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Gas Heating with Absorption Heat Pumps – How, Where and Why June 04, 2019

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Gas Heating with Absorption Heat Pumps – How, Where and Why June 04, 2019 Stone Mountain Technologies, Inc. Gas Heating with Absorption Heat Pumps – How, Where and Why June 04, 2019 Michael Garrabrant, President Johnson City, Tennessee, USA www.StoneMountainTechnologies.com Confidential 1 The World Gas Engineers Now Live In “The world is going to end in 12 years” “We need to stop using all carbon fuels, immediately” “The world is going to end in 10 years” “We will ban all gas by 2050” Global Warming! The world has already ended.... Climate Change! MeIting Icecaps! Rising Oceans! Confidential 2 3 Agenda ➢ Types of gas heat pumps ➢ How does an absorption heat pump work? ➢ History of absorption heat pumps ➢ Best applications of absorption heat pumps ➢ Why do absorption heat pumps matter? Confidential 4 Types of Gas Heat Pumps ➢ Gas-Engine Heat Pumps ➢ Heat Engines (Stirling/Vuilleumier) ➢ Adsorption ➢ Absorption Confidential 5 Gas Engine Heat Pumps Photo Courtesy Illios Photo Courtesy Intellichoice Confidential 6 Gas Engine Heat Pumps • COP Water Heating at 75F Ambient ~2.0 • COP Space Heating at 47F Ambient ~1.3 • Commercial Sizes Only (100 to 500 kbtu/h) • Hydronic or Direct Refrigerant Delivery • Very High Capital Cost • Engine Maintenance/Cost • COP Decreases Sharply as Ambient Decreases (vapor compression cycle) • Areas with High Electric Rates/Demand Charges • Most Popular in Japan Confidential 7 Heat Engines Confidential 8 Direct Compression Vapor Compression Cycle Figures Courtesy BoostHeat Confidential 9 Heat Engines • COP Space Heating at 47F Ambient ~1.4 to 2.0 • Hydronic Delivery • Hot end 1000+ oF and psig • Helium or CO2 working fluid (gas) • Very High Capital Cost • System available in Europe at $250/kbtu/h • typical condensing furnace ~$25/kbtu/h • Direct-compression system requires boiler for low ambients Confidential 10 Adsorption Heat Pumps Solar-Thermal Adsorption Chiller Photo Courtesy Climatewell Absorbent is a Solid Confidential 11 Adsorption Heat Pumps • Water – Salt or Water – SilicaGel (cannot be used for heating) • Ammonia – Carbon or Ammonia – Salt • Other exotic combinations...... • Hydronic Delivery • COP Space Heating at 47F Ambient ~ 1.2 • Large Size, Heavy, High Capital Cost • Low heat/mass transfer coefficients, poor internal heat recovery • Normally used for cooling using low-temperature waste/solar energy Confidential 12 Absorption Heat Pumps Figure Courtesy Robur Absorbent is a Liquid Confidential 13 How do Absorption Heat Pumps Work? Confidential 14 How Does It Work? Vapor Compression Heat Pump Gas-fired Absorption Heat Pump COPh = Qcond/Ein = 3.0-4.0 COPh = (Qcond + Qabs)/Qin = 1.4-2.0 Qheat = ~1.1 x Qcooling Qheat = (Qcond + Qabs) ~ 2.5 times Qevap Capacity & COP Remain High at Low Ambient Temperatures Confidential 15 What happens when it gets cold outside? Confidential 16 Pause For A Few Definitions COP (Coefficient of Performance): Useful Energy Produced ÷ Energy Input • Cycle • Gas-Fired or HHV (includes combustion loses) • Electrical Parasitic Included? Beware • HHV or LHV • Ambient Temperature • wet or dry ambient sink • Chilled/Hot Water Delivery Temperature • With or Without Electrical Parasitic Power • Energy Source: Site or Primary Basis 17 Two Commonly Used Absorption Cycles NH -H O Absorption 3 2 LiBr-H2O Absorption* ❖ Cooling COP(SE) = 0.65 Cycle / 0.5 Gas ❖ Cooling COP(SE) = 0.7 / 0.55 ❖ Cooling COP(GAX) = 0.83 Cycle / 0.7 Gas ❖ Cooling COP(DE) = 1.2 / 1.0 ❖ Refrigeration COP(SE) = 0.5 Cycle / 0.4 Gas ❖ Cooling COP(TE) = 1.55 / 1.3 ❖ Heating COP(SE) =1.7 Cycle / 1.5 Gas ❖ Heating COP(GAX)* = 2.1 Cycle / 1.8 Gas ❖ Large Gas-Fired Cooling (100+ RT) ❖ Large Waste/Solar Cooling ❖ Gas-Fired Heating ❖ Commercial/Industrial ❖ Small Waste/Solar Cooling ❖ Residential/Light Commercial * All applications require wet cooling tower * GAX advantage = minimal below 30 oF Confidential 18 Two Commonly Used Absorption Cycles LiBr-H O Absorption NH3-H2O Absorption 2 ❖ Reversible (heat or cool) ❖ Non-Reversible (cooling only) ❖ Direct Air-Cooled ❖ Requires Wet Cooling Tower ❖ Can do Refrigeration ❖ Cannot do Refrigeration ❖ Small Footprint ❖ Large Footprint ❖ Lower Cost/RT in Smaller Systems ❖ Higher Cost/RT in Smaller Systems o o o ❖ SE (220oF) or GAX (400oF) ❖ SE (180 F), DE (350 F) or TE(>500 F) Figure Courtesy Robur Figure Courtesy York Confidential 19 For Remainder of Presentation Focus on Heating Using NH3-H2O Cycle Confidential 20 NH3-H2O Cycles GAX Double Effect Single Effect (SE) Confidential 21 Single Effect Heating Cycle w/Condensing Heat Exchanger Hydronically-Coupled to Building or Storage Water Tank Confidential 22 High Pressure Side Rectifier Vapor To Condenser , 99.9%, ~155 oF Strong Solution from Solution Pump ~ 220 oF 50% NH3, ~ 110 oF 97% NH3 To Absorber o Desorber ~135 oF ~ 120 F ~ 215 oF Solution Heat Exchanger (SHX) Hydronic Fluid Being Heated ~ 100 oF To Sub-Cooler ~117 oF Weak Solution 15% NH3, ~270 oF High Side Pressure 200 – 370 psig Depending on Hydronic Return Temperature Confidential 23 Low Pressure Side o ~ 120 F NH3 Vapor ~43 oF Weak Solution Air o 15% NH3, ~135 oF ~ 105 oF ~ 48 F EEV NH3 LP Liquid Evaporator ~37 oF Refrigerant Heat Exchanger (Sub-Cooler) Absorber (RHX) NH3 HP Liquid from Condenser ~115 oF Strong Solution To Rectifier Coil Hydronic Fluid ~ 110 oF, 50% NH3 Being Heated Low Side Pressure o Solution Pump ~ 100 F 0 - 120 psig Dependent on Ambient Temperature Confidential 24 Solution Pump Very Difficult Pump Application • Solution at or near saturation (can flash in pump) • Often required to pump 2-phase vapor/liquid • Inlet pressure can be at a slight vacuum • Outlet pressure up to 390 psig • Viscosity very low, less than water • Very poor liquid lubricity • Cannot leak • Oil-driven diaphragm or piston pumps normally used 25 Evaporator Boiling Temperature Profile • 2-Component Mixture • EEV Controls a Glide, Not Superheat • Proper Glide Very Critical for Maximizing Performance at all Operating Conditions Confidential 26 Single-Effect Cycle Performance vs Operating Condition Confidential 27 Brief History of NH3-H2O Absorption Confidential 28 First Absorption Refrigerator - 1859 Ferdinand Carré • H20 / NH3 refrigerant pair • Heat – driven • Produced “artificial ice” in large commercial quantities • Patented France (1859) US (1860) Confidential 29 First Residential Gas-Fired Air-Conditioners Bryant, 1962-1970 (COP 0.28 – 0.42) Arkla-Servel, 1965 (COP – 0.33) Confidential 30 Whirlpool, 1965 – 197x (COP - 0.50) Confidential 31 Arkla-Servel, 1968 (COP – 0.48) Confidential 32 Columbia Gas of Ohio, 1972 (COP - 0.40) Never Commercialized Confidential 33 Robur, 1991 to Present 2004 – GAX Heat Pump 0.60/1.26 COP Confidential 34 Energy Concepts Confidential 35 1980 – Almost 40 Years Ago.......... DOE and Gas Utilities Launch Series of R&D Programs to Develop Gas-Fired Residential Heat Pump “Search for the Holy Grail” Gas-Fired COP Goal: 0.7+/1.2+ Cooling Focus – Heating an Afterthought Gas Utilities Want To Sell More Gas In Summer Peak Load Reduction Typical EHP SEER ~5-7 Confidential 36 Columbia Gas of Ohio, 1988 (COP - 0.80/1.55) NH3-H2O Double Effect • High Side Pressure >1500 psig !!! • Abandoned, not cost effective Confidential 37 Battelle/GRI Dual-Cycle (1983 – 1990) SE NH3-H2O Cycle + SE LiBr-H2O Cycle Operating in Series Never Commercialized, Too Expensive/Complicated Confidential 38 Phillips Engineering, 1981 to 2000 ❖3 RT GAX Heat Pump ❖Target 0.8/1.8 COP ❖Proprietary Cycle ❖Proprietary HXs ❖Magnetic Piston Pump ❖DOE Supported Never Commercialized, Too Expensive/Complicated Confidential 39 Cooling Technologies Inc., 1997 to 2003 ❖5 RT GAX Chiller, Target 0.7 COP ❖Proprietary HXs ❖GRI Supported Field Tested, UL Approval, Not Commercialized: Not competitive vs electric air-conditioners Confidential 40 Ambian, 1999 to 2004 (COP – 0.70/1.40) ❖ 5RT GAX Heat Pump ❖ Attempt to Salvage Phillips Intellectual Property ❖ DOE/Gas Utility Supported Never Commercialized, Too Expensive/Complicated SMTI GAHP (2010 – Present) 10 kBth 20 kBth 80 kBth 140 kBth Single Effect NH3-H2O Cycle Focus on Heating only, Reducing First Cost Confidential 42 Best Applications for Gas-Fired Absorption Heat Pumps Confidential 43 GAHP Applications Space-Water-Pool Heating • COP ~ 1.4+ compared to <1.0 for condensing • Cool-Cold Climate Space Heating • All-climate Water Heating • All-climate Pool Heating Cooling not a Great Option, except • “Free Cooling” while Water Heating • Using Waste Heat as Energy source Confidential 44 Residential Forced-Air Space Heating Confidential 45 Residential Hydronic Space Heating Confidential 46 Residential Water Heating ❖ Fuel Sources: Natural Gas, Propane ❖ COP: 1.40 average recovery at 68oF ❖ Expected UEF: 1.20 ❖ First Hour (tank) Capacity: 60-80 gallons ❖ Heating Output: ~10,000 Btu/hr (3 kW) ❖ NOx Emissions: < 10 ng/J ❖ Refrigerant GWP: None ❖ Location: Conditioned or semi-conditioned space ok ❖ Venting (condensing operation): 3/4 - 1” PVC pipe ❖ Condensate management: As per local code ❖ Electrical requirement: 115 VAC / ~1 amp ❖ Supplemental heating capacity: Available for high loads (1.2 kW element) Confidential 47 Commercial Water Heating Food Service, Hospitality, Laundry, etc…) Strategies: ➢ Baseload / Peak load ➢ Extend life of existing tanks With Cooling, COP =2.0 © SMTI 2015 Commercial Space Heating (with or without DHW) Multi-Family, Medical, Office, etc Strategies: ➢ Baseload / Peak load ➢ Extend life of existing boilers Why do Gas Absorption Heat Pumps Matter?matter? Confidential 50 Space & Water Heating Require a lot of Energy Confidential 51 CO2e Emissions eGrid 2016 US Avg Calif. Nat. Gas Baseload vs Non-Baseload
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