LOW CARBON CITIES Framework and ASSESSMENT System
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1-LCCF_Cover•Output_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:33 PM Page 1 BlokKEMENTERIAN E4/5, Kompleks KerajaanTENAGA, E, Pusat TEKNOLOGI Pentadbiran HIJAUKerajaan DAN Persekutuan, AIR 62668 Putrajaya Tel : 03-8883 6000 Fax : 03-8889 3930 Website : www.kettha.gov.my 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:14 PM Page i 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:14 PM Page ii Copyright © 2011 by Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air (KeTTHA) ISBN: 978-967-5893-06-3 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. In an effort to improve this document further, this version 1.0 will be updated periodically. Developed By: In Collaboration With: 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:14 PM Page iii III LOW CARBON CITIES FrAMEWOrk ANd ASSESSMENT SySTEM Foreword t gives me great pleasure to introduce this publication known as the Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System (LCCF). The Government recognizes the need and importance of achieving long term Isustainability in providing conducive environment to the people. Malaysia has managed to launch several policies related to environmental protection. These policies reflect the government initiatives on sustainable growth and development that provide direction and motivation for Malaysians towards greener solutions . Most governments of the world have recognized the need to establish and implement national sustainable development programmes that requires high participatory instruments intended to ensure socially responsible economic development, which protects our natural resources and environment. This document is a stepping stone towards achieving the government vision of seeing Putrajaya and Cyberjaya becoming pioneer green townships in Malaysia as well as towards achieving my pledge made during COP 15. I hope all stakeholders will find this publication useful and informative as I believe that there has been some extensive research and analysis put into place for the development of this document. It must be noted that the LCCF document is one of the first framework and assessment system produced in the region that highlights exactly how cities can reduce their carbon emission levels. I hope this document will also serve as an important source for overall sustainability towards achieving a better quality of life for our “rakyat”. I would like to record my appreciation to the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water and its partners in producing this beneficial document. Thank you. 1 Malaysia “People First, Performance Now” DATO’ SRI MOHD NAJIB BIN TUN HJ ABDUL RAZAK Prime Minister of Malaysia 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:14 PM Page iv IV LOW CARBON CITIES FrAMEWOrk ANd ASSESSMENT SySTEM Message he Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System or better known as the LCCF is a system developed by my ministry. The purpose of this system is to assist our stakeholders such as developers, Tlocal councils, town planners, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) and the public to lower the levels of carbon emission in our cities towards achieving sustainable urban developments. This system serves as a guide that will propel stakeholders for cities, townships and neighbourhoods to re-assess their priorities in the planning and developing of new projects, as well as strategies that can be taken by existing cities, townships and neighborhoods in reducing their carbon emission levels. Besides serving as a comprehensive guide, the LCCF also has an inbuilt carbon calculator with carbon equivalents that would help stakeholders assess their current baseline levels of the cities, townships and neighbourhood and target their intended levels. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the Malaysian Green Technology Corporation, Malaysian Institute of Planners (MIP), Institute Sultan Iskandar (ISI, UTM) and C2C Project Managers for their invaluable support in producing this document. I would also like to commend the editorial team involved in this publication for their dedication and hard work. I hope the publication of this book will further enlighten all relevant stakeholders on the impending need to mitigate climate change, and the importance of responsible urban development strategies. DATO’ SRI PETER CHIN FAH KUI Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Malaysia 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:14 PM Page v V LOW CARBON CITIES FrAMEWOrk ANd ASSESSMENT SySTEM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he Malaysian government is cognizant of the effects of global warming and is committed to addressing this phenomenon. TThe Prime Minister, dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul razak, pledged at the 15th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15) in Copenhagen that Malaysia will reduce its carbon dioxide emission intensity to 40 per cent per GdP by 2020, as compared to 2005 levels, conditional upon transfer of technology and finance from developed nations. On 24th July 2009, the government unveiled the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP), which was a turning point in the country’s history of initiatives on sustainable growth and development. One of many initiatives is to showcase Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as pioneer green cities. In line with the NGTP, the Low Carbon Cities Framework (LCCF) was initiated to provide a framework to achieve sustainable of any size, be they cities, townships or neighbourhoods either new developments that will subsequently reduce carbon emissions. The or existing, to measure the impact of their development decisions document can be used by all stakeholders, in human settlements in terms of carbon emissions and abatement. LCCF is a national framework and assessment system to guide and assess the development of cities and to support holistic sustainable development in Malaysia. It will provide for equivalent GHG as a result of human activities in cities so that there may be awareness towards how these GHG can be reduced. In Part I, the framework introduce and discusses the definition of low carbon cities through the four main focus areas that have carbon impact. The four main focus areas, urban environment, urban transport, urban infrastructure and buildings, are further sub-divided into 13 performance criteria and 35 sub-criteria. Part II introduces the carbon assessment and user manual. The assessment system allows the user to calculate the baseline as well as the reduced carbon count. This count will then translate into a carbon reduction rating for any particular development. LCCF application for cities and developments: The aspiration of the LCCF is to inspire city managers and developers to participate in the mitigation of global warming and climate change through a real time carbon abatement measure. 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:15 PM Page vi CONTENTS FOREWORD FROM PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA iii APPENDIX 72 MESSAGE FROM MINISTER OF ENERGY, GLOSSARY 78 GREEN TECHNOLOGY AND WATER iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 81 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v EDITORIAL BOARD 83 1.0 INTRODUCTION Background of Low Carbon Cities Framework 2 LIST OF FIGURES Purpose and User of document 4 Figure 1.1: COP 15 Commitment by Malaysia 2 A Case for Change 4 Figure 1.2 : LCCF in relation to National Malaysia's Efforts Towards Sustainable Policies and rating Tools 3 development and ClimateChange Agenda 6 Figure 1.3: Lifecycle of A City 4 Concept and Brief Overview on Figure 1.4: Contributors to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)/Carbon (CO2) 8 Figure 1.5: Future Trend of Total residential Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions 6 2.0 LOW CARBON CITIES DEFINED Figure 1.6: Malaysia Involvements in definition of Low Carbon Cities 11 Sustainability Since 1972 6 Sustainable Framework for Low Carbon Cities 11 Figure 1.7: Hierarchy of Framework for Sustainable development 7 3.0 KEY FEATURES OF LCCF Figure 1.8: design Criteria for a Green Performance Based System 14 Neighbourhood in JPBd's Green Elements That Contribute to GHG Emissions 14 Neighbourhood Guideline 8 Approaches for Assessment 14 Figure 1.9: The Greenhouse Effect 9 Application of LCCF 15 Figure 2.1: Elements of Sustainable Cities 11 relationship between Framework & Calculator 17 Figure 2.2: Sustainable Framework for Low Carbon Cities 12 Figure 3.1: Four Main Identified Elements in LCCF 14 4.0 PARAMETERS FOR LOW CARBON CITIES Figure 3.2: Summary of Elements, Performance Criteria Introduction 19 and Sub-Criteria 15 Figure 3.3: Local Authority Level 15 5.0 THE LOW CARBON CITIES ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (LCCF) Figure 3.4: Stakeholder Level 16 CALCULATOR - CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES Figure 3.5: Process and Procedure of LCCF 17 About the LCCF Calculator 57 Figure 3.6: Environmental Performance rating 17 Who Will Use It? 57 Figure 4.1: Breakdown of Performance Criteria The relevance of the Assessment System and and Sub Criteria 19 Calculator 57 Figure 7.1: Colour Codes for LCCF Calculator 69 The Concepts and Principles 57 Figure 7.2: Sample of LCCF Spreadsheet 69 Carbon Neutrality 58 Figure 7.3: Sample of Summary Sheet 70 6.0 RELEVANT CARBON FACTORS LIST OF TABLES Urban Environment 60 Table 1.1: Type of Gases in Atmosphere 8 Urban Transportation 62 Table 4.1: List of Performance Criteria and Sub Criteria 19 Urban Infrastructure 64 Table 6.1: Slope restoration 60 Building 66 Table 6.2: Green Open Space and definitions 62 Table 6.3: Common Carbon Metric for Building Typologies 66 7.0 THE LCCF CALCULATOR USER GUIDE Table 7.1: rating System 70 Using the LCCF Calculator 69 Summary Sheet 70 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:15 PM Page 1 2-LCCF_Inner•LO_Output - English_Layout 1 4/16/12 12:15 PM Page 2 2 LOW CARBON CITIES FrAMEWOrk ANd ASSESSMENT SySTEM INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Low Carbon Cities Framework v.