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AR3A160 Lecture Series Research Methods

The application of solar thermal technologies for in building energy efficiency

Name: Qian LAN Student number: 4185684 Date: 5th Jan 2013

Content

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 2. The benefit……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 3. Use of solar thermal cooling / pump mode…………………………………………………4 3.1 Solar absorption air conditioning ……………………………………………………………… 4 3.2 Solar absorption / mode …………………………………… 4 3.3 Solar photovoltaic cells air conditioning cooling mode……………………………… 5 4. Summery………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5

Notes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Figure Index …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Reference ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

1. Introduction

As we all know, solar energy is a type of clean energy, which was widely used throughout the world. Solar thermal technology also has already become one of the most popular strategies for sustainable architecture design at present.

Since I will use this strategy in my design this time, I become interested in how the application of solar thermal technologies for air conditioning will contributes to the in the aspects of benefits and typology. As a result, I choose this question as my research question, which can lead my design and teach me how to choose the specific technology in the design process with different context.

2. The benefit of “ Solar Energy Using for Air Conditioning”

Why I want to choose the “Solar Energy Using for Air Conditioning” as my research question? As it known to all, one of the most important of sustainable architecture design is saving the energy consumption of the building. The energy consumption of the building meant the energy consumption during the process of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, household appliances, transportation, cooking, hot supply and drainage and so on.

The total building energy consumption occupies 39% - 40% in the whole energy consumption in Europe, but the ratio is different in developing countries. For example, the building energy consumption in China is about 11.7% of the country's total energy consumption in which the northern land energy consumption accounted for 80% of it.[1][2]. This ratio reflects the level of an economic development of a country and people's living standards as well.

Now, for all the architects, the key target is to achieve the improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings, and maximum economic and social benefits by using limited resources and minimum energy consumption, meeting the growing needs, while trying to reduce or eliminate Inherent energy consumption of the building.

The vast majority of industrial and civil buildings air conditioning system is using the compression refrigeration. Its advantage is easy to use, high efficiency, but it also has two significant drawbacks: the first one is the consuming a large amount of mechanical energy, and most of which are provided by the high-grade energy; the second one is the problem of environmental pollution that comes from two aspects: First, the production (CO, CO2, SO2 and NOx) generated by burning a lot of fossil fuels of High-grade energy; second, working fluid CFC / HCFC in will differently damage the ozone layer. Especially the gas containing R11, R12 will particularly serious damage the ozone layer, R22 as well.

Solar energy resources in time changes highly match the dynamic rule of refrigeration air conditioning consumption in time changes. The geographical distribution of solar energy resources in geographical distribution and demand for refrigeration air conditioning are highly consistent. At the same time, solar energy resources are abundant, clean and non-polluted. All above makes solar energy technology become a particularly attractive area of research, and demonstrated unparalleled superiority in terms of environmental protection, energy saving. The application of solar technology in building energy efficiency shows a bright future at present.

3. Use of solar thermal cooling / heat pump mode and its benefit 3.1 Solar absorption air conditioning

Solar absorption air conditioning is a new type of air conditioning technology driven absorption by using a heat source coming from solar collectors. It can be divided into two types: - water absorption refrigeration system and water - lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system. Currently, many countries and regions are stepping up the research of , such as Italy, Spain, Germany, the United States, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, [3 - 4]. In China, China's first large-scale practicality of solar air conditioning hot water system built and put into operation [5]. This system uses two absorption chiller system: 500 m² efficient solar collectors and 100 KW absorption . It uses solar energy to offer the building requirement of daily domestic hot water throughout the year. In addition, in summer, it also uses solar hot water to achieve refrigeration, which can meet the air conditioning requirements of 600 m². This system was put into use In June 1998, the system preliminary run debugging with satisfactory results, COP was above 0.4, which showed that it can save 60,000 KWh only on the refrigeration part for a year. It is possible to recycled refrigeration part of the investment in four years. In another city of China [6], a solar absorption air conditioning system and have been completed, the solar concentrator had total day lighting area of 540 m², refrigeration, heating power of 100 KW, air conditioning, heating and construction area of 1000 m².The results of the test showed that the system is fully equipped with air conditioning in summer and heating in winter, transitional seasons with hot water. For the mechanism of lithium bromide absorption chiller, the COP can be up to 0.7, refrigeration efficiency of the entire system can be up to more than 20%. In Europe, we have multiple application instances, become matures into trial production stage and open up the market. Hummad developed a 14m ² solar collector of double-effect absorption refrigeration unit with five heat exchangers can produce 1.5 tons of cooling, output input ratio reached 1.4, which can have competition with business opportunities to a certain extent.

3.2 Solar absorption refrigeration / Heat pump mode [7 -17]

Comparing with the maturity of the technology of liquid absorption chiller, solid refrigeration has the advantage of unsophisticated structural, high efficiency, low noise, long life, without regarding to the corrosion problem, can only rely on solar line batch cycle refrigeration, at the same time, cost lower and transfer with lower price than the liquid absorption refrigeration. Point of view of the , absorption refrigeration and the refrigeration mechanism is essentially the same. The main difference is that the absorption one uses liquid as the absorbent, while adsorption using solid absorbent as a . Adsorption refrigeration technology began in the early 20th century, when the calcium chloride - ammonia and activated carbon - methanol working pair machine was successfully developed and used in domestic . Later, with the development of the machinery industry, it is replaced by a much larger power of vapor compression and absorption chiller. In recent years, energy consumption crisis happened, and the adsorption cooling system is being rethought.

3.3 Solar photovoltaic cells air conditioning and cooling mode

In recent years, air conditioning and refrigeration of solar photovoltaic cells has also a continuous development. It is taking advantage of the sun light energy into , and then using Pago paste Seoul effect to convert electrical energy into the cold. This technique requires only solar energy. It is a clean way of refrigeration and air conditioning, but having low efficiency, high cost and only a small number of applications. The summer of 1998, the entire residential house installed a building roof combining with high photoelectric PV system in Amsterdam, the near Amersfoot, shown in Figure 1. Fig 01: residential house in Amsterdam, the near Amersfoot

In 1995, Berlin, Germany, Tietgarten Building was completed by having many polycrystalline solar panels installed on the facade of the building, which is remarkably similar to the color and reflective mirror glass. This design had a perfect combination between the solar technology applications and aesthetics.

4. Summery

Energy problem is closely related to the national economy and the environment. Energy-saving and environmental protection is the key to achieving sustainable development. Solar technology is bound to play an increasingly influential role in building energy efficiency. And in my design, I think I will use it since it is a really efficiency way which can long, high efficiency, low noise.

In my site in New York, I will design a UN Headquarters of sustainability Office having a flat skirt with a tower on it. This office is located on the east coast. I believe that I can get enough solar energy from southeast as well as wind energy. I intend to combine solar and local weather conditions and the characteristics of the building structure and façade together, and try to make it a perfect combination between the solar technology applications and aesthetics. Notes: 1 Long Weiding Discussion on building energy efficiency, HVAC, 1999, 29 (1) 31 - 35 2 Yuan Xudong, Chen Shiying. Buildings, green & Air Conditioning, 1999 (2): 32 - 33 3 T YBong, et al. Petformance study of a solar - powered air – conditioning system. Solar Energy. 1987, 39, 173 - 182 4 MR Yeung etal. Performance of a solar - powered air - conditioning sys tem in Hong Kong, Solar Enetgy, 1992, 48, 309 - 319 5 Li Jian Hong 100kw solar refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Solar Energy, 1999, 20 (3), 239 - 243 6 He Zinian solar absorption air conditioning and heating system design and performance of solar, 2001, 22 (1), 6 7 Fengyi Deng solar driven desiccant air conditioning system. Solar Energy 2000, 21 (3): 265 - 268 8 degree of surface settlement and tilt. Outlook due to the the body absorption refrigeration and air conditioning, the development and application prospects. Refrigeration, 2000 (2): 36 - 38 9 Li, such as bamboo, solar water heaters - the realization of the refrigeration composite device. New Energy 1999, 21 (2) 12 - 16 10 king such as bamboo, a potential adsorption refrigeration: Activated Carbon Fibers – AAlcohol. Solar of 1997 (1) 11 A. Erhard. Test and simulation of a sloar powered solid sorption cooling machine. IIR. 1997, 9 12 M. Pons, JJ Guilleminot. Design of an esperimental solar - Powered, solid - Adsorption ice maker, Trans. Of the ASME, Journal of solar Energy Engineering, 1986, 108 (4): 332 - 337 13 M. Pons. Esperimental data on a solar - powered ice - maker using activated carbon and methanol adsorption pair. Trans. of the ASME, Journal of solar Energy Engineering, 1987, 109 (4): 303 - 310 14 0 C Iloeje. Design comstruction and test run of a solar powered solid absorption . Solar Enetgy, 1985, 35 (5): 447 – 455 The 24 Tan Yingke, Feng Yi Cui Naiying. Adsorption solar refrigerator. Solar Energy 1992, 14 (3): 255 - 257 15 Lin Guiping. Yang solid absorption chiller solar Journal, 1997, 18 (1) 22 - 30 16 Teng Yi et al. Absorption refrigeration / heat pump cycle theory and analysis. Solar Energy, 1997, 18 (1), 22 - 30 17 king such as bamboo solid adsorption refrigeration, Key Technology Research Solar Energy, 1998, 19 (1), 20 – 29

Figure Index: Fig03: http://www.pvdatabase.org/projects_viewupscale.php?order=2

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