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Role of Membrane Technology in Absorption Heat Pumps: a Comprehensive Review

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Role of Membrane Technology in Absorption Heat Pumps: a Comprehensive Review membranes Review Role of Membrane Technology in Absorption Heat Pumps: A Comprehensive Review Jonathan Ibarra-Bahena 1 , Shankar Raman 2 , Yuridiana Rocio Galindo-Luna 2 , Antonio Rodríguez-Martínez 3 and Wilfrido Rivera 2,* 1 Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Col. Centro, Temixco 62580, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (Y.R.G.-L.) 3 Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 August 2020; Accepted: 26 August 2020; Published: 31 August 2020 Abstract: The role of heat pumps is linked to the actions of human life. Even though the existing technologies perform well in general, they have still some problems, such as cost, installation area, components size, number of components, noise, etc. To address these issues, membrane technologies have been introduced in both heat and cooling devices. The present work proposes and studied the review of the role of membrane technology in the heat pumps. The study focuses on the advancement and replacement of membrane in the place of absorption and compression heat pump components. The detailed analysis and improvements are focused on the absorber, desorber, and heat and mass exchanger. The parameters conditions and operation of membrane technologies are given in detail. In addition to this, the innovation in the heat pumps using the membrane technology is given in detail. Keywords: membrane; absorption heat pump; absorber; desorber; heat and mass exchanger; cooling; heating 1. Introduction A membrane is a porous barrier that separates two homogeneous phases of fluids by restraining totally or partially the transport of one or more chemical species present in a homogeneous fluid mixture. Transport through the membrane occurs when a driving force exists between these phases. The processes involving membranes are classified according to the driving force used, such as pressure difference (e.g., reverse osmosis, nano and ultrafiltration), concentration difference (e.g., dialysis and gas separation), electrical potential difference (electrodialysis), and partial pressure difference (membrane distillation) [1]. Membrane technology shows several advantages: Simplicity in operation, high selectivity for specific chemical species, easy to modularize and scale-up, reduction of chemical pre-treatments in the feed solutions and low waste generation, and low energy consumption [2]. For these reasons, the use of membrane modules and membrane contactors has been broadly used in many industrial sectors, especially in the petrochemical industry for hydrogen recovery [3,4], for treatment of textile industry waste-water [5,6], in the production of many medicines and products in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry [7,8], in food production sectors [9,10], in seawater and brackish water desalination [11,12], and many others [13]. One of the new applications of the membranes devices is in absorption heat pumps. An absorption heat pump refers to thermodynamic cycles able to transfer heat from a low to a high temperature. This category includes absorption chillers and absorption heat transformer Membranes 2020, 10, 216; doi:10.3390/membranes10090216 www.mdpi.com/journal/membranes Membranes 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 29 An absorption heat pump refers to thermodynamic cycles able to transfer heat from a low to a high temperature. This category includes absorption chillers and absorption heat transformer systems, and both operate with a working mixture integrated by a refrigerant fluid and an absorbent [14]. The simplest absorption chiller configuration includes a desorber, an absorber, a condenser, an evaporator, an expansion valve, a throttling valve and a pump; additionally, a solution heat exchanger is included in order to increase the coefficient of performance (COP) [15]. The cycle is as follows: A constant heat flux is supplied to the generator until the boiling point of the mixture is reachedMembranes in2020 order, 10, 216 to separate a fraction of the refrigerant fluid in the vapor phase at a high relative2 of 28 pressure and temperature. This vapor is condensed inside the condenser at a temperature close to the environment. Then, the refrigerant in the liquid phase passes through the expansion valve and is evaporatedsystems, and inside both the operate evaporator with at alow working pressure mixture and temperature, integrated producing by a refrigerant the cooling fluid effect. and The an refrigerantabsorbent [fluid14]. in The the simplest vapor phase absorption passes to chiller the ab configurationsorber where includesit is absorbed a desorber, by the concentrated an absorber, ina condenser, absorbent ansolution evaporator, pumped an expansion from the desorber. valve, a throttling Because valvethe absorption and a pump; process additionally, of the refrigerant a solution vaporheat exchanger in the absorbent-solution is included in order is exothermic, to increase heat the coeis produced—whichfficient of performance has to (COP) be dissipated [15]. The to cycle the environment.is as follows: AThe constant diluted heat in absorbent flux is supplied solution, to resu the generatorlting from until the absorption the boiling process point of is the lead mixture to the desorber,is reached passing in order through to separate the athrottling fraction ofvalve the refrigerantstarting the fluid cycle in again. the vapor A solution phase at heat a high exchanger relative (SHE)pressure is placed and temperature. between the This desorber vapor isand condensed the absorber inside in theorder condenser to recover at athe temperature heat from closethe hot to solutionthe environment. stream reducing Then, the the refrigerant desorber heat in the load liquid required phase and passes enhancing through the the system expansion COP. valveFigure and 1a showsis evaporated the P-T insidediagram the of evaporator an absorption at low cooling pressure cycle. and temperature, producing the cooling effect. The refrigerantAn absorption fluid heat in the transformer vapor phase (AHT) passes cycle to the is si absorbermilar to where the cycle it is described absorbed bypreviously, the concentrated but the goalin absorbent is to produce solution a useful pumped heat fromin the the absorber desorber. at higher Because temperature the absorption level processthan the of heat the supplied refrigerant to thevapor system. in the A absorbent-solution constant heat load is exothermic,is supplied heatto the is produced—whichdesorber and the evaporator, has to be dissipated at a relatively to the moderateenvironment. temperature. The diluted The in refrigerant absorbent fluid solution, is sepa resultingrated inside from the absorptiondesorber, and process it is condensed is lead to the in thedesorber, condenser, passing but through it is evaporated the throttling inside valve the evapor startingator the at cycle a relatively again. A high solution pressure. heat exchanger The absorption (SHE) processis placed is betweencarried out the at desorber the highest and pressure the absorber and temperature, in order to recover and the the useful heat fromheat produced the hot solution by the absorberstream reducing can be used the desorber in other heatprocesses load requiredto reduce and the enhancingthermal energy the system requirements. COP. Figure Figure1a shows 1b shows the theP-T P-T diagram diagram of an of absorptionan absorption cooling heat cycle.transformer cycle. Figure 1. AnAn absorption absorption chiller chiller diagram ( a),), and and an an absorption absorption heat transformer diagram ( b). TheAn absorptioncurrent research heat transformer of the absorption (AHT) cycle heat is similar pumps to is the toward cycle described to miniaturization previously, butof the componentsgoal is to produce for small a useful scale heat duty, in thesuch absorber as single at-family higher temperaturehouses, small level buildings, than the or heat automotive supplied applicationsto the system. [16,17]; A constant however, heat the load conventional is supplied he toat the exchangers desorber andused the as evaporator,desorbers, heat at a and relatively mass exchangers,moderate temperature. and desorbers, The restrict refrigerant adopting fluid the isseparated absorption inside heat pump the desorber, in these and fields it isbecause condensed are big in inthe size condenser, and heavy. but In it isthis evaporated respect, the inside membrane the evaporator devices are at a a relatively promising high technology pressure. to The surmount absorption the disadvantagesprocess is carried of the out conventional at the highest components. pressure and The temperature, use of membrane and the contactors useful heat in produced absorption by heat the pumpabsorber systems can be has used been in otherproposed processes and studied to reduce because the thermal these devices energy requirements.provide “artificial” Figure interphase1b shows betweenthe P-T diagram two fluids of an[18]; absorption therefore, heat membrane transformer contac cycle.tors are suitable for the desorption, absorption and heatThe currentand mass research recovery of the processes. absorption The heat aim pumps of the present is toward paper to
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