planar glazing to counter- the building's once-soaring spaces, contractors used a needle-type vibrator point the densely textured concrete slicing the double-height drafting room along the formwork, then tapped the slabs. As part of the 1994 window into separate levels and creating uncom- outside of the form with a mallet to rehabilitation, the original single-pane fortable, dim rooms. To re-create the minimize surface bubbles. Bush ham- skylights were replaced with insulating original balance of light and shadow, as mering of finished repair areas repro- glass. By 2006 these replacement sky- well as volume and void, the project team removed the mezzanines that had duced the fluted concrete's distinctive lights exhibited leaks, etched glass, and been inserted after 1969 and divided the rough surface texture. a generally dilapidated appearance. The One of Rudolph's innovations in the 2008 restoration removed the 1994 space. Most notably, the drafting room Art + Architecture Building was the use assembly and replaced it with a new at the building's core was restored with of light wells, voids that admitted light system that matched framing spacing, the removal of the mezzanines, which from the sidewalk level down into verti- profile, and glass sizes as closely as allowed daylight into the space. A cal windows in two subgrade stories. In possible to those depicted in Rudolph's replica of the original statue of Roman an earlier effort to address leaks and drawings, while resolving leaks, heat drafts, these spaces were covered over loss, glare, and excessive solar heat gain with roofing materials. In restoring the inherent to the original design. To accu- light wells, the project team removed the rately replicate the original dimensions, superimposed roof, recast the multilevel the project team could not rely on stock terraces and planters, reintroduced products; custom framing and anchor- original sculpture installations, and re- ing systems secured the heat-treated, created the windows using insulating laminated insulating glazing units. Aes- glazing. Attention to flashing details, thetically the 2008 renovation aligned terminations, and proper sealant appli- additional joints necessitated by the cation at frame perimeters solved mois- insulating glass with an interior parti- ture-entry problems while permitting tion, so that from below, the glass ap- natural light to once again permeate peared to extend up and over the wall. even the subbasement. By relocating From above, clunky 1994 mullions were mechanical equipment into the north replaced with a simple butt joint, so that end of the building, the architects were the glass seemed continuous when able to locate model-shop areas to bene- viewed from the terrace, as well. Water- fit from the reintroduced light wells. proofing details were also improved. Roofs also suffered the effects of The 1994 replacement failed to take into time, weather, student abuse, and failed account the higher profile of the insulat- repairs. Leaks had become pervasive. To ing-glass assembly when providing restore roof terraces as usable outdoor flashing details; the 2008 project ex- areas, reflective pavers9 were installed tended flashings at exterior walls to Fig. 6. Installation of new insulating glazing at over a modified bitumen roof (MBR) protect against moisture intrusion. the east facade, Paul Rudolph Hall, photograph membrane assembly, with new planters Gutter linings, extra drains, and addi- 2008. Courtesy of Hoffmann Architects, Inc.

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Fig. 7. Fourth-floor terrace and green roof, Paul Rudolph Hall, photograph Fig. 8. Robert B. Haas Family Arts Library, Paul Rudolph Hall addition, 2008. Photograph by Peter Aaron, courtesy of Peter Aaron/Esto. photograph 2008. Photograph by Peter Aaron, courtesy of Peter Aaron/Esto. goddess Minerva was restored to her each application.15 Cleaning not only Sustainable-Design Strategies post overlooking the great hall (Fig. 4).uncovered original coloration; it also As the National Trust for Historic The terraced floor plan, with 37 helped to blend repair areas into sur- Preservation has argued, "the greenest levels on 9 stories, had long caused rounding surfaces by improving unifor- building is the one that already ex- problems regarding accessibility. The mity of hue in the existing concrete. ists."16 Increasingly, the sustainable- renovation was able to meet relevant Colors for the repair mixes could then design field is bringing this concept to ADA guidelines13 and building codes,14 be matched to clean, not soiled, con- the fore, applying today's design and so that the building is completely acces- crete. Care was taken, however, not to energy standards to existing buildings sible. Ramps and handrails in the be overly aggressive with the cleaning without compromising the original fourth-floor studio blend into the exist- program. Products were chosen to be project vision. When the renovation of ing spaces. While the jury spaces on the non-abrasive and non-bleaching, as the the Art + Architecture Building began, sixth and seventh floors were raised to priority was to remove dirt and un- Yale had already developed and imple- match the level of the surrounding wanted coatings, not to achieve a mented significant sustainability initia- studios, they remained delineated "brand new" concrete appearance. tives, most notably a mandate of mini- through a change in flooring material. Special attention was paid to interior mum LEED Silver certification for all Despite their heft, the interior ex- lighting. Using Ezra Stoller's period major construction projects on campus. posed-concrete slabs had not been im- photographs, the architects modeled However, at the time, it was unknown mune to the effects of time, student both new and existing spaces to under- how these goals might be applied to the abuse, and failed repair efforts. Many stand lighting quality. Custom fixtures renovation of existing structures. As surfaces were worn and covered with with metal halide lamps replicated the both a historically important building paint, graffiti, and stains, which created appearance of the original incandescent and the center of architectural study at a mottled look. To restore a uniform lights, but they consume only 39 watts, the school, the Art + Architecture Build- appearance, cleaning needed to pene- rather than 150 (Fig. 5). Aluminum ing represented the ideal opportunity to trate roughly textured concrete without reflective paint, vernal lenses, and pris- showcase the university's commitment damaging the surfaces. Because the matic lamps result in a scattered-light to sustainable building. university wished to retain certain graf- effect that reproduces Rudolph's design The project exceeded expectations. fiti that it deemed historically significant, intent, with vastly improved energy The building achieved LEED Gold the strategy would also need to be selec- performance. certification and integrated environmen- tive. City residents and students of archi- tal strategies that made sense for the The cleaning program began with tecture remember well the original structure and circumstances. Historically detailed documentation of locations and vibrant orange carpeting, and this key accurate but inefficient elements, such as types of dirt and coatings (e.g., paints, design element was revived. From a oversized glazing or low-insulating con- wax, dirt, finishes). Approximately single, small surviving sample, the archi- crete walls, were offset by innovations in 7,200 square feet of bush-hammered tects were able to match new carpeting low-e insulating glass units, high-effi- concrete and 9,000 square feet of board- to again provide a warm counterpoint to ciency HVAC systems and controls, formed concrete required cleaning, in the building's rough concrete. Authentic daylighting and occupancy sensors, air addition to more than 80,000 square mid-century Modern furniture was handling, storm-water management, feet of floor area. Mock-up tests with specified, and a number of original non-potable water reuse, and existing removers, strippers, and solvents were pieces were replicated. site redevelopment. prepared to select the best product for

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Resource conservation. More than 90 Architecture Building is situated in an Lighting control. In addition to a 75 percent of existing walls, roofs, and urban area, where there is little greenery percent reduction in wattage over stan- floors were preserved during the reno- and a large amount of heat-absorbing dard incandescent fixtures, the ceramic vation. Sustainable construction prac- concrete and asphalt. Adding reflective metal halide lamps in the studio spaces tice recycled or salvaged 92 percent of cap sheets and light-colored terrace and the great hall use an alternate construction waste, diverting 4,150 tons pavers helps to cut down on the "heat switching pattern based on daylight of debris away from landfills. Replace- island effect," whereby the temperature levels to minimize energy consumption. ment materials were selected for high of metropolitan areas is higher than that In perimeter areas, linear fluorescent content of recycled material, and more of the surrounding countryside. lamps dim in response to daylight, and than a third of project materials were all inside fixtures are positioned to shine Mechanical/electrical/plumbing effi- locally sourced (within 500 miles). toward the building interior, rather than ciency. Earlier renovations of Rudolph's Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certi- out through windows. Exterior fixtures building had not solved the challenge of fied wood products were specified for are full cutoff, directing light at the heating and cooling in a way that ade- the interior, and all composite wood ground, not into the sky. Lighting quately addressed occupant comfort yet materials contain no added urea- power densities are kept at low levels to respected the open volumes of the build- formaldehyde, a known carcinogen. minimize light pollution, while main- ing plan. The existing HVAC system taining the look of the historic Rudolph Building-envelope performance. Im- had never functioned properly. New lamps with a new, more energy-efficient proving building-envelope thermal slim, ceiling-mounted radiant panels, fixture. performance is the most basic way to which use water rather than air for increase the energy efficiency of virtu- heating and cooling, were installed in Water management. The project team ally any building, and this project was 2008 and defer to the spatial relation- implemented extensive water-conserva- no exception. The building's continuous ships of Rudolph's design. Fed by pip- tion measures to drastically reduce the southwestern exposure, along with the ing rather than by ductwork, the panels use of potable water. Water-saving unfortunate window replacement of the are suitable for areas with extremely fixtures alone will save an estimated 1990s, left interior spaces, many of limited floor-to-floor heights. This sys- 13,000 gallons of potable water every them faculty offices, prone to overheat- tem allowed for the reintroduction of year. A small, 2,300-square-foot green ing. New double-glazed windows insu- original ceiling planes, which are impor- roof and on-site storm-water retention, late against heat transfer, while a spec- tant to proper light distribution within storage, and reuse save a projected trally selective low-e coating admits studio spaces. Utilizing economies of 72,000 gallons off stormwater runoff, daylight with an appropriate level of scale, the system relies on centrally which is filtered for use in toilets and solar control. Not only does the im- generated hot and cold water. Working irrigation. With a 77 percent reduction proved glazing dramatically reduce in concert with linear diffused air circu- in run-off, the reclaimed-water system summer cooling loads and retain inte- lation, the panels do not need a fan to helps prevent municipal treatment facil- rior heat during the winter; it reduces operate, providing energy savings and ities from becoming overwhelmed in electric-lighting costs and restores occu- quieter operation than traditional heavy rainfall (Fig. 7). Previously, storm pants' connections to the outdoors.17 HVAC equipment. water from the site had been directed to With unobstructed, sweeping views and Air-handling units in the lecture hall a combined storm drain and sewer sys- meticulously detailed anchorage and and classrooms are equipped with en- tem. To combat the detrimental impact framing, the redesigned glazing was thalpy heat exchangers, which salvage of combined sewer overflow, the reno- designed to optimize performance with energy from returned building air and vation project accessed a separate respect to insulation, moisture, and transfer it to incoming fresh air. Because storm-water line, from which run-off daylight (Fig. 6). energy is transferred rather than ex- can be safely channeled into the munici- At the roof level, installation of pelled, the exchangers reduce heating pal sewer system without exacerbating tapered polyisocyanurate board insula- and cooling loads, improving energy overflow conditions during major storm tion and rigid extruded-polystyrene efficiency in these large and variably events. insulation at terraces improved energy occupied spaces. A three-dimensional MEP coordina- performance by preventing heat loss Community through the roof. Fully abutted, parallel tion process utilizing Revit software courses with staggered joints were speci- streamlined development and installa- As an integral part of Yale's arts cam- fied to minimize heat transfer between tion for optimal functionality. To re- pus, as well as New Haven's busiest boards. Existing roofing was replaced spond dynamically to building usage, streetscape, Rudolph's masterwork is with roofing with a high solar reflec- Aircuity, an air-quality system, monitors contextualized both by its history and tance index (SRI), which incorporates carbon dioxide levels and reduces venti- by its relationship to the diverse com- reflective granules into white cap sheets. lation rates when rooms are unoccupied. munity it serves. To support the local By reflecting much of the sun's UV The system also improves the control of economy, the project team utilized local radiation, the light-colored roofs keep temperature and humidity levels and labor and materials wherever possible. both the building and the surrounding monitors levels of particulates and Construction engaged more than 25 area significantly cooler. The Art + volatile organic compounds. percent of its workers from minority- or woman-owned businesses and from

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New Haven, accumulating approxi- tects, where she edits and produces technical 11. ASTM D5147 Standard Test Methods for mately 82,979 local man-hours andarticles, informational bulletins, and edu- Sampling and Testing Modified Bituminous cational seminars. She can be reached at Sheet Material. 144,143 minority man-hours. Local [email protected]. workers earned more than $2 million in 12. See Table 502.3, 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), International Code wages. First-year trainees in minority Notes Council, which recommends a maximum U- apprenticeship programs also supported factor of 0.80 for entrance doors; the steel 1. Robin Pogrebin, "Renovating a Master's the City of New Haven by helping to doors used at Rudolph Hall have a maximum Shrine: Yale's Art and Architecture Building," U-factor of 0.10 (equivalent to a minimum R- develop the local trade force. New York Times, July 1, 2006. value of 10k Former students of Rudolph, Yale 2. Kate Taylor, "Pennies to Build, Millions to 13. See "ADA Accessibility Guidelines for School of Architecture Dean Robert A. Restore," New York Sun, Nov. 26, 2007. Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG)," U.S. Archi- M. Stern and project design principal 3. The State of uses the 2003 tectural and Transportation Barriers Compli- were committed to International Existing Building Code, devel- ance Board, 2002, http://www.access-board .gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm. applying their mentor's aesthetic to the oped by the International Code Council, along with a Connecticut-specific edition of the 2003 renewal of his seminal work (Fig. 8). 14. The State of Connecticut Building Code International Building Code. uses ICC/ANSI A117.1-2003, "Accessible and However, the timeline for achieving this 4. Michael J. Crosbie, "Yale Art and Architec- Usable Buildings and Facilities." See State of goal was extremely short. Yale did not ture Building," Architecture Week, Feb. 4, Connecticut Department of Public Safety, Of- intend to displace the School of Archi- 2009, www.architectureweek.com. fice of the State Building Inspector, http://www .ct.gov/dps/cwp/view.asp?a=21488cq=305412. tecture for more than one academic year, 5. See "Chapter 5: Commercial Energy Effi- which meant that once classes ended in ciency," 2009 International Energy Conserva- 15. Light staining was treated primarily with a proprietary low-acidity gel cleaner containing May 2007, the team had less than 15 tion Code (IECC), International Code Council, Feb. 2009, and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. glycolic, amidosulfonic, and hydrofluoric acids, months to complete the project. Never- while heavy encrustation demanded a more 6. The concrete formulation for the board-form theless, the project was completed on strongly acidic cleaning formulation that com- repairs (approximate) consisted of rapid-set bined glycolic acid with a hydrogen chloride time, within budget, and to exacting DOT cement, pea gravel (maximum 3/8-inch solution. Multiple layers of paint and graffiti quality standards. To honor its famed diameter), water, sand, flow-control admixture, were removed with alkaline organic solvents, set-control admixture, corrosion inhibitor, designer, the university rededicated the including potassium hydrate, ammonia, and color pigment, and air entrainment of 6 per- building as Paul Rudolph Hall. dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPM), neu- cent. Fluted concrete repairs used 3A-inch aggre- tralized afterward with mildly acidic wash. gate; otherwise the formulation was the same. Because the Yale School of Architecture wished RUSSELL M. SANDERS, AIA, is executive vice president and director of technical services with 7. Pétrographie laboratory analysis of a 6-inch to preserve the history of the building, the goal hardened concrete core 23A inches in diameter Hoffmann Architects, an architecture and of the cleaning program was not to make engineering firm specializing in the building was performed in accordance with ASTM everything look new. The sensitive cleaning envelope. He has 30 years of experience in C856 Standard Practice for Pétrographie approach was selective, leaving some paint and exterior restoration and has developed solu- Examination of Hardened Concrete and ASTM graffiti intact while removing unwanted coat- tions for such landmarks as the Chrysler Build- C457 Standard Test Method for Microscopical ings. The program involved a combination of ing, the New York Stock Exchange, and the Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void cleaning products and low-pressure water wash to achieve the desired effect. U.S. Capitol. He can be reached at R.Sanders® System in Hardened Concrete. Aggregate size and composition, color, slump, paste hardness, hoffarch.com. 16. Richard Moe, "Sustainable Stewardship: depth of carbonation, water-to-cement ratio, Historic Preservation's Essential Role in Fight- BENJAMIN SHEPHERD, LEED AP-BD&C, is and air entrainment were evaluated by an ing Climate Change," Connecticut Preservation an associate with Atelier Ten, an environmental independent, off-site pétrographie testing News 31, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2008): 6. and lighting-design consultancy specializing in facility. Compression tests of 6-by- 12-inch 17. Atelier Ten evaluated the project's energy high-performance, sustainable-design projects. cylinders were also conducted off-site at a performance using eQUEST v3.61, an ad- He has more than ten years of experience with testing laboratory, in accordance with ASTM vanced whole-building energy-simulation tool. a wide range of project types for commercial, C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive The new Viracon VE1-2M glazing reduced government, and university clients, including Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. peak space cooling by an estimated 49 percent large-scale masterplans. He can be reached at 8. The American Concrete Institute standard and helped contribute to the building's overall [email protected]. ACI 318-08: Building Code Requirements for energy savings of 14 percent relative to a code Structural Concrete and the 1963 version, ACI baseline building. ELIZABETH SKOWRONEK, AIA, LEED AP- 318-63, both call for "not less than 2 in. of BD&C, is senior associate at Gwathmey Siegel concrete for bars larger than #5 and 172 in. for &c Associates Architects. She was in charge of #5 bars or smaller;" ACI 318-63, Section 808 the restoration of Paul Rudolph Hall and has and ACI 318-08, Section 7.7.1. These publica- The APT Bulletin is published by the participated in work on the Sony Entertain- tions are available through the American Association of Preservation Technol- Concrete Institute. ment Headquarters in midtown Manhattan; the ogy International, an interdisciplinary Science, Industry and Business Library of the 9. The average light absorption of the reflective organization dedicated to the prac- New York Public Library; and Nanyang Poly- iNTERNATioNAL tjca| application of tne principles and pavers was 5 percent, with no unit greater than technic in . She can be reached at techniques necessary for the care and wise use of 7 percent when tested in accordance with the built environment. A subscription to the [email protected]. ASTM C 140. Bulletin and free online access to past articles are ALISON HOFFMANN, MFA, is public- 10. The white granular surfacing meets the member benefits. For more information, visit relations coordinator with Hoffmann Archi- LEED SRI minimum of 78. www.apti.org.

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