The importance of Swift's residence at Moor Park to his early writings

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Authors Hoban, Joseph Patrick, 1928-

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319702 THE IMPORTANCE OF SWIFT'S RESIDENCE AT MOOR PARK TO HIS EARLY VfRITINGS

by Joseph Patrick Hoban

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS

In the Graduate College UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 5 8 Univ. of ArizonaLibrary & y / y / / 9 j r &

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APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

Directo<^)f Thesis

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: ' Jonathan Swift resided, at-Hoor Park, as seeretary . to Sir William Temple, from the autumn of 1689 until Temple1 s death in January of 1699% This period of residence at Moor Park was interrupted twice; on each ocoasion he went, to Ireland for a Short time "but returned to resume his previous goat in. the Temple household» ; ;k.; ■k-k ;. . ■ This ten year period, which hegan with his departure frdm Trinity College, Dublin, and ended with his eventual re­ turn to Emhlin as chaplain to lord Berkeley, is of utmost im­ portance in the literary development Of Swift. I t ,was during this residence that ho came into contact with the cultivation . and sophistication that he "believed was. ah sent during his Trinity College day So If was during this time that he felt he had found, in the verse form of the ode, the ideal vehiele through which the world would hear him. It was. during this period that he, leisurely.foilowed; a, routine of avid reading . in the Temple library, association with Temple8s Celebrated visitors, and appreciation of the ease of noble living that ultimately led to his becoming a ngentleman of taste.^ It was during these ten years that Swift became aware of the . mediocrity of his odes as. a means of expressing his brilliant satire and turned his efforts, so successfully, toward writ­ ing in prose form. ' ■ ; y----; ■■ y - As a result of these experiences$ Swift, while at Heor Park, reached the point at which his literary develop­ ment "became of ageo5’ ' . • It is the pmrpose of this thesis to demonstrate that the atmosphere of Moor Park and the association of Sir . William Temple and his family and friends were dominant in- fineness in Swift9s attainment of artistic and intellectual aatnrityv reaching a climax in the pnMieatibn of the Battle of the Books, 'v':' ' ""'v'r. --'v v . The method of procedure will he an examination of the texts of works written hy Swift at Moor Park and of 'bio­ graphical and Mhllographieal material, as well as modern ; eritiealyWorks.®C The/stndy and discussion of these materials is intended to lead to a demonstration that the Battle of the Books was the elimination of an imtelleetmal development which had. been forecast ,in Swift9 s early years and was con- tinned in hia later writings/: ' - : ; , ; CHAPTER II

: . \ : ■. ■ TRIHITY -C0LLEG1 ..PEBiCl)' ■ '■ /f:;; . "

- . . Accounts of early years of Jonathan Swift8 s life ■ . arc aMndant in interesting facts and; conjectures concern­ ing his parentage^ a kidnapping:;:ana his Kilkenny School . dayso However, since these earliest incidents do not seem to have imprinted any stigma, that. carried, oyer to his period ; ' of literary development.at Hbor Park, Swift * s earliest child­ hood years will he omitted in: this thesis0 -P : • For the benefit of those interested in Swift’s an- :a©stry;and;early: ohildhodd, :attenti0n^iS;daiie4it©,i'an article,, hy F* D? pfundy, entitled ’’Ancestry of Jonathan Swift”;1 to .Irvin Efarenpreis’s ”Swift and Mr, John Temple,” and "Swift5 s

' S'. ' / y / - v :: h ' , :■■ ■" 7 Pather”; and to ^Kilkenny to Moor Park” by'John Middleton iterray*^ ■: v ' ■ ■■ ' y ' : Oliver St. John■Cogarty in an essay, VDean Swift as a, Human Being9” , states 9 most', aptly,; his reason for'an omission of the accounts of Swift’s early childhood; . ’’The strange ad-. -vehture of his''imfa#t years when he Was kidnapped by his nurse

'■ ::W0#y(1951) , 381-387. ' ;;v m i x (1947). 145-154.

3mQ,9 CXCXI (1947) , .4 9 6 -4 9 8 ;

^Jonathan Swift, A Critical Biography (Hew Tork, 1955) pp. 13-24,. ' : - : ' y , . ; ' , a M taken to England at tke age of three, and. his mother’s ''■';attitiaae;;tpw'2^;s:.what;::^p^ear5; to he a convenient kidnapping, need not eoheerti us at the moment« We are concerned with his adult years, the heat part ©f whieh Were S.pent at Iffoor , Park, Surrey, in Ingland, the home of Sir, William Temple^ Phis .present' ehapter will’he; -a study of the reaction of B^lft to the seven years, from April ofl682 until early in l o # , 'in,: which he was enrollediin Prinity College, Dublin» Unlike his early childhood years, these years iramediately - preceding his employment at -Moor Park:, are very significant o It was during these years at an Irish university that Swift believed Me Was cheated of .'an educatioh befitting a young gentlman of English aneestry^ ' • ■ . ' ; In order to understand Swift’s feeling for what he believed to be a neglectful college education, we should con­ sider his position (as . a-ward of hisyUnels; G-odwin) at the time of his enrollment plus the academic attitude of Prinity .Uollege" at that, time: ;'.; 1 ' ,7-'; -l't : V i:.'" he (Swift} belonged to a rich and well-to-do - family, but that, on the other, he held the position ■ therein, perhaps, in' great meashre hiddeh from the . , world, and hot on that account the less irksome, of • a poor relafiomo .©mtwardly he had the same education as his GousinSo. But he felt that the eduoafcion,;was : ■ grudgingly bestowed, and doubtless exaggerated; to himself, as most men to placed would naturally do, the degradatidn of the positioner

^Atlantic Monthly, October, 1950V p° 5k* . „ Heiry Graik, Life of :iohatMan Swift (London9 1894) „ 2DV'V ' r---— :, . ■ ; 3

Eieardo Quintana3 celebrated Swift scholar, en­ lightens us concerning the attitude of frinity Sellege in : .Swiftia 'dayt At Trinity College » one seems to ■ detect a . . growing bi11erness ■ t, 0 0 But chiefly it arose from his\(Swift’s) intense aversion to the pedantic and narrowly scholastic atmosphere which in M s time lay heavily about Trinity College$ still . insulated.m§ainst:'thein^ if©rlf-horn of .the;; • . - : Renaissance and established in the course of ’ ■ the seventeenth centuryo For years the new’phil­ osophy and new science had'been stirring at. Oxford : and Cambridge; Trinity College proceeded as. of I- 'I'i old, enforcing. the study of the Greek and Latin . classics, but placing.chiefiemphasis upon the mastery of the,scholastic philosophy.? ' John Middleton Murray tells us: : wSwift was bitterly humiliated by his povertyo As a pensioner, he was nominally - on an eg.ual footing with the average gentleman8s son; but in fact his allowance was so meagre that, he conceived a pas si on- .v.;ateres@ntment-,against his uncle, which he vented on the ' Qv ■ \ : .. ;.«*•' ' . ' • , ' r academic ourriculum«^ ;y . .;, A point suggested by Evelyn Hardy is: "In extenua- : tion of his behavior one must realize that Swift was only eighteen when his, degree was granted him, and the discipline ;©f the Oollege was extraordinarily strict ' ; .Swift8s.,own words, written/later in life, concerning his Trinity days are.: ■ ^ :

"Mi n d and. Art o f : Jonathan .Swift- (Oxford, 1936), p <> 5» . Swift, A 'Critical Biography (Sew York, 1955), p^ 13. -.%h e ' Conjured Spirit (london, 1949), 21<, ; --i 4

■ . :where "by the, ill-treatment of his nearest re­ lations s he (jonathan Swift} was so much discouraged' ' and sunk: in his spirits that he too much neglected some:parts of his, academic studies, for which’he had „ no: great'' .relish: hy nature, and turned himself to reading history and-poetry;: 00 that when the time came for taking his degree of bachelor, although he lived with great regularity and due observance of ,, the statutes, he was stopped of his degree 'for ’ ,v: dulness and insufficiency; and at last hardly ad­ mitted in a manner little to his credit, which is called in that college sneciall, gratia° And this discreditable mark, as I am. fold,. stands upon • record in their college r e g i s t r y . hiterally, /Voiumes of r esearch hay.© been compiled ‘ . eoneerning the extent of the bitterness held by Swift for . / .Srinlty: College 'because^ of: the. degree, speclail. gratia & , S Similarly, volumes have been written about Swift’s'neglect of certain academic studies and about his conduct as a. ; . .student during his college'dayso . The difficulties that. .arise; concerning these college ’ days oeeur when one attempts to evaluate the findings of the /' 'Scholars'' who later wrote ^authoritative# accounts of Swift, the student. However, there are certain facts that the vast '' " : .:; ; : - v ' . According to John Forster, renowned biographer of ' : Swift, an extract from the senior lecturer's book in Trinity : Soil eg e informs us of Swift's enrollment: ” on the twenty- ; ,'fdurth ofAprilg:':l6.82$ from the school of M r » .Ryder' at Kilkennythere were admitted into college as pensioners9 under; the tmition of St, George Ashe;, ' Thomas Swift,, son of

The Works of Jonathan Swift, D<,D., Appendix, "Anec­ dotes of the Family of Swift,?5 ed„ Walter Scott, Esq,, (Edinburgh,' 1814) s I, xiv, , 5

Thomas, aged, fifteen years. Idorn in Oxfordshire8; and 8Jonathan Swift, son of Jonathan, aged fourteen years, horn in the county

of.mblim.8^ ;.V'- : ' . SOcords of Trinity Oollege, in addition to the be­ stowal of his degree, hlso Inform ns of W o h^blic cenSnres inToiving;Swift<, : The first, dated a year after the degree, . iss e,5iro Warren, Sir Swift senior, Sir Swift junior, Web, Sredy,' Series and Johnson the pensioner, for notorious neglect of dnties,.; and freqnenting the t own, were admonished6f?^2 • The second offense was:'"Contumacious and contemptu­ ous conduct to the junior dean (Owen Lloyd}', whereby dis­ sension was'/created in the college; and for this 8Sir Web$ ; Sir'Sergeant» Sir Swift, Maynard, Spenser, and-Fisher,? were -to be.-suspended; the principal offenders, 'Sir Swift and Sir Sergeant,5 being.directed publiely on their knees to beg ; -pardon^ of; 'the - dean:o'' : v 1 -.:' ' ; v. - By this second, grawereensra’e nothing is really established because subsequent study ff the'records has. not disclosed' which Swift, Jonathan or ©ousin Thomas,' was aetu- - ' ally inTOlyed ;6r if the public pardon was ever asked0 How­ ever , twenty years later Swift published an abusive portrait Of Owen Lloyd (the junior dean of the second censure} and his. wifethis action has supported the claims of scholars

1:Llife of Jonathan Swift fHew York, 1876) 9 ppQ 41-42 ° 12For|terV;'p0; 4S>;.: ^^Forster, p» 14* ' , ; - ' ^ T h e -Works of Jonathan Swift ^ Scott, IT, 154-159« 6

wjfcio believed Jonathan Swift to be the one involved0 ■ \ ■' Despite the fact that actual records ©r Swift8 s own remarks have shed rather little light on;the subject . ofhis.college day8$ many scholars have put seme small fac­ tual items together, plus letters and remarks of Swift’s 'oontempofariesp In additioh they have often supplemented, these with pure conjecture in .an effort to give us a more eomplete picture of Swift's life as a student! Samuel Jdhnson made the following remarks about Swift at IrIni ty G oilege: ' : : ■ ' In his/academical studies he was either not ' V diligent or not happy„ vIt must’disappoint every reader’s expectation, thats when;at the usual . time : he claimed the Bachelorship of Irts, he was found by :the examinersVto© conspieuously deficient for regular admission, and obtained his degree by : ... special favour; a term used in that university to denote want of merit „ , . . ' ^ ' .■ ' :; - Of this degree, it may easily be supposed that : , he was much ashamed, and shame had its proper effect in producing reformation^ He resolved from that time to study eight, hours, a: day, and continued his industry for seven yearss. with what improvement is ' - sufficiently knowno3-^ : ■ .

■ , . The first nSwift scholar^ to enlighten the literary world concerning the student gwift was Lord Orrery, who knew . him;during :t he last six or .seven years of Swift * s:lif e9 Orrery declared; 'I If;!' ■ ■ , ■ I- \He:' livedo there ■ (Trinity) in perf ect regularity, ' and under an entire obedience to the statutes: but the moroaeneSs of his temper '.often rendered him • . " Very'unacceptable to his companions; so that he : was little \ regarded; and' less, beloved 0 Nor were ' ' ■ ! the academical ;exercises agreeable to his genius, ' : • He held logic and metaphysics in the utmost, contempt;

•*-,%orks of Samuel Johnson, ISSD,, edc Arthur Murphyj, liqT”Ilondoi^ l810} , ZI, 2 0 ,/ . ' and he scarce considered mathematics and natural philosophys unless to turn them into ridieuleo The Studies which he'followed' were history and poetryo In these he made a great progress; but ; • to all other branehes of. seience he had glTen so very little application, that when he appeared ' ; as a candidate for the degree of Batchelor of 'ArtSg' he was set aside oh account of insuffieieneyV Ton will be surprised at such an. incident in his life; but the fact'was undoubtedly true: and . even at last he obtained his admission special! , gratia: a phrase which in that Unlyersity carries ■ with it the utmost marks of reproacho It is a . ' ; :.,hihd; of dishonour able degree, and the record of - ' it, notwithstanding Bro'Shrift?s present, established . character throughout the learned world, must for ever remain agaihst in the academical register. . ; at/'Bublinov/-. : ^ o o o Swift was full of indignation at the treats . .menti which he had received in Ireland; and therefore ; resolved to pursue his studies at OxfordorUowever, : that he might be admitted ad eundera, he .was obliged; • to carry with him the testomonlum of his degree0 : The expression speciall gratia Is so peculiar ' to the 'D’niversity of Dublin~, tliat when Mr0 Swift exhibited'his testimdnial at Oxf ord, the members of the English university concluded, that the words Speciall gratia must signify;a':,degree conferred in ', reward of extraordihary' diligence, or learning„; „z You may imagine, he did not try to undeceive them. BrrIBelany,' a famous tutor of:. Trinity, wrote, an , account of the degree "which Swift hath been often heard to say, was owing-' to his being a dunce” ; ^ andi . that : he - looked down upon the study of Greek and hat in to be down- right pedantry and beneath a gentleman56; and that Swift believed "poetry,' plays and novels, tp be the only polite accomplishments.: ; ;

: '' ^lohn. Earl of Orrery, Remarks on the Life and Writ~-'. ings of Dr. Jonathan Swift (London, 1752}, pp. 10-13" ; y : 1^Forsfer, p. 43. :; - ' - v, .. ■ , : "/y,.:.;. i%©rster, p.» 43. ; ' ’ ‘ Deane Swift (grandson of G-odwin) ? ten years after ttie death.'- of Jonattian Swift, wrote that he had aoettsed his great kinsman of being idle daring his college days: , But he accused me to the contrary; declared that tie could never understand logic,.physicss meta- : physics, natural philosophy, mathematics, or any­ thing of that sort; but i will tell you,' sald tie, the best part of it all was, when 1 produced by testi- monials at Oikford in order to be admitted ad eundem, ttiey mistook special! gratia for some particular . ' strain of compliment whicti I had received from the • University of Dublin on account of my superior merits and I leave you to„guess whether it was my business : to undeceive thepi« , :: f , ' V - ■ , ■ . ' ■ ;; v The reader can now see ttie origin of Lord Orrery5 s story about• the ignorance of Oxford Donse Heither Orrery's nor Deane Swift8s evidence • is too creditable, however, be­ cause on a copy of Bwift's Trinity degree, which appeared in Deane Swift8s own volume, the "special grace" does not ' 21 ' ■ ■ : ' ' ; ' v " appear0. In other words a special! gratia degree was not uncommon and being as valid as any other degree was entered in the sam e manner * , . . . • ; . . - : Several, scholars; in more recent time have: produced .: analyses of Swift * s college period that seem rattier more detached and reasonable0 Among these are Henry Cralk wtio ■ saidn;' v; ' : v;' ; . : .■ . .: - vi- f;-.; ■ .:' ■ i;• ' In Swift ’s own' words, it Is plain, 'there/ is nothing' • either of extravagent self-depreciation, or of-in­ dignant censure of the system under whicti these student days were ledo : Be neither slurs over the discredit, .- such as it was, nor makes it a matter of'undue regret."

^Borster,,,p# 44= PI Forster, p® 44= 9

He explains it3 as the result partlyofhis own natmral inclination, partly of the gloomy cireum- stances in whicji He was plaeeHj but lie is careful to accuse himself neither of arrogance nor-of mis^ : conducta That his reading was at the time1.desul­ tory is only what we might have ourselves divined. Ewif18s was not a mind which would readily find. • . contentment in the fixed studies of any ordained , curricmlm0 ' The difficulties that occur in regard to his college career^however® arise from the . glosses of later a u t h o r i t i e s o ; . . Eieardo Quintana 9 also, warns me against jumping at eonclmsions about' the degree of bitterness held by Swift in his later life for Trinity College» ; . A t , Trinity College' o,«, there' is nothing to show , . '.whether ;as a Student he gave promise of future

' literary power 0 = 0 Starved genius would take its • . revenge; the satiric impulse had already been im­ planted o It would, be a grave error, however s to ;. :: conclude that bitterness had gained ascendency over young Jonathan ^wifto The humour that twisted at , the lips belied thato His contempt was an energetic, life-breathing thingo And there was eagerness every- : . where about Mm, for the world was to conquer023 - Garl Van Dorem believes: " ' r .ilfhat the dispassionate records show is that the special grace by which heawas admitted to the degree was an indulgence0 A part of his work being .' unsatisfactory, he might have been required to wait "another yearol: . He was, instead admitted 6# his- . general' standihgc. n' ' '. : .; ,, o o oAt twenty-one Swift, born to act incessantly$, had not yet played a part in ahy actions except those whieh went on inside M s own mind» Straitened : in school and eellege, he had neyertheless been safe. The Revolution, which shook the hold of the English colonists, drove him hurriedly from Ireland to a ,

^%raik, Po 1 6 , ' 23%uintana, p* \ . •. 2% a r i Van Doren, Swift (Hew York, 1930), p 0 101 10

V ipassliig refuge with M s mother in Leicester o - He : .v ■ never tkemgHt ef Himself as IrijSfej a M always ; reaemted., if if others;^hQught him so0 Though he hat heen .horn in Irelands he had been a member . :;0f the English gentry planted, .there to rule it» He left;beeause the aborigines9 6 the savage old . Irish* he bailed them, had risen to overwhelm, - their eonquerors o ' He was only returning. to his true eomntryvt© mahe M s fortune amont his true . , ; - ';:eompatriots,25;:; There is another imeideatj although it is supposed to have oeeurred during Swift*s jears as Dean of St= Patriek9 s in Bublin„: that reflects upon his attitude toward his college edueationo Most Swift scholars refer to it only in a pass- ing'' remark , wh.® u : di seussing Jonathan * s relationship toward his Hhdhe 'godwin0 . V ; .' W'; There is a story aurrent that onoe at a dinner ■ : : . table in Hublin Swift spoke disparagingly of this / unele (Sodwin) y: and was ihterrupted by another - hlergpian-who asked ? *Did he :not give you your r.:i . education?9 eY.ess 9 Swift is reported to have , ; : . . answered, *he gave me the education of a dog, * iz . : :* Then 9 Sir sh you have not the gratitude of a dog, * V.. Stephen Gwynn« a biographer of Swift 3" says: W, , ,this story bears all the appearance of a retort invented by some-* , ■ one who would like 'to have made 11, ^ ^ -' " .' . >" i . r - The later biographers and critlcs of Swift9 as was mentioned above,.do not seem to be concerned with the veracity of the Storys ,nor with its value as evidence of. Swift5 s • ?fbitternesspf:l; Therefore 9 I am quite certain that Stephen

:■ ■: 25'Tan;'Sorenp p» ''1^0 ^ ' ' ■;:! ; 2^Stephen (3wynns life and Friendships Of Dean Swift (Hew Torkp 19B), Pv ■ _ '■ > :

^ :7 V 9 ; -V :' ■ ;}■ : : y V ' Gmjim is justified in his. analysis, and concluding state­ ment relating to the incident. ; From the preeeding discussion of Jonathan Swift’s period at trinity College, Dublin, it would appear that he did not,reserye, during his later, life, any deep degree of bitterness toward the education extended to him at the Irish university0 It is true that he must have been con­ siderably upset and depressed when he entered Trinity due to his 15poor relation” status in the Swift family». He mentions this; in his own account of college 0 Apparently this mood of Mdiscouragfflent:F affeeted his studies, for he seemed to have sought reiief in the reading of history and ; poetry e Buch an escape could hardly be termed unreasbnable ■ for a young 1 college: student few students with some emo­ tional disturbance evolving froia the family would, seek re­ fuge in the study of scholastic syllogisms and trigonometric functions., ' i.": ' v .i1'-A ■ ■ :.iegardihg the • OenSuies he received, two censures from, college authoriti.es during an entire college career • . is far from heinous, and since neither offense, as recorded, . : even suggested a gfavity that would warrant possible expul­ sion, they.were probably forgotten as easily and effortlessly, as are censures of students; in today*s colleges 0 . ;:. In reference to the "meager” allowance given Swift during these years, it would seem that here was a real thorn : in his side. He was attendihg the same College at the Same time as was his Cousin Thomas whose status ih the Swift family was eerfain and established and assuredly not that of "poor relation0J? In all probability, Jonathan suffered most in this situation6 He was as mueh a gentleman as his eousin hut without the mehns to demonstrate it, . Swifts himself? tells us that the degree3 specjali

gratia, was a $idiscreditable mark.n To a person of Swift8 s nafiwe hrllllanees this must indeed have been a matter of no little chagrino However, he did not excuse it as a fault of any, save his own, wdulness,R . . v Oonsequently, it would appear that Swift„ feeling ' that he was in reality, an English gentlemana who by unfor­ tunate eireumstanee Was obliged to attend an Irish (and to an Hnglish mind neeessarily inferior) university, at the expense of am unele he disliked, with a eousin whose social status was established, and crowning all this activity with a sort of second =-elass degree =■» he was probably quite de=» .lighted to leave Ireland aid eventually secure a post as . ■ seeretary to 't he distinguiShed Sir William ■' Tempi e at loor, . Parko For these reasons Swift resented his Trinity period, and for these same reasons he more than eagerly,relished the atmosphere that would surround him in the Temple house- QHAPTSR III

■ .• Swift ? s residenee at Moor Park lasted<, with two ' . - ' . iatsrrmptions, fr0M l6S9 ^ttll l©mple*'S death ih January of, 1699o. , .These two intervals. both . of whieh involved vl1s . to Irelamd, enable us to divide the Moor Park residence into ■;thrho • dlhtiugtilsMhle • peylods 0 :■ The. first lasted a year and : . ended-ih May of 1690 when Swift was advised to return to Ireland for matters of health., ' He - returned to Moor Park at ’ ..the end ■ ©f 1691 and remained .until May of 1694 when he onee again, visited Ireland ? this tiiite to take Orders in the Churoh of England.o The third and final period extended from his . . ’

return in thO spring of 1 6 9 6 until Temple8s death early in the •. year^l699o^/' vi;;' -vs This .ehapter will be a dlseusSion of Moor Park it­ self 9 Sir William aiid the Temple household<, Because these ;• three influences »» the eaployer9 the,estate and the other

memhers who resided there ~~ were important ihvSwlftis 1 =;• ;-:l;", : lit erary' development ,9' it - is, neeessary ^. to study them • as a . background for the effect they attributed to the eventual artistic, maturity of Swift„ t • Homer EA Woodbridge gives us one of the best descrip­ tions of.Moor Park, . the^estata:, V ^ ; 9

■'■Quintana, pp. 6-8. . ■ Moor Park- is near Farnam-, '"©loBe ' to the western v.:' ■ .boundary of Surrey 0 ' Farnam Is still a quaint little : towns ©veflooked by an old eastle on the hill; the Busk Inn 9 witii irmyard and 1 ,oross~timberecl galleries 9 is;said-,:to date from 1 6 © 3 9 and tbere are ‘'a-varE^er 'V;'; • of other seventeenth eentury buildingso Moor'Park ; lies about a mile and a half from tJae tovms on the , road to Waverley Abbey 0 The bouse was formerly ; kiown .as ::©oiiit©n':'H^ or;::Ebdr;':Hall'°.. Temple evidently ' " reamed it. in honor of Moor Park in Hertfordshire, where he spent M s honeymoono It was partly re- built by TempleSs great-grandson^:Basil lacons who . /Owned- it :from.: 177©' to his death in 1775 = Widefronted$ with ho per tic o but with a projecting bow surmounted by a gable 9 it stands on the lower slope of Crooks- v bury - Hill j, which, rises: behind it $ .rather steep and. heavily wooded with Oak and ' beech. and. fir; The house, faces west across the yalley of the little riyer Weyy toward- another .long wooded hill; to the south it ■/ look's up the gently sloping vail ejo Over the east: -;/' . ■; dbOr, ah ' inscription from Virgil .probably . placed' there by Temple may still be read; ieus• hobis haeo otia fecit

4 fine lawn with scattered trees s: irregularly terraced 9 ■ slopes: ;down:/1 o;,:the; river, here only, seven, or eight feet- .wideo : The summer house :associated with Swift stood on a little point of land beside the streamo A huge fir near the house is said to hate been set out by Temple himself 6 In the garden stands the - sundial/under which)'in accordance with a prOTision Of Templeh will, his heart was buriedo Earlier descriptions mention a canalj which has not dis­ appeared, along one of the terraces, and a bowling ' ; green near the kitchen gardeng where King William, according to tradition, played at bowls with his old friendo. To the south along the hill slope a path . rums for thre.equarters ■ of a Mile hhfough the - woods to:^Stella’s Cottage , 6 which- stands' on the road near ..the-entrance to'WaTerley Abbeyo2,'. ; ■ ;

Most Swift scholars feel that Temple 8 s library at Moor Bark 'contributed a great, deal toward the literary ahturlty: Of SWif tel.:-;llicardO:/%ii:htaha. says: : ■ .. ’ ■ i.-;;- li -'/;-/ :' .: Einally, there was Temple’s library and the • . 1 e 1 sure"to .use- ito Sv/ift read ten, hours .a hay,:' . v we; are told, -and we' dan well believe it,

2Homer lo Woodbfidge, Slr lffllliam Temple, the Man and his Work (Hew York 1 1910). 001211-215. ; : .V:V . ' 15 wealth of al^^ % 1 @ of a Tab is not its least ;ast©^ishi^!Vfeatnfeo' But „ as has often "been :: ^ointeh otit 9 W l f t ;Was neTer ovezwhelited hy his ' ' ' - - ' reading<, Of all his works, Gulliver * s Travels has . . • been studied- with; greatest persistency ;, yet the :' ,.v; sourees^: Vfhieh have here: been disolosed are chiefly ■ ' of interest for , shoxving with what tramSSetiilggg' • : : ' - originality Bwift handled, his borrowings0 He was . .newer .a mor e vdraei ons reader than during his third 1 residence at Mnor .Park, and at the same - time;'-never- : - so charged with intellectual energy and independence =, , ' i, full list of the books which he read at this period . would be inhere sting I; whether it would oast mueh ' new light upon these first exultant years of : . : awakened genius is doubtfulo’ A great deal must have been deposited in his mind as wall as in his coiamon”-' plaee -books9 but it was his originality and energy, • , ■ \l:v sustained and heightened, to be sure, in the. library, ; ' :i-; that ehiefly counted63 1 ;.:’ v;V'':' " ,; ; :;1 ■ ■ h - - Edward Bensley informs us; "A list of books is in existence which Swift read at Moor. Park in 1697? and the

. early part of 1 6 9 8 0 Xt was printed in Sheridan9s Life of ^ ;t-Srift;8v;::6 We X. imagine, ' feel .fairly' ©ertain .that 'most 1 of these books were in Temple? s librarye ^ , / ■'Jdhn'Ihister ^als©:, tells us 'Of Swift8s generous use- Of the Temple library aid lists many books that were probably found there: ' ' ' ' . ‘ . :%11' this is proof that 'Swift did ■hot live idle dayh; at Moor Park; and his own memorandum of one , y'': ' :vyear^Of'- hlsir@adihg:lifr(tt''7th 'lanuar^ iahtiaryiy' •lS97s»;9S,' shows a strenuous employment of his - : , leisUfe0 ' He; had read the Iliad and Odyssey of Homef ^ • I Virgil twiceV and an elaborate edit ion^ofHo ra ee, - ; eminently a favorite with him. Thrice he read ■ lucretius, and thrice Lucius Floras, PetrOnius Arbiter, ■' the •first volume of Aelian, Cicero's Epistles, and

^%uintana^ p . - lAp - '•'■'•/Vl " :' ' / ^Edward Bensley,. ,JThe .Library at Moor' Park/' N&Q, GXL i f : /' ■ ;; i c ■ , ■ ■ the Ghat’jahters Of Theophrastus0 " Of Inglish books he had read the folio translation of Thucydides by Hobbess • ' ■ making an abstract of it9/ which..was an excellent : . : : habit he had; and three other folios «= Lord Bishop Burnet8 s Reformation^ He had made abstracts of Sleldan*s Oommentary on the Reformations of •Father " : • ■ • ^ Paul, ts Decrees - of the . Council of Trent 9 of Cyprian .and IrenaeuSj and c^Wlodorus'81 ouluSo And9 in addl- . ■tion to several out-of-the-way voyages and travels, and curious French books, the same yearys reading • i comprised Tempi e3 s Memoirs -and intr odmct i on .to V. • • h-Hlstofy, Sir John Davies On the ;0otil, .two volumes of French Dialogues of the DbadT^and^two volumes of . Essays by Jeremy Golliero o 0^ ' '■ ,v: ' ; ■ - " Thus, it wptiid'seem that even the- ©state of Moor Park itself contributed towardv Swift8 s:literary development« Her e: SWift wasemployed and living . in the household of one of the leading statesmen of the day0 The estate offered Swiftxa residence in am atmosphere that he undoubtedly felt was necessary, and fitting to his station as a young English gehtleman.$ : as opposed:: to;:what: he-feltvwas :a: previously in~ f efior habitation at . Trinity College =, Moor Park .contained anexceptional library, and we; have:'seeh:that Swift made excellent use of :ito :' , . . ■ ..h -;; , y- ; ' : Concerning Sir William Temple? neither his eon-. ' ' ' temporary 'nor: hls later critics are in complete r agreement a. • i He has been described as- both a.pompous and an affectionate gentleman, as an epicurean in principle and practice and as adhering to the orthodox religious practices of the dayy ?as;;a,. successful statesman and as a political f ailure who-

^ F o r s t e r p p o 113-114. 17

V; 1 .sought eseape in' retirement-0 ; Before : stedying the' various ap^raisalg of Temple * s eri tios g we should con sider a very :■ d^rief :• history 'of his;: ptiblie life, before his retirement' ; ■ , ; to EoorXBark:: .. .: : : , : ; : ' - ' : : Born in 1628, he had been drawn into diplomatie • ; / affairs in 1665, when King Charles and lord Arlington r : r : „ . then .'secretary of state, had sent to the continent: ... i ii ; : tO' negotiate a treaty wlth the bishop of Munster0 ■ 1 , Temple acquitted himself well, was created a baronet, appointed resident at the' vice-regal' court at ' : \ ;■; , ::Bria.ssel So..: -‘.in. 1668 heachi eyed' lasting fame for; hi a ■'; : t ■ •' display of 'diplomatic skill during the negotiations ti":.' ' which led to the Triple Alliance0 Afterwards he : ; proceeded to The Hague as English ambassador, hut ■ \ /' his career as a statesman, begun so brilliantly, went to pieces on the rocks , of Stuart intrigue0 . ' The Triple Alliance.fell before Gharles*s secret : ' ■ - ' ; ; Treaty of Dover, : Tempie was. recalled, and .war broke ',1. out between England and the States General» In I'v'.v 1674, the war at an.eni, he again accepted the . : embassy at The Hague, . where Temple and Lady Temple vl. wer© received graoioixsly.by the prince of Orange, ' 'X;I//;:i .XX ■ whose marriage in 1677 to Princess Mary was foiwarded ■. : X. ':,X by Tempie8s offieeSo . Bmt despite his commanding ;; :: : ■ position and thegeneral coafidehce which he enjoyed both at home and on the continent, his powers for V' X'h'iy' gbodXwere; limited — how severely Temple knew only .. ■" : too well — by X the'•sordid interests of the king and 1

; ;■ AX his councillors 0 In 1677 Gharles summoned . him home' : X X/ X; ■■ to London and urged .'on him the. offlce of secretary of , ’ 'X- ' stateo ‘ Temple refused the offerV Again in 1679, at yX ■ ' a time of crisis, he; was recalled, again he was urgedX X • X:',y. to fake office and again he refused0 Shortly there- XlXy ■X-X' : after he withdrew. to the country (Moor Park) ■■ to eul- ; >: ' ... tivate his gar demand take up his writing 0 From - this retirement none of the ensuing events of . :,. ' Charles’s reign or James’s could draw hifflo Hot even the arrival of William and Mary, w ^ s e trust.Xbe. en~ : X X :X .joyed and by whom he was urged to.re-enter public y.•' 7: y Xllfe,.faltered his, resolutionob '':-'..XxX',;-X. X , .X’-XX. " .X:

X: Tm p l e :is; usualiyxtfeated jX by his critics, in a ■ i:;:. ;three-fold position, that/of moralist, historian and critic* ; f:;

:%hihtana:, ■; pp 0':1 v; IS

■, £31am Harbmrg, S3.3?k» noted, biographer of Sir WilXiam Temple, : - .says9• in referring to M m in the role of moral philosopher: \ V-'' 1 Temple ;Conid::B.ot share the faith of the seienti-'; . ■ fie rational!ats9 who believed that intelligence ' might finally discover the laws of life? for his ' own experi enoe? told him that thi s was not possible; : , o o afhe libertin philosophy„ which finally accepteds found support itt: the moral philosophy, of the classical \ writers, . as, well as, in the: seventeenth-century code ; : of therhBnnete 'homme. 1 o- Temple, then, put his faith' -l ■, in the summuBi bonum vouched for the Spicurus, Montaigne, Charron, Sai nt-Evremond s and other great llbertins ■ , .when, after a tr©nbl.es©me political career',- h e :gave'.'■ ', ; ^ ' up worldly designs, and, instead, looked.into him- :; ; self, consulted t he - ancient philosophers , considered vthe^thoughtS'; of :;'hla:' eohtemporaries,: and rpurbued' -y-. .■y-. ':'y • . »the mostexqulsite delights of sense'oooin the 11 :: '' - t contrivance and plantation of gardens07 • .f': .-I ;,' Concerning Sir Wiliiam Temple, the eritie, Mrs0 Kirk says: .. One is tempted to associate femple, a libertin in thought, with the eighteenth-century philosophers s '..•v.K. since, in his insistence on, the emotionsl. rather \ ., '■:v': y”"': than the didaetie function ofllteratur®, in his : v: ■: ■ i :scorn of the old,.external rules of poetry, and in '1 .■ his way of looking upon art as relative to Certain . "y ■ ' ’ t yyperiods arid nationSs. he was not in sympathy with : . ... ' the prevailing: critical beliefs of France and.: - Snglandj at which he glanced with mild aloofness0 His approach to an understanding of questions, like ./: hi s approach to ah yukderstanding of the past , •was - that of the amateur fphilosophers8 skeptical of labstraetytheories^yready t©;:reconsider accepted.:; -■ ■■'■I ideas in .the light of a certain libertine attitude life, which grew out of the reading and conversation ' of this experienced, man of the worldo® 'v . And speaking of Temple in the role of historian, v' ;3irs0■:K iik .■ tells;.: iisty; :: y:/'v' ;,:•'h :Vy

y’;!'- yy iKirk), Sir William f emple, a ■ Seven^ teenth Century "libertin" {New""Haven, "”l932), pp0 2/j>-25 •y • ' - ' SMUrburg :fKirk:l,y.;pty92y;;.t ^y:'■ y:;y yy.f;y ,y .y- ■ y'y 19

The attitude of this easy-going man of the world, ... '. ; toward the Quarrel of the Anoients and Moderns^ then $ ‘ . ; . eartmot be understood if ©he considers only his ©plm- . lorn: ©f t he >9hew. ;sei'ehee.^ ^ 'the'- importan ee;: of: 1 whi oh he .■ : ' did hot ih the .least nndergtahd<, „:.»Temple maintained ; not that the, ancients were superior to the moderns^ ;bmt that the moderns were not superior to the ancientss , • sinee men do not change-though customs varyo Temples rV-' ■•t:!,'■■■ enlargedthis eonoeption,' by furnihg to the supply: of- ■ : ■ ;l'.v hew material imtroduGed to the reading phbllo by • ;r::;;; - travelers^ merehant.s9 and .ambassadorso This moraliz- ; ; ; ■ ing. historian found3 among the accounts of the Chineses , Peruvian, Soythians and Arabian civilizations which ha ;y: i, • ';:v' had,made their way doiivn to the remote retreat of Moor' ; ■ Parks concrete examples of .his cherished thought that ' • , , perf:eetion is not permanently attained in one place , . • : A : ■' or oiie period, but is approached now in this part - • of the wofids now; in that, only to depart again, lear- . ing 'few if .any, signs'of-: gr e a W behind for men to Ip / .,;maryel ^ v:;' ' : : /y ■ :i : ; :/ - ■■'; ; ' " , ; ■ in light of the above interpretation of Sir William ' 1 '' ;T%#le' hs a. moralist, oritic and historian, one*would wonder ; ; :;as firs ;Sirk-t pointg. out^ !why Temple:, during his retirement\ ■ , at Moor Park, .wrote ah essay defending the ancients against ■: ; the modernSo Ricardo Q,uintana agrees with her libeptin. ihterpfetation and pfoeeeds to explain Temple*s attitude ■ ahd: reasoning; axiittle .mofe fuily?;:v ■ ' : ;■ x • x-.; . :’l a.:x:i.;..:xi;:-x.: Temple, as has recently, been shown, was in fact' .. :"vx%:.':'x - a seventeenth^century libertin, of all the English i'-x . .assayistS of the time the most.thorough-going in - ':;X.x;x:X' y : xhis. espousal of an epieurean; aoeeptance of the ■ .^x fx ; x: pas si ons o o o To us who look back upon the seventeenth ,x;;x::. X x: QeBtury'as -a xperi©dx::durihg which- the f oundations : xx . ;x ■ xxx: ' of modern sciences were being laid with such mag- . X;xxxx.X'-X.xx . nifioent energy Temple1s dismissal of natural phil" x: x; "xxxxx osophy may seem naive1 and a. bit contemptible» It was'': ; ;x,xv xx./ .'not,- Boerates had affirmed much the same belief as x;/ --xx ':x'x:.x ■ xx " 'With the awakening of scientific ir° xx--' x ;; terest at the Renaissance the claims of moral phil- x 'x , 'x osophy . to an importanee superior to any which the ;.

%farburg (Kirk)ppt 70-71 = 20 investigations of natmre could show were again advanceds; to be maintained many thronghouf /■: ■ ' :;V' tb©: seventeenth century* Temple$s ignorande of seientlfie progress appears unforgivable to : us because, in this respect we . have all the ad- -; - : . vantage,:of;■histOTical'''-perspective4 ? . J.S- a matter :of fact 'there;Were, in Temple’s day keen and Widely informed minds still holding to the point ;• of view which he expressed =DoThe pre-eminence of ■ the aneients in po@try 9 oratory, paintingj, sculp- - ture:, and architecture is granted, wote Temples , even by those maintaining the supefidrity • of the ..

modern age 0 .It is. in the sciences, that modern advocates rest theif case, but an examination of these sciences -r* as made by Tempie -- fails to reveal. the boasted progress,. Thus, to Temple the ; ; claims that the modern age excels past epochs seemed fallacious that the eyelie law of history 1 n had misconstrued into a law of inevitable progressv- ■ Martha, Lady Gifford, Temple’s sister, gives us a vivid portrait•of■' her brother in her Life and Gharacter f of ;:'glr;-yilllamCTemple;which . she;-composed in 1 6 9 0 °:/ She is sharp and honest.in her portrayals She neither excuses his faults nor magnifies hi s'virtues t'' , ' ‘ . had more spirit & life in his humor then . . ever - 1 saw in any body, & with sob agreable turns of hb ' body was weleomer in all : companyo o o'He was an exact observer off truth,

- thought; none y 15 had fail’d ence ought ever to/be hrusted: agin, of nice points of honnour,:great.-• - ■ v ; humanity; good nature j takeing pleasure in makeing ' : others easy and happyv His passions naturally warme, (palek, ;but temper’d by reason & thoughts giveing ;liberty hnly to- those he did not thinice worth the' - care & pains it must cost to restrain them 0 ' His humor naturally gay, .but a great deal unequal, some­ times by cruel fits of spleen;and melancholy, often ; upon great damps in the ■ weather, - but most from the I' cross & ’surpriseing turns in his business fwhat no­ body ever had.more at heart) the eontributing to , . the honnour & service, of his country; -o o 0He grew "la#,'' & easier in his humor as he grew ©ider, See had bin a passionate Idver; was a kind Husband,- :

,. pp« 1 6 -1 Si 21

, ;a f©nd ■ and Indulgent Father s &, the best friend in the Wofld & the most constant 0 o a Apt to be warme in disputes & expostulationsp weh made him hate the ; '; fifst8 & aToy?d the oth.er$ e o oHis conversation was easy ;and: familiar wi th:' all people a from the greatest - Princes to the meanest servant o/o oHis Eeligion was __ , :;;I' y of the church of "England he #as borne & bred in0. : ' When we examine the criticism that Swift scholars have prodneed concerning the reaction of Swift to M s employ-- ,erpv :.we; are .tempted to view Temple in a rather unsympathetie light o' ' This early criticism, however,, has since been con- ' sidered the worst; misrepresentation$, both of Temple and of ,'^^wift<> ,:' ' ■ / '' V;. /"I'VV.- ■ : ivV hi. ' : It is necessary^ therefore9 in our study of the , , ;; Temple hous©holdj tO diseuss the findings of the later ' scholars' who considered the - situation from the standpoint • of g i f t 's reaction to Tempie6 V. ■/ -v/ : \ ' . ; AeGording to Fo Ml Darnalli ' 1:1 ■ ■ . ■ ' ' :Bo writer in English literature has been more :,, . ;r; maligned than^ Jonathan Swift llo One of the most : generally aecepted:notibns about him is that he ; : was abnormally1 melancholy 0«» First of allj, at , ,1; - usuallyiia'lhought of,.as-'the most: .; •miserable:' experience 'of his life j, an impression ' ; for .which Macaulay: and Thachery are chiefly re­ sponsible ooo12 . . : .; Maeaulay wrotet ' ■. - ■ - - , . • - ''/■Bub there were other inmates of Mb or Park to 1 ■ - : : whom a far higher interest belongso in eccentric, "; y ' uncouths disagreeable young Irishman/ who had nar- . ■ ■■■■ • rowly escaped plucking at Dublin, attended Sir • . ■ ; ’ • , ' William as an amanuensis9, for board and twenty :

' 7 1 ‘^Martha Lady 4iffOfdl ■ iif e;and' Character of #lr ' William Temple, edi GoG^Mobre'^^lth, (Oxf ord , 1930 J, ppa 27=31 d2g,_.; M e .Barnalls: ^Traditional ■ lotions about Swift,8! .': English - Jburnai. XEV iSento 1925) , 51k. : 1'/'' " : 22

pounds a year9 dined at the second tablej, wrote : ' bad verses in praise of his employer/ andmade

-. Iot© to :a ;*re3?y .pretty, . dark-eyed young girl 5, :;:'' ty ■ V ; who waited on Lady Oiffard = = o . Sir William Is 1 / ; v';:i ;■ aeoreta^ :wa'i;Jopat&n : : Regarding Sir William Temple,, himself, Maoaulay- -■■■.

• : ' ' Temple j, howeTer9 will searoely • earry With him ■' : any great aceession of authority to the side either of religion or of infidelityo He was no profound . ■■ t ithli^'ero:/''He:% parts and v auiek ©bservation^ a man of the vrorld. among men of ^ ' . ; lettersj .a man of letters among men ©f the worldo1^- . , : : ; Thackeray .eontinued this apparently- popular he- ' 1, seription of Swift as an unhappy, employee of Hder' Park: v' ■1 1 . It was at Shene ' and at- Moor Park?: with a salary g, . ; of twenty pounds and a dinner at the upper servants' :: tables that this ^great and lonely Swift passed a : t.' :V- ten5years6 apprenticeship — wore a cassock that , was only not a livefy beht down a knee as proud as , : . Lucifer® s. to supplicate my lady® s good .'graces 9 or ■ : ' : ■ v^rUhfon his honor’s errands t o o .Swift, sickened$ re^:; ' vm ■ belled, left the seryice f- ate humble pie, and came . .. _ , - back again; and so for ten years went on, gathering learning,' swallowing ,,scorh, and ::subAitting with a . : stealthy rage to his fortune,>15 • ; - \ ' f .Sarhall: isays: ofthis popular Macaulay and ' . ; • Thackeray interpreta11on? "There is not a particle of testi­ mony ;from>Swift./hittself,;to. indicate, any. unhappiness there il'» There is equally as much evidence of Swift’s .high regard - for his kihsman. = o = • y-; -■ ■ ■ . / ;.,y;.; h'. -. .

" . . ^Thomas 'Bv Maoaulay „ Essays and Belles Lettresv edo ho Grieve (London, 1907)'.. ... ■ ■ . ^-^labaulay, I, 272. ■ ; . ^William Mo Thackeray, The English Humorists (Cambridge, .1SS9)9 PPo . 124-125 e. : - --i.i w ' i:'--. ■ .•. - V .'ylSLarnall, Po y - V V ;; ’ ' 'V:-', V ; ■ ' ;': -V : Y \ - ' ' '' v " f:'/.'''/'. '/ '' 23 . Rieardo Q,uintana similarly dismisses the opinion / ' ventured, by Macaulay and Ttiaekerayt 55This is the height .of' romantic mlsinterpretation0 ■-Thaekeray$ however, was but ', repeating with stunning emphasis what others had said befores :We canV.traee. the -nyth baok,',thrbugh;Zaeaalay, »>.^ ' Several years after the death, of Temple, Swift, in a letter to John Temple, speaks of his residence at Mopr Ehrk" as' one of happiness: "I am extremely obliged by, your kind . , invitation to Ho or Park9 whiok: no time vd.ll make me forget' .

;and:love 'less«^^:-:.::\.h^ , ,■■■■ ■■■" -h' . It would seem, then, despite the opinion of Macaulay ’ and Thaokeraya':. that,;SWift *S: association with; Sir William .. . ' , Temple during his ffioor Park period was one Of happiness and contentment accompanied by a great respect for andiadmiration of his employer» : ' V ; ^ ' ; 1 - ’ The questioh'Uow arises as to how much Influence ' Sir William ekertedover, the intellectual and artistic de~ . velopment of Swifto Stephen GWynn believes: : . . - - :Th# years . t he, .passed' in. Temple's household , have Seen'repfesehted'ag yearsvof ableet humiliation ;; in which the half-menial underling played a contemp­ tible parto Nothing' could be further from the truth* * He- (Swift) was a young man, needing to be formed for,;- the world; chance made him an: inmate of the most eul- , tivated house in Great Britain0 He wanted. to be a .writer, ,- and^::f and with . '' - the most admifed master of English prose = He. was'' - ■ ’ ' • interested in history and politics; there he was, • . living; beside a man who: for twenty eriti eal years

' '.; Jonathan Arift* Correspondence of Jonathan Swifts :. V . edo P-o Er ling ton Ball (london,; 1910)'..I ' \ ; ;" y:': had. lived at the focal eenter of Saropean dipldmaeyo ' TMese were privileges impllM in the very nature of . his sitmatioii0^° ;• ; : " .■ ' : ;:;y;C?arl Ja.n DoT&n^ feels; v.:'-’ . y'’;, ' . . ; . ' :: ■'/v.... : 1 Shrift may have been, often hored by Temple8 s ' : ;h'erele ;virthe\ He, ' ■ , y may have f elt ■ hewiia.ered when Temple }would look ■:’■ ■■■ ; ,y ' cold and out of hnmor for three or four days 5, and K-v. I used to suspect a hundred reaspns ’«' But the .; . ■ dependent, judged his patron rather hy his actions ' '1. than hy his posesc He had gone, to Temple to hettef ' ■ , ; - fortunes which were desperately . Xow0 He had lived : , nearer to the world than if lie had bee.ome a f ellow ■:y ,v y - of Trinity o' ; He had learned everything Temple had .. v . . tO: t^iehe^Q . . ; : ; : v: -V ,/ ; ^ , y . . / - y , ; . ■G'0 Eo:.Wehster 'speahs -of a possihle. specif ic instance ' ’of Temple8s influence.onfSvdft in a short but highly inter- . vesting, npter-'Vyy v ; 'yyVy; ^ V"V’:; y'v;v v:y;’V. v y., ■ ' VV; y ■ y.' : ''-y; v ■: v'yy.y y \ £s ! far us 1 ;Vhayey been'ahley.tO',discover no one ’■'v.• . v has Galled attention to th.e possibility that Temple influenced Wifty’to read Gasaubon^s ?Treatise Goh” ' y . ; . eerning'Snthusiaam i;l6:5$ r ,a:'booh; whl yhave . v . beenVa- source of inspiration to the young satirist. yV'-y: V r Temple writ ess fhndyl am sorry the natural history - .of VaeCOUnty-o has. not employed the pen . V. y ' : y v,' v. of some person of such excellent wit and 'deep thought' V ^ t and Xearhing as Gasaubono 8 He then eommends the study of enthusiasm and asks for a further 'analysis o V yy. : 'vVI;. %©uldsuggest ■ that:VHWift> y .indueed' yto ■ read Oasaubon/ . ■ . V may havey found yin him inspiration for parts Of *A Tale of a Tub8; andj, especially of ;$A. Discourse on the v ' Mechanical Operation of the Spirit9 o o o^1 y, fy,' ' . y; ' ; ' Homer E Q Woddbridge tells us that Swift and Temple yyy .y:i»st. Vhave. hadmutual .yadmirati on 'for.-, one: another:: ; vvVy v.y y .■ ■ There is no reason to doubt the sincerity of v ! , y y / of admiration and hffectlon : y . . .y; . v v; Templeo 'y Had the reiations betweeh them been as ,■

r.y^G^nnt'yp^; 16>: : / V'. >-> ; t.;Vy'yy;'v ' v-vV > y y V: : 20Yan Doren9 pp0 21-22 0 \v: :V ^ % 0'Eb: Webster,1 nTeraple9 Gausaubon3 and 'Swift38i 6 m (Jhne 6, 1931) , 405o -y:v:. ;■ v : v , 25 ' they Jaave .been generally, represented s it ia incon- /. - J oeivable that Swift would, twice have returned to ; :. ' MoorPark; or have given up what' was at least an : independent living This prebend at Kilroot} to re-= ,, ; : thrh to f ehpi'e-^h ' hbnsehold';: - or sp eht ^: -as'% he.:' #1#% six years under Templets roof» M s evidence of , •. : •: ■.. .Temple8s feeling toward Swift, we have his reeosmxen- • :.S; -iations ;in 1690 ‘and 1694$:: his, assistance in. regard ; : ■ to the Ohford de#re# in 1692$;,:h3-s edhfMenee In: ■■ ; V Sending Swift more than once. as: a trusted' messenger : to:,mng. William/ his legacys and his appointment of -/Swift as his literary exeentoro^^ ■ . '; . - :/;v;: ■' Picard© Quintana believes the possible influence. of Temple: upon' .Swift was as follows: Q- 'v.-' > ■ . But to.: come .to Temple himself 0 To ,begin withs , , he gave aliving form to the.spirit of Moor Parki : :: : He was, nar exoellenee0 the man of taste, widely : traveled3 widely reads diseriminatingo In, him : :,. Q':Q "lit® seen, probably vf or the . ■ first time on the . part of Swift., in a close and natural relationship. Aside, "however, from ami In- ■, :" /Q fihenee 'of' 'Such a .general nature', are any imprints ; Of the older upibh the younger mind" apparent?. Very ,f:ew;0: o.o^To a much greater degree than Temple, Swift ., . was a moralistand as such profoundly concerned ‘i with" the war;:of :hhe: pas'aldhs- gainst: reason -.'o p : ■ i . /Swiftis was an austere .philosophy| the passions . : - wer a '.repudiated, : . There was' ho place here for • :■ Temple9 s epicurean 8 tranquility of mind; and', indo^ ' ' : lenee of body8;,:...: On the Other hand, Temple8 s repudiation of natural philosophy may very well - have established in Swift his, 3,ife-long, prejudice.; : against the seiehces^ though here again the pressure of the century must not be forgotteno Swift Ss steady " : hatred; for / scieneevhhd scientistS :,has:. often been a / cause of wonder0 It is to be explained on the same . grounds as Temple8s contempt. Both were moralists ■ to whom the study of natural phenomena seemed ©f no ; importance beside the study of man Vo . But our con-V v clusloh embraces another and a more important point. ;:lt was at Moor Park and in t he presence of Temple • ' that Sv'/ift8s genius took .shape. That .the highly ' ,: - : idlesyricratie:character of this genius and its; satiric manner, .of . expression Wer© in any way owing . . to rebellion against am oppresslv.e environment and,; •

i'^oodbridge, , an unsympathetic master is flatly to foe 'Genie#.-. ; . ’ : ' ■■ it was from Moor Park 5 as we have seen ^ that ' :.v: ; - Swift 4rew tiis lifoeral .edueation<, If Temple ;M ' ; himself was of less import an oe than this atmos=» :- phere of an English country-house, that is,foe- / ' eause SSifift was not constituted' tor receive , a' - M’ k'; : deqp'imprint from any single kih^o*3 ■ It is necessary, to mention, before leaving the sufo- jeot.of the Tempie household at Moor Park, several other -

residents there with whom Swift came into contact. Two fat her out standi ng women occupied the. stage along with Sir .William^TMple^"OnO:'Was, Lady' Temple; the other was ■ Templets-widowed sister, iady, ©iffardo '.^V’ ; y: l.s :fat. as Swift scholars know, Lady Temple did . - not enter at. all into the life of Swift. : However,, from ' :- -. her letters : to Sir#,liliam'; ^ : one, learns that she Was a ■constant reader as well as a Charming,. tender worn :'•; ; .Wndoubf ediy, ' her ^role : as mistress of: Moor Hark affected , the tone of the. Temple household in a most gentle and

.gracious manner 0. ■ 1 :'' ■'If v '; Lady G-iff ard, , as can b e seen in the pr eviously mentioned account of the life and character of her brother, was apparently a scrupulously; honest woman.- The,: only. re-- . corded instance' of her contact with Swift is one of distinct opposition. In 1709. Swift published Part 111, the final

:, section, of Temple 8 S Memoirs 0■ Lady Giffard inserted an ' ";adyerti.sement in the newspapers declaring the Memoirs an.:-;

: . ^?^inta;ha, : p:p:ov. 1 5 ^ 2 3 ,0 ^^' y. fy ' .:-v ■ ■ ' ." ■: ■ ;'1 ^%)orothy Osborne Temple.) ,' Letters of ■ Borothy- Osborne to Sir William Temple, ed. G-. L . IfoOre Smith (Oxford, 1928) J nafaithf-al copy along with a chastisement, of Swift as the e&itor& Swift replied.wttii a letter stating that all parts of the Memoirs had been eorded from an original at the . ' ' : ' :S/% C : .'t: : . t'VV , ; : :: ' : . . : ©Mer of a M oorreetei hy' Sir William Temple himself® . ■ • This incident is all that is recorded of any traffic with %,a&y G-iffardo How ewer, conjectures concerning ill- feeling between Swift and Temple^ a sister, : dnring' his ployment at Moor Park and later, have been offered by ; various ; biographers: and eritles ;since. that; time0 / -' ' -i ' ; V The most famous .female' personage at Moor Park, at least in relation to Swift’s later life, - was o f course,' :Stellao Stella’s influence upon Swift, during bis employ-. ment with:, Temple, as regards Swift fs : literary development s

; ::was ;,:6 ertalnlytnite f negligible/ ::lf' at : all» She was,: only eight years old when Swift arrived o Swift’s influence on ^Stella’i:■,later life, as tutor and .'sympathetic friend, is

another matter to be sure 0 However, that aspect is.not of 'Ooncefn: here,/> .■ (::/ . ' . v: 1 -, /, ' /' ■ - , / ;..f'::.Biearde Q,uinfana gives us the following appraisal . of their relationship during Swift’s Moor Park periods

i /,:/':•./ ■ ^dlastly.there was Stella 0 Hester Johnson it ';h:'/. ;was only after:he became dean that Swift conferred ■ the immortal sobriquet "was a girl of eight years when he first came to Moor. Park, . Her father was , j then dead, her mother 'some manher of' domestic, 'in: ^■■•/ the Temple establishment, What more natural. than that the forlorn secretary should have turned for '■ : / companionship during his first months at Moor Hark, / to this girl with the raven-black hair? Later, when

; Woodbridge, pp 0 222-223= .. 'y ' Ms- diffidence had. quite, vanished, and he was . ; • : perfectly at ease with l:tke/'fntlxe^houaeholgL» ’ . • tie1 ;elaiBied. .her as his special property3 taking ' • :• ; her ediieation in hand and directing what books ' ' she should read«, By the time Temple died there h; k;,::. . had already been established between Jonathan i;'; Vv; : ' Swift and. Hester Johnson an indissoluble bond, . ' . , ' of friendship and sympathetie understandings ■p;-- ; gk '■' j'Sahlher.^ in .this; chapter -We. . dl scussed the value of . : ■ '! "" Templeis library, accessible to Swifts as being a rather- i'importaht factor in Swift$ s eventual literary maturity at • : " : ,: ; HCor Parka Similarly, the role, of .Sir William Temple$. as; . ,

moral philosopher, historiah; Griticy politician and cnl- 1 - :; tivated gentleman,, has been investigated® Finally, the .n ■ :: k relatively small effect of lady G-iffard, Stella and Lady . ■ / Temple was examined„ It would seem, then, that the. over— ■ '' k'k\ all combination of the Moor Park estate, dominated ;by Sir '; : :. . .■ William' Temple:$ ;:ai@ng: wl th the' household r outine including .yk' the :three .women, plhs .;#wi.ft;* s, posi tion as secretary, pro- k, ' duced an ideal atmosphere in whichan artistically Inclined •

.; intellect could mature» .i. -.k ;:>kk:: " p kkk h . : ' ;y:,: vk:;v.. . 'Undoubtedly,. Swift, if considered solely in his ■' v' t'k"; /' position of a secretary taking dictation and wilting letters, - v' was in all probability going to be influenced' by the opinions ; . . and judgments of his • employer , perhaps only indirectly , but ' * ■ . certainly influehGed over this period Of almost ten years; '■• ; . ' For it must not be forgotten that Swift was only twenty-one • k k'- 'when he arrived at Moor Park, an impressionable' age in any .kkvkk'

k::;.:;v^•^Quintana.,p»■:. 26B k .,1k k l l ' . y,k;;:.l>- t .k " ly ::1't^y 29

youth 9 and especially in a youth with the potential men­ tality of 'Swift o Indeed, it .would seem utterly impossible • that nsi, twenty^ohe year ■ old mind, could associate with a man: " of letters, such as temple, for ten years and not be in-

flueneed: by the raatnrer3 elder individual0 In. addition, 7 Swift aceompahied lempie oh long walks and held, discussions, 7with him«: Furthermore, Sir .William-7felt that Swift was f amiliarenough with hi s: own views. -and' id eas and' a. suffi- ' 'eiently cultivated gentleman, to send him as a ”trusted messenger^ ' t'O King 'William.:. Apparently, even to Temple, - Berift was maturing adeg.uately, both .intellectually and - artistiGally , during hi s employment there. ' Swif t mUst have bean h&PFy uhd. content 'With. l in odesp he defended him in the last years with his brilliant

77sat:ire0: . Swift, 'it 'would seem, felt secure in Moor Park and'

made use of it in its entirety. A ! ■ v . • '7 :77 ' 1 ■ . _ ' ':7 7 ' - o m m M m

8#lft^8 'first-.pejpM at Moor Park'ended in Hay of 1690 when9 aecording to Swift, he was advised to.return,to \ :y;:;' ■.; H : for he (Swift} happened;, before twenty years old., ,: ,y:- ' - by a surf eit of fruit to oontraot a giddiness and :■• : ’ h • . coldness of the stomaeh /o 0 Upon this oeeasion he returned to Zreland, tiy adyiee of physicians, w h o . . weakly imagined. that his native air might he of :. • , ' some use to reooyer his health; but growlng; worse, : he soon went.vbaok td Sir 'Eiiliam femple o.o0+ • ...

When Swiff. fetufned;;1 0 Eoor Park late' 'in ■16:91,: it ;;v:: was, apparently, his amhitiontontake his name prominent as a poet a 'Se. mat: have put forth endless labor toward . this goal, for in February :of :l692 .he wrote to the Reverend

Zohn Kendalit ■ ' . ; ; ^ ■1 ", ; Insoraueh that In these’ seven weeks Z have been ■; ,':here., Z have writ, and burnt and writ again, upon almost all manner of .■subiee.ts. Bore perhaps than:; ■ = y >: ..any man': in;SnglanCo.: ■, ■ ''-'vt v;.\'yi:. , ; r h

• ■ And . in K a y of 1692, he ' wrote, to his Cousin Thomas: ■ Zt makes -me mad' to hear you talk of making a eopy of verses next morning, which though indeed , they, are not so eorreet as your: others are, what.: . - ' 1 could not do under two orithree days, nor does ■ ; . ' it.enter into my head to make anything of a,sudden :y but what I find to b e . exceeding silly stuff :except .' tiy great chanoeo I esteem the t ime of studying -i i V '

1: . V ■ '. ^The Works, of Jonathan Swift., : ^Anecdotes of the'. " : :Family of Swift,ft”^dZ^rSteF^cbtt7 Z>,xiv-xy. ■. ■ i Ball, Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, I, 14<. 31 ' poetry to be two hours in a mornings and that

only when the immcmr. sitss which 1 esteem for

the flower of the whole day 3 and truly I make 'I:.-;',.-1.: bold to employ them that way 3 and. yet I seldom

write above two stanzas in a -week -=■ 1 mean such as are to any Pindaric ode -=•' -and yet I have ■ known myself in so good a hmaour as to make , - ' : - . . . two in a day 8 but it may be no more in a week

' Vx /z1 :/after;9 :;and when, all '.is done 1 alter them a - ' zz.zhnndre ' . ; • ■ . • - z ; ' Swift j' then, speaks of an exception: .z . / z:'- z';z''-z':' / the■ poem I writ to the Athenian Sooiety was. all v^;/ . • : . rough drawn in a week 9 and finished in two days v ;/z • . ; .after,- and yet it consists of twelve stanzas and ; z z •

- .■ -/z- z// /-/■/some.'of ;them'>ahGvez/t^ twenty 0 .ty-^z;; ' / : . ' However, Swift' eohtinaes to speak of the vast amounts z:; ;■■'-///of.- patience and energy required for. his poetie ,attempts; /:

tzz.v//;.. : c c, o 1 have had an ode in hand these five / -:.:/ 'z-months [email protected] lord of Canter bury, / /z^/ ■/ -/ . ■ & o Sanorofto/'o o obut I say, 1/cannot finish it z / for my life, and I have done nine stanzas and ■/v/^zzz 1 / do/ not like half of:hhemy?;.0 5:z/:/.../,;zv'... - / ;/z.,z ,- 'zz- ; Of the results of Swift’s labors in the verse form ; during his. residence at Moor Park, we have only seven com­

positions 0 fhe first is an MOde to King William/on Eis .:,/; •/; Successes in Ireland.n This ode/'actually antedates .Swift 5s ’. second period at Moor Park, of'Whichzwe have been speaking, , /

Since it .has been dated as late in 1690 or early in I.6 9 I 0 ./ ; . It is included because, although it was written: during his ./ brief first visit to Ire for ill health, it was written

^Ball, Correspondence.1, 362‘=363o // z. ^Ball , ;^GorrespondSnbe^ _ I,. 363 <, '" / ^Ball, CorrespondSnce*/It 363-364° during the .ten year period commonly referred to as Swift $'s : . Kdor Park residence and as such this ode would he subject, generally, to the same ideas, influences and inspirations that prevailed during the entire residences : Following these first rerses addressed to King Villiams W©ref'thr6e e s - i n -■ the Pindaric manner: "Ode to .■ - the jlthenlan oiety,^ February, 1692; $,Ode to Dr» William Saneroft ,'r Ma.yV 1692; and "Ode to the Honorable Sir William , '': Temple,^^ne, '16.92o Also during this second period were, two compositions in heroic couplets — =• "To Mr. dongreve,i* goyemher^; 1'693.3. aB.d t,Gocasioned by Sir ,lilliam^'Tempie:s:s -. late Illness and BeGorery, ^ DeGemher, 1693« 'v ' 1 : i-' Then there Ah':a:-;:iapse in Swift 's poetic attempts,

;at least recorded ©hes3: uht 1 1 1 6 9 8 when he wrote some lines : %rltten\in: a',lady^ Boohs■ I;: 'v v, ■ These seven; compositions, ' as has been mentioned, are; all that haye -been preserted from Swift's huge activity during his 'Eeor % poems has been

argued by various later scholars and. hiographers0 The dates, used, here are those- that have been estahlished by F.Arlington

Ball in his excellent volume, Swift's Terse 0 Ball’s volume was, in turn, placed in the competent; hands of Swift scholars, Biehol 'ilalth'W ;fof. proof r©vision0. 'The' ,'. - :

: ^Ball, Swift’s Terse Clondon, 1929), pp, l6-42o 33

"V above datess then, seem , to be dommonly' aoeepted. as; amtlieritie at t M s pimeof v. . . . • While diseussihg S^/iftss odes,, one should bear in ;":';mlad: the.'/eomplexitiesfo’f this, particular verse form. in v Engl i she. .A.qe or ding to Lawrence Binyon^ • FaR s in his '. . ;

artiolea ^The Sngli sh Qde 9 : ;. • ■ - . ' •

' -: (the 'ode} 0 0 >iss we .might sayj the lyrie at Its : : ; .i: 'i most exalted and sustainedg most complex and elabo- ". rate o oe the word ode does not help us j- it means ,;v ' simply song; it, h&S/ come to its present meaning in;/i •"1 v '

English by association :and tradition o o 0 the, ode ; is expeeially associated with the nam.e of--Pindar«. >/, / / ■/■' Before the true metrical structure of his odes' ■ was discovereds it was supposed that they were . ■; / ; duite irregular in form; and, on this false no- :v ; tion was founded the Engilsh PlndariG ode? of ' / which 6 owley wrote specimens now forgottenj, and

. of. :^iehyBr^ 9 s/^ilexanderffh/leasts is h.-fameus ■ /: example o o o iEhe Pindaric ode is complex in matter; ./ it is largely impersonal and objective, and easily admits■ a large ■ narrative element ; in tone it is ''

/: exalted/ enthusiastic 3 highly lyrical = 0 o fhe lyrical poems of Horace have also been given by / ■ • tradition the name of odes oo 0 there is something

monumental about his odes « 0 o but the Horatian ., • < , ode is:simple in -its metrical,:struetures not \ '.;/ '/ /. elaborate like the PindariC ' ddel//' ,'(the Pindarie '■ . ' - /' - • / -‘ ode)o o»the lyric/first reaches a stage of ripe­ ness in the song joo becoming more complex the •' .I'iyric:: expands'^ - ';/ ./ : attains its most complex and elaborate structure //, and recovers the universal note/ with something: ./■/". .' of 'the objective character of epic or drama fused

. into/the lyric exaltation 0 0 6 but in English the ode is not of a single"type o0o but at any rate . the. hrehestrai : character/ the. harmonizing of a ; V '' number of; motives or rythmical movements- into. . unity, is the mark of mastery in the ode. Only ; a /poet, great in art-as in/inspiration^ can achieve / / ■

^Bali, Swift * s Verse/ Prefatory,Mote, p> v. •34

:V'; \ : this masteryo And the ode being so difficult - • ' :; a for*, .we shall expect its triumphs to be . - rare,, and we shall pay the^greater tribute V ; ; to those who achieve .thera„v-.. / , . ' ■ V . The particular type of ode that appealed to Swift ;was.: a sort of special treatment of the' Pindarie as done ■

■ ;.bj 6 bwley? . ' . ' 3;. : v • ' • . ■ ■. ■ 'But Cowley obeys all the important conventions . .

of the Ingllsh od© traditiori 0 „ 0 fondness for terse 3 epigrajsmatical stanza endings; a half-playful,; half-reverent use of mythology; and an enamel of ; learning that .would, smack of pedantry if it were . ' " ' applied more seriouslyo eoAt any rate Cowley’s .... : numerous poems, in this form. -■» or lack of form, if one prefers — produce in the main three.effects0 , first, they give free rein to the poet4s wit = of - Becomd, they permit prosbdic experimentation »„i : ' Thirdunity of composition despite irregularity :•'Vof. :fdrma.o'b;d a y ■' X;;, : . ■ ' . f/

In. Swift’s first ode 3 "To King William, ^ he does not; use lindaric verse, but twelve■hefoie quatrains» ; It; begins

- To purchase kingdoms and to buy renown : : ■ X Are arts peculiar to dissembling France; A;:' f You, mighty, monarch, nobler actions Crown,v'; X-ry: . '; . And solid virtue does your name advance =, -x ; X i X Your matchless eotifage with your prudence joins , f X. • - X:":"5'The glorious , structure - of your fame'to raise; X’: : With it8; own light your dazzling glory shines, ■ ■ And into adoration turns our praise« ' , .h;':. Bhd you by dull succession gain’d your crown, . X .:. ; . (Cowards are monarohs .by that title made,) •

^Issays by Divers HandsX ed« William. Balph Inge, Eoyal'Society of hiteratnre of the United Kingdom, II, 1-4. ■ George N<, Shuster, • The English Ode from Milton to ■ XKeats (New York, 1940}. pp0,109”113® .X xx.x x xx 35

Part of your merit Chance would call her own, _ half your_ virtues ha& been lost in shade Swift tells"us that William possesses the fullness , France may have ulterior motives in her conquest ' f and colonizations hut William is adored for his ^matchless ' dduf agey^ ' ^prmdehWs^ nsolid virtue9,? and Adazzling glory» ” " < l%rtherm,ores William. is greater for not heihg a hereditary

-•' V M M of England 0 '. Just in time, William has snatched Britain . from the jaws /of that two-headed monster — Prance rein- : ' forced: hy Ebmeo William is now "the arm on which, all Europe8s hopes dependWilliam*s action at Boyne amazed

the worldg disarmed France 9 and left her foreyer flounder^ ing. in vain attempts,to halt Willi am *s career,, William is W : : the eternal! hope of England*s, glory and joy and Mof glorious ■ 'deeds that must all- tongues employ®** ■ • . ' - ' ■ - . :

Bwift 9 in this Ode) has allowed his enthusiasm for King William to magnify the greatness of William* s successes >>;■ y 'in^ireland' until! ^f raa©heS;

'.'history® vAlSo 9; if ■"is rather, dou ■' ' , .will praias 'England * S treatment of -Ireland * af any given , time, Williamss includede. : ; \ !:.! But why wouldntt Sffift heap adulation upon Kii^ ' 'William? Swift had just recently left Trinity, Dublin

• ' ^The above quoted verses and all succeeding quo­ tations' from #rift*s verse, in this chapter, are from: Works of Jonathan Swift, ed® Thomas Roscoe, (London, 1853), 1, PP»: 595-( .'•and, Jreland — • and gladly« He disliked the Irish; he oom™ . /- sidered hlraself: Engdlsh; he was trying very hard to become ' an ah t aate'. at Boor #ahk ^ >Eihi Sidlihm ■ ■ l:;:v . visited Iffdor'Park several timess and;: Swift undoubtedly ob-. • seived;hiai perhaps was even presented to him. Swift8s 'employer$ - Sir Siiliam' Teinpie, .was; a close friend and ad- . , . visorlofv the: Eingo Swift, at; this age of twenty, was cer­ tainly impressed hy. such a celebrated visitor to 3B)or.:Pafko : Here,; if nothing else, was Swift’s chance to impress his ; ; :ei^ldyer:; by'addressing some panegyric verses: to thatyman!:s : ■: ‘ friend .and kingo Also this could have been Swift’s first ;;; opportunity to express his delight, publicly, at the squash­ ing of the rebellious Irish by England c v- ■ • ■ ' ^Phe ode^ itsblf,; is: duihe less than ordinary; howT

; ever:, it 'is certainly; not blatant'/ failtire0 ; The expression ; is;.the stanzas is clear,; and the stanzas themselves, are technically oofreot. ' ; . :; "''' : ■ ::;. . This. ;ode then seems to '•have ;been an opportunity f or ' .Swift, at least to display a great .interest in writing, if '• ’ hot any real skill at that moraento Swift is starting here y on his road toward eventual artistic jaaturifyo: This: ode marks an actual "writing start*.' i n ’ his journey of literary development, at :go'of ^anky ’ • • . : ' . ' ' ■ • The second attempt at verse at Moor Park, "Ode to , , ;the Atheniah'Society'was written in February:of"1692 after ' '#wift ’ ,s ''return from %r eland, Swift' had turned from the style: 37

of ode he used in his verses to King William and chose the. PlhdariG. :©d© as his models He should have stayed with the old stylev for his ensuing three Pihdarie odes are mdn- .stnoslties*::' " :: ' v ; . . ' , The first of theses ^Ode to the Athenian Soeiety^V opens thus5 \ : v

4 s:Wheh the delnge first began to fall; mighty :ebh never, to flow again, ■ ■When this huge body's moisthre was so great, It ddite o'eroame the vital heat; fhat mountain which was highest first of all:"

■: 4 ^|©ar;' s above- the nhivefsal main, " : ■ To bless the primitive sailor's weary sight; ;" And, .'twas,' perhaps, Parnassus, if in height it tie as "great ■ as ’M S in, faMe, : And nigh to heaven as is its name;

, And the Bove^Muse ’will now no longer stay, But plumes her silver wings and. flies away; A '' And now a laurel wreath she brings from far, To,Grown the happy conqueror, / • ' i. To show the flood begins to cease, - ■: ■, ■ ■ ; ■ ■;And brings the dear reward of victory and peace0

And the ode G loses thus: A : ■

■ Censure, and Pedantry, and Pride, : : Numberless nations, stretehing far and wide, f . Shall (Z forsee it); .soon with Gothic swarms come forth Ffomlgnorariee's universal north,, : : And wlfh,blind rage break all this peaceful government ' Z# the traces of;your,wit remain, \ .. ' hike a just map, to tell the Vast extent ' Of '.Gonquest' in your, short and" happy reign; And to all future mankind show . . : 'Hdw strange a paradox is true', ■ ■ - v ^ ■:"i‘■■■ 38

1'' ■;' ■' ; ;: That- m@n'-whoVilired and. d'i'ed1 ^tttQ U t1 riamSva : "';. ': : ■" yV Are the ehief heroes in the sacred lists of fame0

' -.'V-:"..y y y Between these opening and closing stanzas lie some y bhe tond.red. thirty; lines (witn the exception of the quite .femafkahle elbsing cohplet) of the most eonfmsing imagery :: ; and contorteh eonstructi0n0 y :Yy : : y y; ,y.; ■ yy . In the opening three stanzas the poet speaks dfya v;y;Y deluge that finally subsides and exposes a country where art, y y. yy philosophy and love reign 0 Then the muse takes over and asks ■ ' y ;:y' y the'greah and exalted men who inhabi-c this land to pardon ■ . d'yy;-.;-''y*!:the’ wild excursions of a youthful pen,,15 The muse informs ' • . Y . the exalted men that they will be criticized by the wits ■ that Were Spawned since the deluge» True fame, ywhieh is . y ■ ■ ■ yy yy above rewardy ^is^y only. known by these meno. y They have restored .y , , philosophy to its correct place but since 'there is noon- y. tide in our lives" and "long and . gloomy 'night y*8 these exalted y .v.:,y,. :m®h.will- .fall. :and: Pedantry, and Pride^y y'Y. y ';y will eventually triumph and'ruin the land® • ■ .After struggling through this ode,, one is tempted to Wish that this, had been a poem that Swift had 88Writ, and

burnt/# and left burnt rather than "writ again0ff But however• y y tiresome, dull and inadequate this ode is,. it has one important ' aspect: its satireo Here we see Swift’s first use of the im” y.Y :-:yy. plement he wielded so frequently and expertly later ip life* ; y y. y y.y.Y; -y y ;Pwift. is theymuse in this ode, ■: The deluge Ts the y recent rebellion, quelled by William, in Ireland0 The new y y\:: y'vy''yyiahd; Of philosophy is England, tO' which Swift has just y yy'/'Y : retwrved. and the far-exalted meh'.are the members of the: : '..Athenian Soeietye .. . : ' ..

' v'':' :fhe satire Is not the Inadequate part of these verses 0

Bmt the exaltedj epmplex- fora ©f the Pindaric ode, and .Swift9 s tenacity in trying to stick to it, turn the poem into wretched donfusione The only "noble" lines in the. ode, the last two, are' successful because for once the intensity of the satire : forced Swift to speak clearly, directly and rhythmically. . ' Swift has progressed' here,. if we view the situation from his .eyentual ;SUC'Ces;& as. a 'satirist.i;..’- As poetry, this . • '

ode is probably, the worst attempt ever-made by Swift 0 But . here'.'is his first satiric encounter,, and in the last two ' •

lines his satire has produced an exceptionally good couplet0 .Eoor 'Park .was . r'esponsible'for this additional step .' of Swift toward: his eventual .successful literary development, for’Swift tells us, .in a letter to the Athenian Society, that when passing through',Ozford- he. f irst became acquainted with a volume of the Athenian SoGlety publication^ However,,

on his - return to Moor Park, Temple 9 s library had all four. .. .volumes and supplements = It was there, at Moor Park, that he read:, 'them,', was Inspired , by them,and f inally addressed an ;. ■ ode to. the society in praise' of them® Swift 9-s second attempt at:verse in the Pindaric - manner was an "Ode to Dr William Bancroft,.. Archbishop of Canterbury,99 written in May of 1692 i . As. was. previously

Ball i Correspondenee 1 , 7 = ■ mentioned in Swift is letter to his Cousin Thomass Swift . . workod ©n , this. ode for fiTe months and had finished only • ' .'nine stanzas» ■ He managed to extend the nine into twelve ; • v

. stanzass "b-at ke nevei finished it 8 or else the remainder :

. was losto . ; . : Z. . . : . : .; , .. ' ■ , J .'V, : : Thle ode is probably the best of.the three Pindarics$ ; - :hnt;,lt:is;i still far from real poetry. ' However, this/is ' / :, 1 i1' :: Swift’s 'first religions compositions, and he is so enthnsias- tie ah out it that in his desire to be heard s he becomes quite : i' i;' •direet and neglects to oyerload the verses with the confused ■ syntax of the first odes,, ■■■'■v-i'-'.■•’I ; .' . ■ /ii'' . Saner oft was the non- juiing arohhishop of Canterbury /"'/

v; who was deprived of office in 1 6 9 0 for his refusal to accept: ' ' 7:':; the deposing df a n ’amnointed king and crowning of a new, non- ■ hereditary rulero Thisaetion, according to Bancroft, sub~ ■ ■ t it . ■ ' - ".' : ■ /■■■ ■ . ■■'' , /'"’-v. : . ordinated the church to the control of the state o ' - % . . •, ' i'' Swift praises Bancroft’s position in regarding the '-indepehdence of the church. The ode beginst '

. I - : ' 'Truth is- eternal, and the son of. heaven, . . • ’■ vl>'. ' ; -I''1: - Bright effluence of thi :immortal ray , : ; ;l' :: . '-'.h;''-;;' ■ ■ , Chief cherub and chief lamp of that high sacred seven, f > Which guard the throne by ■night,: and are its light by day; . '. / •. /'First of God’s darling attributes, . ,. . //; /:.. . Thou daily seest him face to face,. Hor - does thy essence fix’d' depend on giddy circumstance ' . Qf time' Or place, , -.'i ..f :/.' I '-' - ' ; ' /V:.,. Two foolish guides in evf,ry sublimary dance; :/:. ■ How shall we find thee then in dark disputs? I/../ •' :/ /; ,:/How; shall :.w^ search thee in a battle gain’d, ' . ; ; Or a weak argument by force maintain’d? : I,. .. :

^%uinfana, p 0 •.■37 In W g g e r Gomtests, and th* artillery of word.3 $, (ffor swords are madraen5s tongiiesj, and tongues are . : . . madmen,s swords)?■ • - Gontrived to tire all patience out» 'V . > And not to satisfy the doubt? / :'y: In tiais ode Swift sees two separate realms .=*•= one • ' .of eternaltrutii^. the other of wqrldly aotivities0 ; But • . ;;' ;.;even .tAe:image of this eternal truth is very difficult, to 1. ■ ■ find® Yirtues snbmission and humility are the outward signs of eternal truth aid aoeofding to Swift these are

found in all their completeness in Bancroft 0 Opposing these \ aspeets. of eternal, truth are all the "mistaken idiots^ who are led hy opinion® ,, The mistaken populace believes Bancroft is out of order® Saneroft imifates the Son of Heaven and . endures the ravings of the mob® But the poet asks why • ' ; should the ehuroh be led by the state? .Weary with the opposi­ tion, Saneroft wisely retreats to death and rest® How the people can only beg for the. powerful- blessings of his prayers® Religion is dn her deathbed® But now the muse is . asked to ; check her 'satire or choose a new subject; "Since Heaven and - Gat o: are;.both pi eased o1*;.. :■ ' y ■' ■ iy-- ■' Again, the only sueeessful part of these’ verses is ■ the satire® The contrast of the two'factors — eternal truth led byyBancroft |which probably refers to a world of , law and order led by a few superior, intellects), and mundane affairs.led by an untutored mob (which in turn probably refers to confused minds led .by public opinion) — .is a step further in,the development of Swift's satire® Previously, his subject ■ was pedantryi here he has expanded his Interest to include a ■ y deepefc.universality. It■would seem that Swift s in this ex~ - . tension in range- in his satire,;is onoe more advancing toward ' the: literary maturity:he eventually..attained at Moor Parke ' According to Ricardo Quintana, there is another. :y ; ' : indication of Swift1s literary development herea In stanza %II of this ode addressed to Bancroft, Swift writes four lines that. state the theme which he later enlarged' upon for "A Tale -

The lines are; v Say what their senseless malice,.meant, : ::' ■To tear rellgion,s lovely face; - ■ Strip her of every•ornament and grace, . In striving to. wash off th° imaginary paint? . i t / This seems to be a 'further indication of the impor» , fance of. Switt^.s residence at Moor Park0 Here, an idea is i , conceived hy Swift and apparently allowed to incubate and . -ygrow:until,y years:.laterit -finally blossoms into the founda= .' tion for a famous and brilliant satire® ■ .

y'- :':y - i : . In June of I6 9 2 Swift produced his last Pindaric .' - ode Ofthe Eoor Park period0 , This was a n , f?Ode to the' hon« i’ Sir SijLliam' Temple-This ode, as is "Ode toy the :Athenian - '' iSociety ,t ,1s - so loaded:down wi th Weighty discourses that y ::: .1 the Pindaric form cannot support it® : 'yOnly;,prose- eOuldo;.'1' \ - .Consequently,' the. verse,y at times, becomes aimost unintel- ■ - : „ -'''ligible®'. :.hy ' v ■ : y /;, ./y." - ''y. 1 :;;-yvy:hy- In'yt^ ode":Swift. calls upon. Temple, as a model ofy < ' y

.y ,' y-h:yy ^^ # i ^ ; g ' ' yf/y'iy:-: ; l : y '':y'\ taste untoueiiect by pedantryto .discover "Virtue's Terra

Incognita = 1:1 Swift then takes his revenge upon Trinity College for its academic rules and impositions: ■ '\ ::: : "; ' - ' lie -:: -;: 1 ' ' . 'We hare too long been led astray; \ ;■ Too long hare our misguided souls been .taught•

ifith rules frmntusty; morals brbught 3 . ' ;Tis you 1 must put us in the way; : ■ ' i; • let us (for shamel) no more be fed ' i With antique relies of the dead, :; The gleanings of philosophy ; • ■ ;i •. . , Philosophy, the lumber of the schools, The roguery of alchemy; : - And wej ■ the hubbled foolss - Spend all our present life in hopes of golden rules«

■■ o ® o ■ ' .■ , ■ , ■■ , - ■ . ■ - ■„ Confine her walks to colleges and schools; her priest, her train, and followers, ...show, . i Ae if . they all.'were; spectres tool ' ' ' They purchase knowledge at th® expense Of.common breeding, common sense, / ■ And grow at once scholars and f ools;" - . ■ ■' Affect i11-manner’d pedantry, hudeness, ill-mature^ Incivllityo y - ;■ And sick •with dregs and knowledge grown, ■ , • ' ' • ; Which greedily they swallow down, ' - jSStill east it up, and nauseate company. Temple'has -eseaped all this, says Swift, and in Temple are united the souls of Tirgil, 3:picurus and Caesar Temple’s brilliart diplomatic work for peace is praised; war is denounced; the intrigues and deeoptions behind the Scenes of . state are .exposed: , V v ' ' V.v;;./:. ' ■' VII > ■ ■ A/-: A",:'.:: ::

G-reat GodI (said I) what have 1 seen! On what ..poor, engines move ... . ; The thoughts of moharchs and designs of states I ; . . What petty motives rule their fates! . . v How the mouse makes the mighty mountains 'shake! A The mighty mountain labours with.its birth,. : ' iMy the frightened peasants fly$Xv ■■ - ' •. ' .• . Soared at the th 8 unheard-of prodigy 9 - lzpe©t some great gigantic son of;earth; ' ' Lo! it appears!. . ' ■ - ; See how they tremble I how. they quake! ' Out starts the little mousej and moeks their idle fears ■ ■ The remainder is 'further flattery of Temple who ; sought peace in retreat= The question is raised of how a ; spirit as divihe as Templeesoould be cast in the same model as Swift8ho The ode ends, with the difficulties that forever

. Onee. again theonly worth-while element in It he ode - is the satirical thought expressed <> In the two stanzas of , inveotive ■aimed at Trinity College, we can see a : shadowy ^ . preview of Swift in his later heyday of barbed satire^ And the ' satirical treatment of corruption in state affairs is extremely effective'o furthermore? the. ode shows. Swift's aequalntahee'with and knowledge of Temple's philosophy, ' ta-Stes’ and previous diplomatic work, plus, apparently, a n .

admiration for them, ■'; .ft ■11; - f ' : The ode, obviously, .was, an absurd vehicle in which • to load the heavy satire of Swift*s early.years. Fortu­ nately ,Swi ft abandoned this form and turned toward cOapo«* sition in heroic couplets. In his letter to Cousin Thomas in December of 1693 hb hays:, ; I;-p. ::;V v ' ' ■; 1 ^; v ■, ii,■ • ' »o il desire you would inform yourself what you ; ;

:; mean by bidding.me keep my verses for Will Oqngreve8 s .. ■ ■; next p l a y , -*-3 forll tell you they, were calculated for

^3wit is Congreve8s comedy of the Double Dealer, then appearing :nn the , hondoh -stagef'to; Ballo Correspondence i ff« 3, p, 368, ;; i-- , : ' ,: v;:;, ' - ' :.' ' / \': 4 5

any of kiSj, a M if It .wer^ i-bnt acted when you say, it is as' early as ever I intended, since I only d.e-= ::./,S;ignvtfiiey', should be printed before its so l desire ' . yon-■will', send me word immediately how it sucoeeded$ . whether: well, ill or indifferently,, because my . sendihg t.heffl. to Mr» Congreve depends upon: knowing : ■ : . ' : thd-iasue,"!: They are' almost two hundred and fifty ■' ' ■ . .:1 : lines not: jPindarieit 0i4; :V , ; ' The .Mlines not Pindarie:?r-to which Swift refers are , ' the limes .^To Mr» Congreve"'written in November of 1693« . - Ohe; almost feels that Swift breathed a sighiof 'relief when ■: : he wrote "not Pindaric«?f Certainly his cousin Thomas did. And undoubtedly any• readers are rejoicing» However, de-> .,spite the fact that■Swift had ohosen, a new form, he did not 1 - Seem to have changed his method of treatment o His verses vwere. still over^loaded with, satirical material that is, out y of place in his inadeq.uate poetry. , Swift begins his tribute to Congreve: ’ . . ' Tkriee, with a proph@tiYs voice and prophet6 s power s The, muse was called in a poetic -hour,; ty ■ I,: : ’ ■ ■'/'■■ ;■', And insolently thrice the slighted maid ' Bared to : suspend-her unregarded aid;' , „, ,:.': ' Then, with the grief we form in spirits'ydivine : , , , ,; ; ■y Pleads for her own neglect s and time reproaches mine.; • y The muse has been softened by praise of Cohgreve. , Congreve is called Upon to reform the stage of the period. • : :'Then -Swift turns on pretenders to and imitators of Congreve-- - . counterfeiters; ineluded-in this group are envious eritics' " ."who 'frayei: ■ the road of pedantryo He ' then speaks ■dfv a ■ lad near Moor Park who returned from the city boasting of ac­ quaintance with • Congreve, 'trying to usurp some of Congreve?s .

: ^^Ball, C, or re spond eno e, p . 368. glotfy'o’ The poet apologizes for: vainly spending; verse on satire instead of Congreve ?s praise.: The irmse ■ is then ■ ^ attaoked by eritids— who should be nohle sheep "but act like ohatteringg offensive eattle. The verses close with the hope that Congreve will find happy refreshment in this tribute of Swift’s. ' . - .. : , h' : '. , ' There is one outstanding feature in these lines to- "' , Congreveo It ooeurs just before the close when Swift speaks ; of the cattle and sheep: ' /■ ... . - ''' ' ' She?;v who on shady banks. has joy'd to sleeps : ■

' :' Near better animals 3 her 'father 1 s sheep;

Shamed and . amazed9 beholds the ohattering throng, ' : To think,:what cattle she is got among; iV ' : '' hi- But with the odious smell aM::' sight ':ahno#d -1'' In haste she does th’ offensive herd avoid<, In these lines Swift introcluces us to a satiric • theme involving the comparison of man to animal, ^what . Mi Bona (biographer of Swift) has hapuily'named le mythe animal'.vl$' . Eere^ .-aa . used by Swif^ very brief and elementary*/ however, he perfected it throughout 'later years until it became the frightening' satiric.. tool of the last chapter of Gulliver's Travels and the shatter­ ing weapon of A Modest Proposal,, , ./ : t, /'

. 1 . 1 /. : Swift.,/: then; in his early years with Temple, was discovering and introducing certain themes,.or at least the fundamentals ot ''themes/, that, eventually led' to" his brilliant success as a satiristo Here is one more example of Swift$ s literary evolution, at Moor,Bark. i1: :■■/■. ■

^^i|ulhtana,-po-'-13. ■. ' " :' v y ; y y ; ^ % One month after M s tribute to Congreve, Swift ■ : ^:.'Wc>t^:vsdiLe more ’lines in heroie oouplets0; These were ; “Oceasioned hy Sir William Tempie8 s Late Illness and Re- . ■ ooTery,and were;dated December,: 1693„ ■ - . :. .. . : ■ r.v'v.'. ’ y , ' : '' .;ln these verses the muse appears to the poet Swift, .yy near the stream' that, flews throngh Meer Barko ■ The; poet is ' . ...-.y : : diSGonraged fand remains so. throughout the entire poem.} 5 ' and the muse chides him for it 9ybeeause. mt h Temple’s re- y ■ ; covery the eause of his grief is gon©o. The muse realizes ’ : the entire household at Moor Park was: smrathed in sorrows, ; y: ■ hut the poet should find inspiration in the joy returning . to their , faces now that Temple is well .. The poet cannot ■: ■ :’yshare the joy of the other members; it is the muse, herself . ■ ■■ ■ ; that is causing his woei ;•Time moves swiftly over the happy , ; hut treads slowly; ’ and' heavily on the wretched» The muse ;•, . is' entirely to blame: :'.’y - y. ’ . . : y ’ v • .v:; ’ To thee l owe that fatal "bent of mind, ’ y;^;; .y,. yv'ym y Btill to unhappy resti'ess thoughts inGllned; ; . . ' y ; ; ; ;To :thee i what oft 1 vainly stiiye to hide; ; . y, y That scorn of fools, b y .fools mistook for pride; ; .■ .. ' ^From hhee "whatevery virtue' takes its rise,, • y y-i /: . ’ Grows -a misfortune Or beodmes' a vice; : ■ '■ ' The poet has always followed the advice and diree- tions of the muse, but in. return, he has receivedonly con«= f tempt andfscorn.- He is always cheated, never pleased. ; The yy muse8s enchantment ends , and from then on the poet renounces ; ■ her powerf;- y ; .,v hrid-since thy; essence 'an-my breath •depends’, . f ;’ Thus: with a' puff the whole;delusion ends,, y- ■ The importance of this poetie attempt by Swift seems to lie in the depression he sufferSo He. is not de- : pressed.over Temple *s •state of health because Temple has ^ reeoveredo Swift is -depressed over his failure. at poetry,' and with good reason0 The poetie forms fh&t attracted him ;' were incapable of supporting the particular satirical mattef he wished to write« Apparently $ Swift realized this a for after the verses about Temple's illness in December of 1693s he abandoned the poetic form and looked elsewhere.for a means of'achieving distinetion0 . - 9 i"- _ : V;: :;::V , The remaining poetie composition that Swift produced at Soof;Park? >?Sritteh: ih a Lady3s Ivory Table Book,n was ■ -. not written until 1689,. less than a year before the Moor

Park residence endedo At this date, as.we shall see, Swift was reaehlng ..the .point of , artl'sfle■ maturity: in his literary .development o Swift' was not aspiring to the 'exalted form of Pindar:at: this stageo His manner had .changed0: He .wrote; : occasional verses usually satiric, but he stopped straining» He used octosyliabic couplets, wrote ■social satire and used his;. own ..familiar. sty 1 e • ''These 'were the characteristics of his later good, if never great, poetry — and they are all : present;' 'at: :thih;.tim;eii'; 5': ;i , Peruse my leaves through every part,; ; ■' ; ; . And think thou sees.t my owner9a heart, - "'i'i-i -

■, Berawl8d o 8 er with trifles thus, and quite hs hard, as;.senselesh, .and. as light ; . .: '. : •; . ' ,V ■ Exposed to' ' every ooxeomb8s eyes ..': ; hi-.'; . Hut hid''with eaution from the 'Wiaeo" ' - ' v ;;''; ' ; v. : : , Sko that had wit would place it here, ', ' . .. r . .. For every peeping fop t©.. '3eer^:;^;; - ■. :v ; 'V ' 97m thim that your hrain 8 a is me is . '' ■ v . v/V. :

Escposed. to vth5 exerement of Ms, ' : v • . y.:;: power; of spittle and a cior.t s ' : -‘Vr ::: > ' :v; ■ Whene9:er^:he'."p3L6a.seto ■ hlot^ it out ; ’ ^

' Of whom it may "be justly said, ' r / . He?s a gold p'enoil tipped with lead 0 - : . - ; ; One. sees' ah^lnefedlhla g^ - ■;: and Swift's earlier Terses'to the .Athenian Sooietyo These are y'et least poetie where, the earlier odes were often, for t" / the most partn.nintelligihle rerslfieationo However, five ''.'yearS;;'have;'eiepSed::ysince- Swifts despaired: of^ his :eyer aehiev- -v'-y ing poetie distinefion and dropped the mas© with sueh haste0 ttiring those five years Swift 9 s literary genius developed1. .:; y yh • and matured, following a prose path this time 0 Apparently ' thiS' maturity affected this poetic nature ■ al sofor this ; ..;yy.'y: y,

' last composition in; verse at Eoor Park gives 1 1 s the same .; . mature Swift'. We find in the .poetry- 'of; his remaining :tyeafsf :' y. / . We have seen t M t upon arrival" at Moor Park, Swift , ;, ; apparently1,; wanted to distlhguish himself in poetry =, His y y: : : ehoiee was quite reasonable. Swift wrote during his Trinity Ooliege days•that he felt there were.only one or two sub- : jepts deserving., the undivided attention . of a 'young,, culti­ vated gentleman. ~~ one of these was poetry« Swift had ysiaeoumbed t o : the: popular fashion of his day, imitation of ;' : ; Gawley, The result was a produetion of four odes, three y'fv'yy' c : of them in the Pindaric form 3 during his first, yeans at '

Moor Parke . The odess as sueh, were monstrous 0 However, ' Swift8s path of literacy development, whioh eventually reaehed maturity at Moor, Park, was being founded in these: odes; h' ,;7 i - : ■ ■; ■'' Swift, - praised' King William, * probably due,,; at, least ■ ■ -' in part, to the fact that his employer and the king were ;v.olose. aoquaintanoes>;,Swift demonstrated his first satiri™ • eal sparks in his denunciation of pedantry, addressed- to the Athenian; Soeietyo The state that tries, to; usurp powers: of the church was attacked next by -Swift0. Trinity College - and. its academi e narrowness' received.' a heavy blow.■ The ’; :: animal myth theme was 'suggested in another composition^ Finally, Swift 'despairs of his. poetie attempts and turns to a new method of expression «= prose. However, the satire in . ; . his odes .-and heroic coupiets was' not .inferior; it was q.uif e : , effective 0-... The; verses themselves: were the pitiable part. And the satire is the important aspect to us. It is in ' -' ;thiB::field-' that;'#Eiftls brilliance m s .eventually to- shine. - .. During this early part of the Moor Park residence of Swift ; is the,' time: and place ' where the seeds of his satiric genius begin to germinate and grow. Moor Park.was the hot-house, '•eVeh ln; his early;years there, , fbryBwift^s eventualv.literar^^ -

flowering. v.v,;; h - ; : .v'-' - --i: - ^ 7 , y ''';. ’ Q m p T m v

V,;: '; 'f: . ; EttiT^S ' . ; ' ' v" .

' .v, Af ter dismissing the muse in his lines ’'Occasioned

8 ir A#illiam: Temple' s Late Illness and Recovery5* in :: ■' :;- December of 1693, Swift abandoned poetry0 However 9V some- , time between early 1694 and late 1697 Swift reached his full bloom, of literary maturity. Unlike many other; writers,

Swift 8 s .works do not demohstrate an obvious, slow but cer­ tain rise {accompanied by distinct..improvements in style . ■;;; and intellect). that finally reach a previously expected , maturity,:' Instead, Swift produces y for several years, 1 verse that is decidedly unsuccessful, drops the verse form ; - ehtir ely and several years later writes a prose sat if e, . • The Battle of the Books, that gives the impression he has V . reached intellectual maturity in a single over-night bound„ '• ■. A/very remarkable aspect of this situation is that; it is almost truee Of course we have seen that even in . . ■ his bad: verse, 'there ■ was- always' the'presence- of adequate, \ often good, satire. In addition, during this "overnight"

period, Bwift was 1 absent from Moor Bark fro#-May of 1694 . :

tintil Hay of I 6 9 6 0 During this interim he returned to , Ireland, received ordefs in the - established church and • was. appQinted;, briefly,,, to the prebend of Zilroot» But : during'this:time Swift was unproductives We have his corre­

spondence, 1 but this , sheds. little, if any, light upon his- : : : ,,,' ./j: , - ^ ^y:^ ' 'v^ ^^ ^ 52 literary ievelopment for it has to. do with his' preparation, reeoption and assigimeht in theGhureh of England„ At most we :see only a natural advancement in his role of moralist0 J.iso during this time, when actually at Moor Park, tie; eon- .. tinned editing, intermittently, the memoirs " of Sir William fempleo , Eut as • far as his own works are ©oneerned;, Swift :

wrote his last bad verse in 1693; ;ih 1 6 9 7 he began his next;. ' : reeorded: eomposition a brilliant prose satire«, Apparently,

between 1694 and 1 6 . 9 7 , he discovered some nmagie formula" that united his satire with a prose form® Before disoussing this ©rowning work of the Moor Park period, The Battle of the Books, it would seem advis­ able to examine, briefly, the ©ohtrolling ideas and techniques ■ that'nnderiie.’hiC satireo I' \

. ., ; Ewift 1 lived and . wrote’ during the. so-called "Age o f • :

Enlightement?? in England 0 His satire contains the character- ;;'istiO,;rationaii^. of''this; periodo;; 4ftMh;0> :Xoveiby;;has^ i i Outlined the various attitudes that comprise the ^rational- ■ ism of Enlightenment»rr^ We shall sumiaarize, briefly, the- ’ aspects of this , ratiohalism,) aspects: that are ever present vthrougtiout ;Stift ..y'’,, '' ;; % \ The rationalism of the . enligtitenmenteontains first • ; $?uniformitarianism". ^ a; doctrine of uniformity • that, arose from the interpretation given to the terms reason, and nature0

' ; ls,The Parallel of Deism and Classicism,^ MP, . X Z H l . ■ C 1^32i.;2Sl-291 eV;: r;:'':. i h ’ ;*f ;i;v’ ■■ ; The indiviaual and. particular were banished iiere0 Season waS' tHe same :1m all meiie- Nature was ■ never the ’external type (as the nature .that is praised in romantic poetry)

hut rather' h uniformity revealed through reason 0 Reason - and, nature; in the .philosophy of Enlightenment; when applied to man, were identical, included in this doctrine of,uni- ' 'formitarianlem^ w ?frationalistic individuali sm” ■

which meant that since all individuals 9 in their rational ; -" nature,, are alike 'and hecamse' this uniform element is the ' most.important element} .truth is to be attained by every individual for himself, by private judgment, by the "pure

plight, Of naturen 'which shines identically in all men 0 Also Included in uniformitarianism is an appeal to the consensus ) gent ium — ^ . that • which . all. mem /a t all t imes have learned .must necessarily have been taught by nature and must be accepted by man o' Similarly, there is a ” cosmopolitanism^ -in this ; doctrine since the greatest gifts of mature have been.

- equally’ distributed to.iall men 0 Therefore, '.condemnation of any and all nationalism and. racialism mUst follow» , One of ■Swlft'k most obvious examples o.f his use of 'then: ddctrihe. of unif ormitarianism isin Gulliver’ s' Travels-; > where he gives explicit accounts of: the uniformitarian educa­

tional theories, of: the/hillipUtians>i; 1 ,,:: ;;y. "v-v The second important attitude of the rationalism : of 'iniightenment: was; the. hatred' for "enthusiasm." Enthu- .siasm to the neo-classicist covered any communications . received through private, supernatural revelations, any . speeial .imsights. attained, by individuals of exeeptional v : . end.o'wmentSg and any. originality in matters of, morals, or v religions'’ :Sind© *640on: :was :tiniveihaai W i g i ^ a ^ i t y w a s v - v Qortaim to be suspectc The true course in all matters . - was governed .by■ ■ the"goneral .sensee ■ Of the many satirists / of this age, none surpassed■Swift in his scourging of en­ thusiast s0 Prom his early verse to his'last satire, he. ' ' ■ would manage to devote a few lines/or/'paragraphs, at least, to shoving the f’original modernsback into their enthu­ siastically inferior place* , The third attitude of the fationalism of Enlighten- ■' ment. WEs: 9,rationallstie anti-intellectuali sm„■ Since the general sense of mankind in all matters'is sufficient, and '' / /since: the light ■ef SatUre is universal ■making: one intellect; as good as another, intellectual speculations and subtle- . ties are foolish and presumptuous/ Swift explicitly holds ■this attitude again, aid again<, . it. forms the basis for his satires on: corruption of learning and the; reason behind his • contempt of s c i e n c e :.//":' ./■V"/v .''' '/' ' ,/■ . // / • ;/./: In his ^Thoughts on Religion,“ S^/iift says? / ; : :/ - I believe that thousands of men would be ortho- ' dox enough in certain points if divines had not been too curious, or too narrow,: ih reducing dr- . , thodoxy within the compass .of subtleties, nicetles, . •. and distinctions, with little warrant from: scripture and less from reason or good‘policy*^ ■////.'■: ■ / ' ; / . /

^The' Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, edo Herbert Davis

'/; (o x f o r d .;:/,./-:. -// ■. •55

■ The fourth attitude was ^intellectual equalitarian- :

isiiio.51 Beasdn was the possession of all men; oommon sense was merely reason applied to homely things=. Political etoms. arose .hot from the, body of the people but from ■ ’ •' ^indiridual s who would pervert common sense for their own selfish ends»^ Swift stated'these views repeatedly in his ' political satires works showing him;in his most reason­ able roles insistihg upon a healthy reason of the community as a wholeo , . hy-'vi In his thact^ y-^Sdme Pree Thoughts upon the Present

State • • of .if fair s»' ^; Bwif t':;::say s-t^' v i; -_•:: .1;; ■ .. "'; , God hath given the. bulk of .mankind a capacity . : - - to understand reason when it is fairly offered; ' " ; ;T.' and by reason they would easily be governed3 if ' '' : it were'left to.their ehoiee0 Those princes in ■ ■ , all ages, who were most distinguished for their : . I ;>:;f-.imysterlous skill in government9. found by the event, -h' ,' that they had ill consulted their own quiet or • , 1 the 'ease, and happiness of their people«5; " The fifth and final attitude of the rationalism of ■ .Inligtitenmeht- was the nnegative philosophy ..of history^ held ; by the, neo-classicist0'd This attitude did not include the idea of progress * The uniformity o f ,nature and .reason, made - culture the expression of the general and unwavering sense of mankind o Certain .conditions could oceur ;that would be favorable or detrimental to the full expression of this culture, but the laws of uniformity had fixed some high un- . alterable degree that remained constant» Therefore, to

3awift, ed:9.-Bavls rteQ“eIa£5sieistsj Swift included3 the sense of time, whether pasti present dr futurer was given identical coloring, ' Swif t stat ed M s negat i ve pMlesopiiy of hi story s in lin- :;

: guistic terms 9 when he. wrote' % Proposal for Oorrecting 3 . ■ Improving* and Ascertaining the English Tongue:,f 'V '- v " ' \'. t*what:I have most at hearty is..that some : 'method.should he thought on for ascertaining ' and fixing our language forever, after such alterations are made in it as shall be thought . ' - v ::: •:' .requlsitebFor ;1:: am of the opinion, it is ; - 1 . better a- language should not be wholly perfect* than that it should be.perpetually changing; ■ .hr ; • ' and we must give over at one time, or at length • • : -v ■ .infallibly. change. for the worse; as the Homans ' ' '' did* when they began to quit their'Simplicity of style, for affected refinements, such as w© : ; meetin Tacitus and other authors; when ended by . \ : ; ln:: many:'barbaritie : e?en^ .before the.''" f ' ; Goths had invaded Italy . ; / - ■ ■■1. i,-/I;.'.;.'-:!$he-satire of; Jonathan: Swift contains all the fore­ going attitudes that are characteristic of the "rationalism of ■ Snlightenraent ;,** these attitudes appear again and again ; : in Swift^s writings^ Gdrisequently, one must be careful to heep the meanihg of these terms in .mind -- the meaning .according to the philosophy of Ihlightenment — when study­ ing and interpreting the writings- of S M f t e ' ■ . . /

;; v . According to Ricardo Quintana, there is one more A

attitude in Swift 1 S-1 satire. that tends to color; his’ rational^, ismneo^Stoicism.o'’ gWe shall discuss,: briefly, this addi­ tional feature proposed by Hr. Quintana* The. essence of neo-Stoioism is this: passions: are : '

• ■ %w l f t M e d v ':.Bavis»flF,-14

, 5#intana, pp0 59” 7 2 ® , epmpletelx■ culpable; reason must and can govern; the proper life of man is one of reason in utter domination of the .pasifdnso , V'.v- • The neo-Stoieal doctrine of the Age of Enlightenment

was an evolution of the Greek view of human nature 9 conduct y : and art -=- control of reason over the passions, fancy and

imagihation0 Since this classical attitude.lent itself to : Christian interpretation,, it was adopted by medieval phil­ osophers and theologians and eventually inherited by a few

: writers’ in the ’Ageiof' :Enlightenment 9 one of whOmh. was- Swift» A pertinent example of Swift ’ s neo»Stoieism may' be ::SeenyAnv^ l l i v e r 5;e iTraveih ;Wherev':he''ma&e#::,:the Houyhhhnms .. ' lead-'■■perfect •liye^^o'f treason.,;, completely devoid of pas si on § or any of its faceth0 v'. ■'• ' ; i t ' " . As a resmit:i of r thisvneO“Stoic:lsit^ acedrding ' to. Mr ?;. Qnintana, we find a contradiction in Swift that is completely t;opposed to neo-Stoieal doctrine 0 The'reason should and .can,,

govern the pas si ons; hdweyer 9 all about him, Swift saw lives ■ of ntter depravity ,where the passions ruled= Therefore, at times in Swifts s-satiresj, we find a leaning toward f?anti«= rationali aEit /becaasey'mankimd apparehtly had not or would - • ■ ■; :: not perfect itself through, a completely controlling, reasoho • Thus Swift occasionally ridicules the governing reason with '• ' a pessimistic attack on rationalism. Swift absolutely be­ lieved that reason must dominate „ but he was Constantly

/reminded that' 1 1 - ofte.n ndto/--i■v--'-- It would seem then' that t he ideas governing Swift’s ■ satirical works were those.characteristic of the rationalism of Enlightenment colored slightly by an additional doctrine of neo-Stoicism; in itemized form this combination contained: a.'unif oOTity: of vreason and nature s violent dislike of en-

thusiasm, eq.ualitarianism9 .anti^intellectualism,' negative ■ 'philosophy of history and-, at tlmesV \a neo-Stoieal interpre­ tation of reason. : V t'/ - ■ fhe ideas /governing Swift’s satire are only half of the finished product*' According to John M» Bullitt; ; The greatness of Swift’swriting lies both in the intellectual content of his Satire and in his .■t:

teehhlcal and inyentire 'bfiiliance0 ’ lh the range? ■ ■ universality,, and 'power that result from tho union of the:two, his achievement as a ‘satirist becomes > 1 - i ' ' i ; i :'/ - c/i:. In regard to his "technical and inventive brilliance, ©wifi used the same satiric tools that are employed by other ;Successful 'satirists;o y^ M apparently, vSwift .used; them with -' a cleverness unknown to the others0, These satiric implements . arei exposure by ridicule,: invective, diminuti on and i r o n y ; Hdweyer, ^ Swift- Used, them with; such skill and Often with such; violent intensity that one almost feels they are his ■

:'.own,inventions«, ■ 1 :■.> ■ v if: ;■ ■ ’ if ; Mr * Bullitt further reminds us that in 'A Tale of :■

; £. Tub Swift develops the central theme of all 'his 'satire.^ and al so tells us the, manner in whi eh h e . will treat his material,

2 _ .f "i . I':' ' i': , y % - ' f f ' \ ',.1, ' 'fi' i ^Jonathan-©wlft .and the Anatomy of Satire .(Cambridge,-■ ':Mss.». -fl^WTtTviiy^"^: • d: f y i i';..f: if fi:;;, .ift - . p

, Taiuitt, p„ 2 K , ' f:; i f : f ; ; 59

fiie ceatral vtiheme ©f Swift 4 s satire is -- the. idea ': ' that man’s Blind, is at peace when : ■ , . : : ■ . ■ ' ' He that can .with Epicurus content his ldeas . . . with the Films and Images that fly off upon his : Senses from.: the .Superficies of fhings;. Such a Han. Ira;..;:.' . ■. truly wise.,: or earns off. Nature;, leaving the .Sower '; ' . and the Dregs, for Philosophy and Reason to lap up, fhis is the suhlime and refined Point of ' . ': .- Eellclty, called the Possession ofbeingwell de- fw, . eel red; The Serene Peaceful State of/being a Fool ' : ' among ImaTes, . . : ...... ' ^v :; fhe; raanher in- which Swlft intends to study. ma.nkind in M s satires is by assuming the role of a sort of' ’’rational SUrgeonfl.®v; :.Swift\Sayst,':H :,:i if:' .f'-i i.' -.i:., . ... To this End,.1 haye some fime since, with a- f ,' World, of: Pains:: -aM: firtdissectpd:: the:' /Gareass of ■: .' ■ ' Humane Nature, and read many useful Lectures r ■ ■ . upon the;.several Parts, both Containing and. Contained; till at last it smelt so strong, X. oould preserve lt no longer, . Upon ’which, l \ : have been at great Expense'to fi.t: up all the. Bones with exact Contexture, and in due Symme- try; so that I am ready to shew a very , eompleat : - . i.natomy^thereof fo all curious Gentlemen and • ^ ' ■ .. ■others(?'9 . . l ; :;v ;: . This combination of Swift’s. the theme ..that happi--: hesS is the ’’Possession of being well deceived,® plus his : ndiss.ectionr? of the body of mankind -,=• expressed by the' : / ' cleverest manipulation of the- usual satiric tools has pro- .

; 'duced ''sat.iresirarelyre%celledflh 'b 1 , ; g' ' ■ , . Undoubtedly, .Swift’s adopt ion of the philosophical .''' tehbts :.of •. the age of Ehlightenmerit. virasg at least partially ,' . a :result of the- Hoor Park atmosphere. Sir William Temple

. ^Swift, edQ Davis, X, 110« :' %w i f t . , vr'-;v.;;7 ,,' / held .the eyolie theory of history; he did not believe in any law' of inevitable progress in arts or sdieneesV and : : • he chose t© side with the rationalism of the ancients --= ■ even to,champion the cause in an essays Temple$s philo- • sophical principles, elaborated in ah earlier chapter ■ • fill >/. MOOR: PARK) of this: the si s, would' certainly; have been acceptable to Swift, for they contained much of the same .rationalism’,; anti^intellectualism and: taste- that appealed to Swift 1 ^p/hw-- "i -1:y - ’ . . Between the- .t-ime that fSwift abandoned poetry. and the time when he began his -first prose satire, he. was : e er t a inlynot.: idl e-* .: Bur ing this dormant portion of his ;. . Moor lark residence, he was, apparently, formulating and .revising his plan:for the expression of his ideas regarding .

mankindo The plan resulted in amazing success0 Swiftburst fOrth;With a.’ brilliant satire demonstrating the fact that his'’literary maturity had been reaehed 0 Evidence of this maturity will be illustrated in the. following chapter which Will be a discussion of the efowning: work of the’Moor Park : residence -— The- Battle of the BboksV: -: , . I': p. 1'' I’y p ' CHAPTER VI

. y; :b a t m 'w t h i ',b o o e s ’c ; . \ - yf . -

yy:v;Vy:';'':;- In the spring of 1 7 0 4 , almost four years aTSer;;:.:: ;: ly j;; ; ;: ' Jonathan .Swift kad. left. Moor Park owing to Sir William- ' • y .

• Temple5 s deathg XoMon was S'Qandallzed py the publication ;:7 y ; of' a- hook entitled A Tale of ij '-Tubo The author of the . ■ y : ' v :: hook was not n a m e d \ Wisi anonymity, plus the brilliancy \ : ; y';

■ of the hook $ s impertinenoy$ ea.used a slight literary up- ' :y.- ■ ■ heavalo Several well-established writers of the period r : were aeeused of being the author — a faet they immediately y •; and vehemently denied; a few less certain writers attempted ... to suggest the workywas ^thelry'own — a fact disbelieved .by y' . yy ' ■ the majority of literary london» ; v :V .y ', : y : y '.yyt ' ; ' '■ \ - Contained in the first ; and all subsequent editions' ;.: ■ vyy

of A. Tale of A Tu.b „ was A Pull and True Account of the . "

; 1 ' Battie EodAht last Friday, Between the Anolent and the • \;7.y:>p;

. ■ ■ Modern Books in St 0 James 8 s library 0 This . Battle of the ^

' Books I s ' considered the crowning work, of ft 9 s Moor Park

perloa- : ' The anthorship of this worky except in, the few : ■; months immediately following ppblicatloh, has -never been ' :■ y dispntedyby scholars -=-=> but needless to say, the reasons . y:y;:. for anohymlty have, run the gamuto For the benefit of those . ; interested In cohtempofary: writers of Swift? s who f at the y

:f 'y''y'' y .f: . .7 '"f y'^f yf w ii": time of publication of the Battle of tbe-Books, were ■ Wggested: as. possible authors/ attention is called, to the footnote belbWo- . ■: ; ■ ^ . . : • . ... ::. Similarly} the : dating of ' the Battle of - the Books has been primarily agreed upon,. Portions of the religious allegories of Pale of A Tub

Of rth6 Tale*- Gommenting on this dating 9 ;a few of the more ' I noted biographers of Swift hare said; / • /.

\ The papers came to him (the publisher) in 1 6 9 8 , ’ ' ■ he saysg the year after they were written; ^ ' •':: .■ ■ ' -

' ' ■ : 0»e another vrork: oam.e to occupy some of this year '. . 1697= The earliest of his more notable bbpks:was : now launched, upon the limited circle for whom alone it was first intended, although not printed for some: I': : - years; ■ and-:.it';;iS'':to this part of Swift 8 s life that 'I w the consideration of the Battle of the: Books belongsa'

. 0 0 0 sections containing the religious allegory .were written first; then between June 1697 and March

1 6 9 8 came The Battle of the Books., and thereafter the remaining sections of the ~TaXeT^r" \ . Also ih the famous preface of ?}The Bookseller to , . the Header^ that is contained in all publications of the ' Battle of the Books, we find: ; . A '

:; Deane. Swift'8 s nlssay on Jonathan Swiftf. ( 1755) Po 60e

Johnson 8 s life of Swift. • ' . A.'. A. / g.: ■ • ’ 1 Addison8s The Free Bolder, Ho. 39$ AEay•4, 1716® rpbrsterg ■ pi 155« i'A-V-.'iA\; A;.;; A-^- ; ■. t t The following Discourses as it is unquestionably of the same Author, so it seems .to have been written; ' , ;.'abOh.tithe;;Sam^;:tiaieitSth:':the feraery mean^ the ' i -h. , - Tear 1697?' when the famous Dispute was on Foot s . . about Ancient aM Modern Learning0^ ' /The entire Batt le of t he ' Books was written while Swift was still' at ;l|ooh'Bark and. only, portions of the entire Tale were written there.s and.,these.parts later re- .

vised.0 Thus Battle of the Books and. nOt the Tale is eon- , sidered. - a s; the culmination of Swift lie ’■ Mo or Park aotivi ty«: It is true that the Battle of the Books was published, as a section' of J. Tale of h yTub: however, the Battle' is a com™ '■/’ plete unity in itself; the Battle is unrelated to the re- ■ ligious allegory of the'.Tale;/ and the Battle was written ■; and. completed, at an earlier date and for quite, other rea­

sons than/was the religions satire of the. Tale» . ": 1 'r.:.. - / In the Battle of the Books Swift forced a personal issue o’; Swift *S' patron i Sir WilliamTemple, had .been attacked or so Swift chose to believe s by two rude > pedantic upstarts William Wotton and Richard Bentley0, Smft decided, to avenge his employer and :'di3;so with a furious, attack, that Was un­ paralleled in English writings The 'w’hole satire is one of personality. There are other .Issues that arise, hut- they . / are, made, to do so; as: a' result,;/as viewed:' by'#wift of two,:

impertinent dunces 1 audacity in questloning,Tempiers taste, ; /■ Before a. discussion of the Battle itself , It would , seem advisable to ezatlna the background of the ancients

' . Swift/ ed 0 Davis, I, 139. , , ' 64

versus moderns controversy0 This examination., considering

. the; volumes of research compiled . on 'thiS'. sub jectwill be

incredlb^ brief, v ./;:vVV '■ ■:4 ; vlV: t .. ' , According to Anne Elizabeth Burlingame, . a noted historian in the ancients-moderns conflict:: ■ ; vj-;. Throughout the medieval period the attitude of . : ’ . : men toward the classical authors was one of well- , nigh absolute aesepfanee. Scholars looked to the . .;; ancient writers, as a reservoir of culture, .and an - : ’ •1 1;: authority in all; fofms ■;of knowledge. They 'knew; ho i v i other body of secular lore with which to compare it. There was therefore.an absence of intellectual con™ . flict between classic literature and any-world.of : thought outside it.,,The Latin language and literature preddminated, Greek being almost unknown,,,Classical .literature was 'the source of most philosophic thought frdm.'-MguStine: t©:;LescarteSf o >At the .extreme close of .. . the.Glass!c Age, philosophic interest was eager but -' • ' mystical, and Neo-Platonism prevailed,,,But philo- • ' :.spphio interest Wasstill feeble to create real en- ' " ^ knowledge of Plato was limited , to a. Latin'translation of the Timaeus, together with , , extracts to be found in Augustine and Cicero.,' . We . . : :, may .therefore /say. that from the. sixth to the twelfth ; v ; century almost no works of the great philosophic ; ' ., v / .writers were availablef The G-reek language was ■ praetieally unknown; philosophic thought but slightly v /A/rippled^;the- .surface of a life devoted to Christian ; ■ l - ,' asceticism"and the preparation for an assured exis-

: ,, tenee beyond the grave , 6 .; V;. . p. ■ . : :/ // Such, apparently^ ; the general state of classical thought at the beginning of the thirteenth century .in Europe, But then an important intellectual event occurred. The com­ plete works of Aristotle were recovered.,:; and'Thcmias Aquinas ; . prodeeded to prove that Christian theology and Aristotelian

pdiilosophy.. were;in;a^eement;,;.:a S ;i;/■ V "v■ 'But, says historian Burlingame: 1 vl:.p:;P

V ■: The Battle of the Books in its Historical Betting Clew York, 1 9 ^ “ F p ~ r 5 ^ ~ " ; ■ 65

same century, however, which 0 o.0witnessed the " - complete viotory of Aristot.le in -.Church and Univer- sity,,, o iSaw the hegihiiingE; :of the growth of that. h. spirit.; of actiyity and. reyplt which was ultimately ; - ' to prodta.ee the seientif ie . attitude and" t he' modern - 1 . world,7 ^ ^ -'.'Y; Therefore^ ’from the beginning of the. thirteenth i-;- ; century, we find one mind after the other in rebellion ' .

:. against ' the; anci ent , class!eal, orthodox fund - of knowledge 0 . ■ 'Starting ,With;Friar :Bpger ; Bacon, we can view such a' parade of modernss Pet raroh: and hi s huiaani st i e eul tur e, Ma nut ins : v. : and, his hi dine Press „ the Florentine Academy of Cosmo de' " , Eedici', ;the; humanistic "tmth" of Pic© Mirandola, .the :: I Intelledtual World League of Erasmus, the religious revolt .of ' Martin Lutherthe partial advancement of the Englishmen-- Oolet and Thomas More the discovery of bopernicus and ■ : •

/ . culminating in the essays of Michael 'de Montaigne0 .. - ..-C; i ; , t n; ; .'... HoweVer, during this entire ^parade" of moderns

: from.. thethirteenth to the sixteenth century9 the ancients continued to hold their ground« According to Richard Foster

■ Of; all the ancients who exercised despotic sway bver human opinions Aristotle stands out conspieu” ; ;@mslyieV^He had:;vdominated';medieval theology, and ' ' in the Renaissance he continued to dominate seiehce<, The absoluteness of his authority is revealed: by ' ;- . .one of the ■ statutes of Oxford University, which' ;. dbcreed; "that Bachelors and^Masters';who did' not follow Aristotle faithfully.were liable: to a fine of five ■shillings for every point of divergence,• ,

7Burlrngame, pp, 1 0 =-lle . ; ■ ' . » ■ ■ . ■ . . ■' ■ . ; . ■ ■ •. . ■ " ■ . ,■ ; ■ ■ ; “Burlingames ppa . 13-39» . ' ■,; ■;;■ • .;' ; ^Ancients and Moderns, A Study of: the Background of

. . the Battle of the Books (Bt. Louis, 1 9 3 6 )1 , P, 4, .; \ : -.V . ; ; ; :V66 ■

In Elizabethan England the Moderns tightened their ,.;griyo' Wiliiasi Gilbert and the high=priest himself , ;Bir';’^

• Franeis Bacon, were responsible for this advancement 0 The Paritans continued the battle with the Baconian! sm .of their educational treatises,, and the Rest oration drama with its . ■ materialistic philosophy resulting from the new-•'science • : ■■■■■': ' : ■ " i . - IQ ' ■■ ■ ■: . . . . : ;; :; : helped; keep -the spirit aliveo,:: ii :: \v. t g: :: ;v; hs one might expect, the controversy between the : ■ relative merits of the ancients and moderns, had- reached i t s ' ■ - peak during the Renaissance, and the controversy was European :

in scope 0 Swift ^s Battle of the Books, resulting from adverse. - - critic!sm of iemple * s !?lssay upon the Ancient and: Modern Learnihg*} had to do with the eontroversy, primarily,' as ad» vanced;: by three Frenchmen —» Montaigne, Perrault a n d :: ;= Fontenelle -«= and it is: with this period of the endless v squabble : that we shall now :dealB ;'v->: ; . il'gg :;: , V- : Temple had set foot in a widespread controversy, 1 : :, ;: . . ■ ; , y \ ' l/ : the. Renaissance goo The challenge to the supremacy 1. V'.-v . ' of the ancients and to the binding, authority of • v tradition waSy thrown 'down when Europe, passing from : g :: 1 medievalism into the modern age, discovered new , ig. -v p: ' . gg ■ .g’;,- values in secular life and a new confidence in man's . - " g' unaided. reason>9 In .the sixteenth century, above " g ..,g- all in the" essays of Montaigne, there is clearly ',.:g,,g: gg foreshadowed the' law of indefinite perfectibility : ■' ' of the arts and selenceso In France during, the sue- _ '' ■ ceeding century the controversy between authoritarians g /. .and- those' who ;:ehampie'nedithe present and. future':of ' ' :,;'' : gg gg; ■ civilization grew in intensity, reaching what may g. be regarded as a climax when on 27 Januarygl6.d7 ' : ■gg g there :Was:' read at a meeting' of. the French Academy , ■ g.g ,g ' _.

g ' % . ' 10 ... " ' ,'gg . ' Jones, pp., 279-283. 67 v,;:: the .famotis poem of' Charles Perrault, Le SleGle d.e , : " v ■' iouls de G-rand»0l oPerrault did not dodge his. adver- :. ' "seriesr philosophic argumentSoo0he sought to drive . - his opponents to.cover0 If the forces of nature are .. ' ' ;;v:::eGnstaht> : Mt vand;■ gehiha; have hot :shrupk;'■sinae"the ■ : , days of AugustuSc It follows that knowledge is onmulative, that the level of civilization rises, :,.: ;:. thah-- the - :art s. progress With t he passage of timeo ... : 7 '-#@frahlt s ' ihtef est was:-ih literattire 0 It ■'Was ■ ' ; . ■ . . ' Fontenelle who, coming to the aid of Perrault in . the ensuing storm., mingled the arts and the sciences :that they had never before been mingled .in this ■ ■ v ■ : •=■= and applied to them the law of continuousj, ' l ■ necessary;, and indefinite perfeetibilityo In ; . Fontenelle the modern age of science had spoken un-

i ■ mistakably 0 "InfEngland the idea of progress was diseussed : throughout the Seventeenth centurys but here the. ' : emphasis f ell on matters relative to ' the sciences.;... ; ;:'. ra the r than to the art s' "o 0 o This is not to say' that . before Templeis entrance into the Controyersy the : 'literary' side of the question had been totally over- : -'P. - ;v 1 .looked,: by ^:t hey !Engilsh> Dry den 9 s cautious assessment . ' ..Of both ancient and modern writers; his weighing.of ' - :the values of the.literature Of the past against ; / . the merits of modern writing -“ this is sufficient ; evidence that in England the question, had not been ' ; ' ■ confined exclusively' to fhe . seiencesol^ : ■

'IV- ; v In:'^ . Sir.::William: Temple 9 s : ."Essay •,. ' upon th e Incl ent and Hod Or n learni ngn: was publi shed ? In Irthih essay, Temple’s point of departure .is Fontenelle9s :'

Entretlens sur la Pluraiite des. Mondes and Thomas Burnet 9 s - Sacred Theory of the.Eartho ' The two arguments put forward ' by these moderns aret. first $ that knowledge is cumulative : so :civilization rises and arts progress; ahd secondly, that V since the forces of nature are constant, genius cannot grow

' ’ -^^uintana^ pp» 77”79<». : 1 " .'i;,, - ''f' •' ; ■ :; l^Critlcal Essays of. the Seventeenth Century,, ede 1 o,p«: ptnprnT^ToShrd^^ "IllT^a^ll'and notes. '' / - ^ y , \ '::": ^ : 6 8

: -v'-"' ' ' ■ ■' Temple proceeds to refute theee arguments = : la the ■■;. : first places he belieres knowledge is not cumulative; it ' is native genius in certain men that counts; cultural ■ .. .; ' heritage smothers rather than inflames genius <, Secondly, ■ ; , : in accord, with the eyClle theory, of history, Temple helieres ' that man remains primarily the same; it is merely that. .

r. ■ r; certain physical: and social forces condition him 0 " 'h.: ^ 'h; proce eds t o; hi story f or suhstant iati on« He moyes through , r- the fields of philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, astronomy, ’ h " • ■ h music, architecture and geography. He comes, finally,'to h : v literature, specifically to prose and here lies his -'pith\

, / / :h^; ^ . ; h : :: ' ■' It may, perhaps, be further affirmed in Favour of thevhneients,. that the oldest Books we hare are hi . . still in their kind the "best0 The two most ancient that 1 know of in Prose,' among those we eall prophane - : ’ , ; :. Authors, arehieso#s Pables■ and; Phalaris8s Epistles, ■ hoth liring■ near the "*aame time, which was that of v,, :.'..;;'v:h . h Cyrus and Pythagoras. since for the, greatest Haster in his kind,,.' - and all others of that sort have teen but imitations - ., : ’ of his Original, so l think the Epistles of Wit and .. . ,;'\i:..:i::,yy ih: Genius, than any other si, hare. ever seen, either . \ ' h

,1 : ' / -ancient' or moderna^^ i - ''h ' h- 'y .; ’ ' . ■ ’' h : ; vi,l ::,h From here on,, the immediate Controversy began its ;; course of actiono In 1693 and 1694, Charles Boyle, later a

1 ;-;'-/%.: iearl:;nf:Orrery, decided to edit the Epistles of Phalaris ; . ■ , that had been ;so highly praibed by Temple» In his research - : '. heymade use of ..the' Po y ^ lames . Palace', and . y-'h:; y :iy / y ;.; y^Spingain, ".pp. 64-65<> , ' -y y . . . ^ y ; ;;, : ■ whil e there he became upset by the conhuct of ttie librarian $

; Bentley* :'"In ;i6 9 4 WillIaiii^ W pmhll 5 he(i /his: ': ' \ ,'; S^ell^otlGhs upon 'Aneient: and Hodern: learnings , In which W , ■ ^‘ :

disputed Temple 8 s treatment of the moderns * However, with

this publication Temple? s polite::sohGlarship, had been ques- v tloned apparently an unpardonable affront* In January • . of 1695 Boyle’s edition appeared vzith' a sarcastic. reference, :y ■, , 'in the preface, to Bentley* In June of 1697s Wotton pub-

llshed .aiseeoBd.' edltlohuf yhls 'Befieotlbns with Bentley 8 s ' - v;• • Bissertatloh upon the Epistles of Thaiaris in which Bentley -

; • ahowed that •th© 'jtidh-phaised : ^ fables were spurious 0 ' The impertinenee of Wdtton and Bentley how assumed alarm-

■ / itig propoftions for it threatened to shame all; those who 'v ' 1 ;

• had sided with Temple 0 . The-wits' of Christ Ghureh retorted iwith a •uleverl- sareastid dissertatioh' agaihst Bentley, who : in turn published a second Dissertation in 1.699 $ that made , his enemies pay dearly for their cleverness * ' It seems strange that the 'scholarship of the two greatest philologist s, -of the age shduld have Seemed like so much rttde pedantry, ' ; but polite learning, was still the popular spirit of the ; day* And thus we come' to the Battle of the Books, which ;

v; ithough unpublished; until 1 7 0 4 , W s i writ ten in 1 6 9 7 ”-^^d the heat of the battle*^ 'v : ' i / -'t"- y ' ; . ■ Unlike so many satires, Battle of the Books is not . led into by lengthy, puzzling prefatory material* , , v llier^ are only the notice "by the bookseller to the reader : ' and. RThe Preface of , the Author on The bookseller$ s notice ' :.v^reiterates the origin and pattern of the dispute between

the Temple-Boyle and Wotton*=Ben11 ey f orces 0 The brief .: “ r; prefaee by Swift, only two paragraphs in length, compares . . .. .: ;wSatyrw to ”a sort .of Glassw and then presents the chief ,:i theme of tte satire that is to follow: pi.-p.. -. THERE is a Brain that will endure but one Scumming: ■ Let the: jQmmer gather it with Discretion, and manage , p his little Stoek with Husbandry; but of all things, .V:r ■.■ ■ : : i:' ' let him beware of bringing 1 it under the Lash of , p:' i his'Betters; because. That will' make it all bubble p pup into Impertinence,}and he will find mo new Bupply: "V'.ii-'P'. Wit, without knowledge, .being a 'Sort of Oream which

v P 1 " . ; pgathers'in a light to the 'Top, and"by a>skilful ' ■ / : P Band, may bO soon whipt into Froth; but once seumm’d. ■' away,: what appears underneath will, be fit for nothing, . pp}- pp. : -ihutto-be thrown to the Bogao'^®;;pp - ■ pp., ippiR\ ..p\..,p\:i}'ipi'p'\ Bwift specif I cally indicates to us in this preface;

■p that since wit without knowledge is a'}hart:,'of;eream', ■ r 6 ”'p' ■. '/■xP.'■ wblt against reason is the issueo P ’ ' , "p ■■ In the body of the satire there are five distin-' ' . . .

guishable incidentsQ The fir.st -6 oncerns the outbreak of

} the dispute among' the books in St = James 8 s Library 9 • ;

p : Under}Behtley s : care0 The. moderns — books that were ■ . allowed entrance Into the library only through the courtesy ;’ of' the anpl ents are extr emely up set th at their position '• ...

... oh the slope of Barnassus, where all the books are arranged, . .p . . is considerably lower and, with a poorer view than the position •,

,p;PP,,p ea.;pavis,,p uo.:,:..; P pP P pP p P;;}/ p,X.., z- ; y :.: »;' -, ':^^ ^ -- -^ v ';>v: ;v ;:.;: y-.-.'';':^ ; 7 1 ■ ■' : ;# coupled by .the a n d eat s op; Eventuallyall' the books, hear :

af the disputa and;sin6® :9 . battle is inevitable? all the books begin taking sides and organizing, forces® Throughout i’this first section, Swift shows tremendous faeility. in in­ vesting the volumes with life and adjusting the details of’ . the allegory to the real quarrel„ Temple, of course, chrono­ logically, came into the library with a host of moderns, but his choice ef- sides is' natural: ' . ■ pi ' : ' : . . .Temple happened' to overhear .them, /and; gave' . .■• immediate Intelligence to the Antients; who thereupon drew up their scattered Troops' together, resolving to ' : f.p' p;. act upon the defensive; Upon which, several of "the ;; ;" ■; V Moderns fled, over to. their Party, and amongtthe rest . Temple himself. This Temple having been- educated - ; p , , and long •conversed among the Antients, was, of all . ■ ^p-; ; . r , :-the 'Moderns.^.../bheir greatest Favorite, and became , . P ' ; ..' ; / .:. their; greatest Ghampion.^; ; pi/p'1' " ’i '' The second incident' of.the battle is a stroke of , / ••■' /; brilliant handling by Swift o The moderns.v.and ancients are represented/as a, •spider and; bee respectively:- : p ;. ; ’, ■ • ; ;; For , upon the highest Corner of a- large Window, there dwelt a certain Spider, swollen up .to the first :; . .Magnitude., by; the Destructionof .'infinite number of .. . '; P ';•. •'. '/Plies,:' whbse Spoils lay scattered before the Gates ■ • _. p of his Palace,, iike human Bones-before the Gave of / : home Gianto The Avenues to his Castle were guarded //;,; ■.', with Turn-plkes, and: Palissadges, all 'after the *, , / /; Of #ortliicationk ' ' ' //" '' ; / -; / ': . i/p.■ The bee flies into the web and in an effort to free • / hiaiselfpwhieh he ■ accomplishes,' ruins/ the web., ' The .spider /spots the bee.cleaning his:wingsvat, a safe distance.and hurls /' 'insults upon himj, to which the bee replies: ' " . •

i^ S w l f t .:- edPavisp; ;l',/41#^T'P-:. //^:%w i f t , ed.'Davis,/!, 147s 72

' Tous ^oast $ iBaeed,9. of being "obliged to no etlier , ; } ■ v. V;';- ^: Creature^ but of dravdrig^ aiid : spinning out" all from ■ your self; That is to say, if we may judge of the Mquor in the Vessel by what issues out, You possess a good plentiful Store of Dirt and Poison; in your ; ■ Breast; o „ 0 S 0 that in short, the Q,uestion comes all .. V v to this; Whether is the nobler Being of the two. That. . ' ;. which by a lazy Gohtemplation of four Inches round; ; ' by a n . overweening Pride:, which feeding and engender^ : t '-/V ing on it self ,, turns all into Excrement and S"enom; : : ’ .producing nothing at last, by Fly-bane and a Cobweb; . or That, which,' by an universal Bange, with long ' . . , Beafch, much Study , 1 true Judgment, and^Bistinction ,'i . 1 • : t \ ; W/ ; v;':; Aesop overhears the dispute and sums it up — the . f spider, a perfect modern; the beey a perfect ancientf. The Difference is, .that instead of : Dirt and Poison, . : v V;; we .haye>.rathertchose'.;to fill our:, Bives with Honey and /'i . Waz> thus furnishing Hanklnd' with the tW° Hoblest of

Things-,' which ..are Sweetness 'and: Bight « 2 0 ...

'; ^ if ir fhe, third incident describes the gathering:1 ©f the f ..two armies» The moderns delegated various authorities to • the following? Tasso, .Milton, ,Dfyden, Withers, "Descartes,.; ' Hobbes, Harvey, Buchanan, Seotus, Bellarm!ne,: Lestrange .. . , -'^fandVdthefs-o.’; The" ancients Ghose, as' leaders, the: following: . ;■ : Homer, Pindar, Euclid, Plato, Aristotle, Herodotus, Livy, , .

Hippocrates., Vossiuaiahd Templea - - : * f ^ ' 7 I ::: .: "v number of hand to hand combats are described also : in the third incident, chief among them the encounter between : ; Ihsil am. j : . : : . - . On the left Wing of the Horse, Virgil appeared in / shining Armor, oompleatly fitted to his Body; He was 1 - :i; ' mounted on a dapple grey Steed, the slowness of^whose: -.

' ■ ■ :::: Pace, was an Effect of the highest Mettle and Tig our 0

19Bwift, edc Davis, I, 149-150» 2Ql3wlft.: ed, Davis. I, 151=. ■ 73

He east Jala Eye on the adverse Wing, with a desire to g : find an Ob ject worthy of his valour, when behold, ; ngon a ebrrel Q of a mohetrone Size, appear'd a Foe, issuing froii among the thiekest of the Enemy’s Squadrons; But his Speed was less than his Noise; »;;': , f dr- MsxBorse:-eld,-/and^ lean, spent the Dregs of; his- Strength in a high: Trot, ; whioh tho ’ it made slow ad-.' • ; vanees, yet caused a loud Slashing of his Armor, ; ; - terrible to hear>.o o „ the Stranger ' desired a. Barley, and lifting up the Vizard of his Helmet, a Face ■ hardly appeared from within, which after a. pause, •• • • was hnown;.for that of the renowned BfydenoooEor, the ■. : , ;. Helmet,jWi-i' nine times too large for the Head, which , . appeared^ =. „even like 0 o 0a Mouse under a Canopy .of State;oaAnd the voice;was.suited to the Visage,

r . sounding weak aud r emOte © ^ 1 : ' i ' . . ' > • :'t :> -Swift: is at his most devastating here V™ only when we finally identify the pea inside the helmet as Dryden’ s ■ head do we fully realize the extreme:ridicule one can suffer

at the hands of Swift 0 ■ . .• , ' .

; The fourth incident actually divides the third 9 During the gathering ;of the armies., -.a council of gods is

convening in the Milky .Way0 Momu.s,, t he patron god of the moderns is;.alarmed; at the course of the battle and flies' for help to a malignant deity called Criticism*

: y. ; - i h i s ;;g d d d e ^ s i h a f i t ;' \.•; : .'y^yy, y -. ' ■ y yy';:/ l - : ; : :y ' . ■ «o ehad Claws like a Cati Her Head, and Ears, and yt: y' Joice,,;resembledvthose., of :;ah:.Ass; Her,Teeth fallen. A;, y : - 'ly hut -bef Of e; yHer-'Eyes: ':turned inward,. as- if she iOokt only up©m herself; Her Diet was the Overflowing of , yher; own Calif Her Spleen was so large, as to stand •yy prominent Ilke a Dug of the first Hate, nor wanted , : y' yExereseencies yin yf orm of.:Teats; ;at wh i c h ; a Crew of yy;; ugly Monsters were greedily sucking; and, what is Wonderful to conceive the bulk of Bpleen encreased'

y ; I faster than the Sucking could diminish it 0 ^ 7':y ,;v ; A

^^Hwift,- • ed, Davis; I, 157e

ft j e&o Davis , 74 : .. Seated, with Oriticism are her family? her father, and husband, Ignorance; her mother, Pridej ,her sister, V

■ ,Opinionand ;her children —- Noise, Impudence, Dullness 9 . . . . Vanity, Positiveness, Pedantry and 111-Manners* Criticism ... is Imediat ely concerned with another of her sons $ Wotton, ‘ . , : and encourages the other children to join in her flight

; :v , down to help their brother 0 ' .. : : ■ -' '' - , • : ; The fifth and conclmding incident bears directly . r\. v on;;1lottdh and Bentley®. After 'a combat between Pindar and ■ , ■ ' . : : Oowley in which Odwley is split in half with a mighty stroke by Pindar, the. moderns : fall into a semi-retreat d ; i.i this ■; : ;vri ;::'i' - point Bentley and lottoh join forees and set ont to attack .rf':"the enemy in a last. Tain attempto' Their last adventures, ■ by Swift, are made to‘ aiiegorlze their attack upon temple

l-tli and 'their supposed defeat; by Boyle 0 1 f ' 'I ' ' ' -'•.-I't';'' - awift portray • ■

- v : ::. ■ ,. 0 o =,A Captain,, whose Name was Bentley ; in Person, • • . r

the most deformed of all the Moderns 5 Tall, but without • • . Shape or Comeliness ; .large, but without Strength or - : •. .

; A''" -U"' Proport ion.. His Armour was pat eh 8 d up of a thousand p- / ' '4 incoherent Pieces; „ 0i Hi s. Helmet was of old rusty • : :i Iron, but the Vizard was Brass , which tainted by his ; :. : - . ; v: ,: . Breathy corrupted into Copperas o . „ in his right. Hand . - , : . ' he grasp8d a Flail, and (that he might never be un- provided ,of an off ensive Weapon) a .Vessel full of ; . ■vv*1',; v. - . Ordure in his ieft;. .' ,, , :r. .'. .?■' o o oWith'him' for his Aid and Companion,, he took his ■ • beloved Wottbn >> o. a young Hero, whom an unknown Father .‘ ... 'it; ; ; of mortal Race, ., begot by stollen Hmbraees with this .

■'i "1 : ' 'A' Goddess (Criticism) d f0 she took the ugliest of her ; ., . ^. 'i '' / ; Monsters, full glutted from her Spleen, and flung it-if' " ., : invisibly into his (Wotton8sj Mouth; which flying . . /vf.V _ strait up into his Head, squeez 8 d out his Eye-Balls 9 '23 ' : ;,gaye him a distorted Look, and half over-turned his Bralhei'. -

'• 2 .lgwift, ed<, Davis, I, lf$-l 6 p. The pio-ture they make together, as they set ottt oh their last,adventure, only Swift'eould paint: ' . ' ./ As when' two Mungrel-Gurs, whom native Greediness, ' /and domestick Want, provoke, and join in Partnerships v thongh fearful s: nightly to invade the Folds of some ' rloh Grazier; They', with Tail a depress" d ^ and, lolling . Tongues,oreep soft and slow; mean while, the eonseious Koon, now in her Zenith, on their guilty Heads, darts ■ /perpendieular Hays;. Hor dare they hark, though mueh, . ' :;:::prOVok!'d at her refulgent Visage, whether. seen in; Puddle by Hef1ezioh, or in Sphear direct; but one surveys the Eegion round, while t1other seduts the ■ Plain,, if haply, to discover at distance from the ■ ■ . .' / Wolvee, or ominous Havens0. So march’d this lovely, ,■ loving Pair of Friends, v ' / . Bentley, and Wot ton,, in their first adventure, come ; / upon the Aesop and Phalaris who are sleeping. They steal 'their .armor; Bentley would have .slain the ancient • pair,: but a. goddess ■seizes his arm, thus protecting Aesop and Phalaris„ : .V' 'The modern' adventurers, then sight Temple and Boyle who ■are' drinking from the fountainof. Helicon^ unaware .of ■ .the impending dangero Wotton hurls his lanee at . Temple, •but it falls harmlessly short, Then; Boyle pursues, the. pair, throws a lance of Incredible size and sharpness, and im»

. pal es; both Wott oh /and ’■ Bentleyl 1 the : singl e. thrust 0 >: ;. As when a skilful Cook has truss5d a Brace of Woodcocks, He, with Iron Skewer,- pierces the tehder ' • _; : Sides of both,, their Legs and Wings close pinion'd. . to their' Ribs.; ;:SQ';was this pair of Friends. trans~ . - fix * d ^ till down they fell,, j byn! d in their lives, ;; 'jOyn4d;ih'their so closely joyn*d that;l ■ '• '• Charon would mistake them both for one, and Waft them . ovef the Btyr fOf'half his Farec Farewel, beloved, , Ibvihg Pair; Few Fquals have you left behindi And happy and immortal shall^you be, if all my Wi t . and ’. ■ - : .BloduenGe ■can make you 6 /5 ;: . ■ ■;:. ■ '

^ g w i f t -, edV Davis, 1, l6l, ; • - ^ BwlftV -ed»• Davis ,; .i,:;, l6Wl6$ .: :\\ \ '' - r ^ . ; -%:^ ": /< 76

Thus ends the fifth ineident and t Ms ends the ;"

: ' Battle of the. Books« : h v , ,:a ■ :v-': / y'' ' ;::; >v ■" _ ; ’’f V The time thathas elapsed since Swift * s attack v- upon Bentley and Wotton .has, in its. justice, aeq.uitted / :

them of their role of' dunees' or foolso However, merely .heeause Swift: wasyihverror:: in his choice of enemies does , . hot 'mean that there was no legitimate opposition., Here, was ' the pedantry s pride, enthusiasm s ■ laek' of manners, taste "and : ' reason .that he despised, throughouthis Moor Park period; here trere the same ideas and activities that he constantly „ and vitriolically attacked in his early poetry at Moor Park.

. hll of Swift 8 s 'assumptions in' 'the Battle of the Books' will - certainly not :.agree:'With ;.ourvown3. hut his def ense and up- ■ ■. holdihg of a cultivated, civilized attitude will usually Strike home. i " "■/ : - " . ' .v'-: the- preface; to the Battle of t he Books to the: ' 'hidsing, incident, there is a most dramatic contrast to his . early verse. Swift ss literary maturity is reached, here* ■ ' "We have; hone of the : too urgent, forced situations of his

■ verseo There are no extra, useless phrases0 Erom;line to line the logic of his symholS"and thought is superb« With " the prose form he has found •the ideal vehicle for the satire that was often clumsily handled in verse, Swift’s use of . "disgust: ds "extraordinary in this satireo ' .His desoription ;

y of the spider, of-Criticism and of Wot ton are nauseous 0 " ; 1;' Disgust, ih the hands of Swift,, when' turned pn the irrational,

frightening. emet 1 Ce ; ^ ." .: . ^' 1 ; The Battle of the Books more than any other work of; Swift8s Shows' the' importance; of his Eobr: Park residencyo

First of all 3 the occasion for the satire arose from ah

affront to the polite essays of his patron, Sir William 1 Temple^ The faet that two pedants possessed the unmitigated impertihenoe to question the opinions' of Temple, who to ; Swift and the.majority of men .of; letters of the day„.was a . model of eiyilized's cultivated s reasonable learning: and taste.. was unpardonable;; Swift'' immediately rose to avenge,.: his employers Behind Swift were the previous years of association with Tempie and his friendss. the knowledge '■ he . aeeumulated from the Temple library, his-interest and ^apparently agreement with Temple8s views, his own hatred -

for pedantry,; Sew Seienoe, and; irrationality0 With this i;arsenai\at : his /disposal,' ^ Swift joined hi s brilliant satiric■genius with prose and gave us/the Battle of the Books ; print ed proof that' 'hi:s/ lit erary . deveibpment, begun wi th' hi a airival at Mbor Park3/'was complete<,■ / , ' • ■ . .

' ■/ I I; /Shen 'JonathanSwift departed /from / Trinity University in 1689; and accepted; employment. as secretary to Sir. Itilliam Temple at Moor Park, he .did so .with feelings of bitterness /;; toward the Irish university« His reasohs for this bitter­

ness were not completely unwarranted 6 He felt he was in ■reality an Englishman,. forced to attend an Irish' university, . ‘ supported by an tin ole he disliked and with a. cousin whose ■ speiai- status was more properly respeetable than his own»

H e ' disliked the ' narrow 8 pedantic seholastio atmdsphere of Trinityo He . desired, to pursue history, and poetry and no / itoreo He had been twice censored for reasons of conduct; . ,/.and' he. received a crowning blow of a sneeiali gratia degreec ■' Swift was only twenty-one# and Sent eagerly to the Temple

’ hbosehold in Moor Park 5 believing that here would await him . all. the cultivation and sophistication absent at Trinity , ■ ■ College,' And this was entirely possibles Sir William ' .Temple' was a retired diplomat - of t he' court; he.was a. personal. \ friend o f ; thaVking,;;-.^© visited' Moor. Park several times .doring ' 0wift^'S residenceo ''Tempie was an established man of letters of the day; he was a model of coltivation and taste» The

■ '.Temple library was at Swift 1 s disposal 0: Templets wife and '

, sister ; charmings. intelligent 9 1 ettered women}-” were ■.. ■•}•,} members of,the hoosehold* Stella} whose name was later to '

■' be :linked 1 constantlywitS Wi f % ’ Sy;: was .a member of this ; same hooseholdo; Here was an ideal locale in which any young intellect • might develop and mature and Swif t ’ s did just :

'.} thato In his position as secretary to Tempie 9 in his ■ accom” .' ' panying of Temple on long walks, in his role as messenger of . Temple to the king, in his generous use of the librarys in; ; his close association with the other manbers of the household

.and the' dlstihguished; guests who ylslted Moor Park} Swift - .was bound to establish and develop ideas, opinions s and , - " , 79 judgments that reflected the atmosphere of the Temple residence*

He first turned his efforts toward verse, particu­ larly to the fashionable form of the day, Pindaric odes* This was an unfortunate decision, for his verse was in­ credibly unsuccessful, However, in his verse we see the first signs of his eventual literary genius — satire. The verses, as poetry, were indeed quite wretched, but the satire was more than adequate and occasionally intimated the brilliance of his later prose works. He abandoned his efforts in verse and spent several unproductive years, interrupted by his reception of orders in the established church. But these years were certainly not idle ones. For during this time he was, apparently, rapidly developing in ideas, taste, and command of letters and style. His philosophy was virtually the philosophy of the age of Enlightenment, as was, for the most part. Temple's.

His facility in the use of the weapons of the satirist, whether a natural gift or the product of this same period of develop­ ment, were soon to be displayed. Swift's intellectual ripen­ ing was reaching the point where it needed only an occasion to display its full maturity. The occasion presented itself in the form of the Bentley-Wotton dispute of Temple's essay.

Swift decided to defend his employer's scholarship with a satire on the age-old ancient and modern debate. He wrote his first prose satire, the Battle of the Books, and

Univ. of Arizona Library Ill lt.,we .flii& ' the - .later Tale of A Tub, Gulliver? s Travels, ifodest Proposal and numerous noiltieal ':

and;;religidns- tracts® : In the Battle 1 of the BodSs .:1s. dis- ;■ played the same matures satiric genius of his later workse .. The., literary; development . which .arriyal at^^; % Ebor - Park was complet e, and Moor Park had played an important role in' the; attainment of ;this .maturity^ , j, : . ■ ' On January 27s 1699» Sir William Temple died e In , July of the same year*. Swift, was appointed chaplain to ;; Ibrd Berkeley, who. had recently /been made a lord Justice of Ireland^ .and aeeompanied him. to Piiblln», This journey to - Zreland:marked, the close of Swift’s .residence at Eoor Park». A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The foilowing:bibliograpLY oontalna, in addition to ;;refe3?enees; cited, in footnotes^ works consulted in the pre­ paration of this thesis. ' • ■ ■ '

:'Ac#fth .Swift.' Ldndon,:^^ ■ ^

Addison, Joseph0 ' The Works of Joseph'Addison.=0, edo Henry 'G 0 BohHo 6 volSo London 3 ,n : ; Bahoocks': Re, Wc ■ "A Pilgrimage to Moor Park," Dalhousie - t : h . . -"n— — v■;.

Baker 3 Ernest A. Jonathan SvJift»n Sewanee Review, XXZIV (Jan.-4gar, 1 9 2 6 1 , 1 -]IL:.: , ■ . r . . \ ' - “ ;

Ball, j Franc i s 'Er ling ton 0 ' :SWlffls: V ef se i An Essay 0 ' London,'

.BenslY,Ed%ardo' !!The Llhrafy lat' Eoor Park,M H&Q,, GLIX V " ; # l y ; 19, : 1930 : A&;'. , ; .ky:;. r ; .k ' t:' . . - - 'A'

Bonham, l/fartha E» ■ 6W b d r :Park, Smrrey., England, and Stella* s. ;v:/. Cottage,"■ ■mison' Library Bulletin, SX . (1946) , 678-679= : Bullitt, John Marshall* Jonathan Sviift and the Anatomy of ' Satireo Cambridge. 1 9 9 :: ;■ - , -• ■.■■■■■ ■■■

Burl1ngame, Anne Elizaheth0 The Battle of the Books in its Historical Setting, Hew Torkt 19200 ' . ; ■ Case, Arthur 11. : ’’Swift: and"Sir’William^TempieI-" ' a Conjecture, MLH, IS (Anrll 1945). 259-265. . - ; : Cl ewes, 'llinsf Qh l : ■ 'The 'iioient Friends.: ^ Hew York, 1945 o : I ,; Cork and Orrery, John' Boyle, 5th lari of® Remarks on the . Life -and Writings: of Dry' Jonathan Swifte"~~London, I752o ,;.; ;

0faik,',;Henfyo The Life of Jonathan SWjfto 2 vols 0 London, DarnallV Zc, Mo "Traditional Motions about Swift Sst English ' Journal, % m 1925), . 514-521. . ' ; . • -; :■ . 1 "Was Swift Ambitious?25,, English Journal, XXI (Nov, 1932} $ 733-742o ; ;"5:“ : / a / :. . DaviSs Herbert Jolmo The Satire of Jonathan Swift« Hew ■ York/ 1947, 5 ^ .,-1. ; " : :vl, . ■ /'V;::' '/--lo Stella, Semtiewomam of the l&th Century«. He w ' York, 1942o . "V ' I..!A l/y : Eddy, William Alfred = "Interpretation of the Age: of Swift, ** ;>:;5 A . :%EXI (July 1934), 490-495. r 1 ' ■/' "\\'A Ihrenpreis, Irvin® "Swift and Mro John Temple," BH, H U ■ (March 1947), 145-154. ■ o "Swift! s Father," M M , CXOII (Hov® 1947) , 496-49B

, :Zor8 t.er,; Johh«. The Life of Jonathan Swift 0 New York,' IB7 6 0 Garnett, Richard, Thomas Seeeombeo "Swift, Jonathan," Iilnoyolopaedia Bri11ahloa 8 ' 11th ed», - DQC7I, 224-231 : . ■ ■ • Giffard,. Mar.tha Lady! Martha M d y Gjffgard, her Life and

■ Correspondence0,o ed, Julia G 0 Longe, London, 1911. , Gogarty,' Oliver St, John, "Dean Swift as a Human Being," ■ Atlantic Monthly, CLXTJOri (Oct, 1950), 54-56, • Goodwin,- Erank Stier, . Jonathan "Swif t,' Giant in Chains, ■ '"4;1' Hew Tork:?, 1:940I /:■; ;.C - Ip ' : ' ' V": ' Gwynn, Stephan Lueins., The Life and Friendship, of Dean . - .Swlft o, /'.NaW\7‘-6rk4.•• l93'3v : ■'•:■:': -■ 4 4 ' Hardy, Evelyn* r' The Conjured Spirit, Swift, London, 1949. Jackson, Robert Wyse, Swift and his Circle, : Dublin,, ' 1945. . . Johnson, Maurice 0, The Sin,of Nit: Jonathan Swift as a Poet

, ;: i^H‘^^6 use'jv/-‘i 9 :5 0 ®5--: ^ ^v^ : ' 7 --4: ' Johnson, Samuel, ' Works of Samuel Johnson,,, ed® Arthur ./ ; " Murphy, Esq, ■ ife-ydls',' lohdon1%C®: / v:;.':j0nes, Richard Foster:® Anciehts’ and Moderns: : A : Study - of the Background of The Battle of the Books* St, Louis, 193. - mnda, Louis A, "Insolent Rudeness. of Swift,”■ M M , L X 7 I I 1

(April 1 9 5 3 ) 3 ''225-226;®:;;,'; ; 4-':, i':'' - 'I : ' - : ' ' : y- 1 ■■ - - . ' • ' , ‘ , - '• - , ■ / 1 1 ' ' ; d^o /, : 1 ^ Z . . . ®3 .

XaiMa, Imiis i,0;' Jonathan JSaF, ZI.1 V '

{Get o 1945) 9 337-350> ; ' ■ '':• ■ ^Swlft ^s /ScGnomia ^ (Dec.1943), ; " / 310- 33$. ■ i;:' 'i:: j-i'''' Loomis, ;.:G..'So' ^Superstitions and Beliefs i n 'Swift,.? : . :•" ' 1 Western LolfcloreV xy Unril 1956) . 126-128. I' \ v;^;; , Love joy, 4rthnr G» fiTiie Parallelism is Deism and Classicism, ' m 3 3X17.(1932), 281-291. Ha.eanlay,' fhoffias ..B„ Essays and Belles LettBBS.. ., edo A.. I... Grieve* 2 vols. London,. 1907. T ..' ■; - ' % '' •■■■. ; Marburg (Zirk), Cl ana. Sir:William Templet A Seventeenth Century nLlb@rtin. ‘ New Haven, 1 9 3 2 0 ■' ' Maxwells' Constantia Elizabeth. Dublin under' the G-<

■MofiarityI Seraid; P a t r i c k D e a n ;Swift’ and his Writings =. . ,.'-Ldndoh, 'Z'893. ' ,Mundy, P. D. 5}Ancestry of Jonathan Swift,a GXCY1 . : ■ ‘ - • ': i9$i),. :38iaeo-'^ Murray,, John .Middleton.; : Jdnathan Swift, a ■Critical Biography ■ Jbrk* 19$$. /' . ' :..dW, ” Gsborne, Dorothy (Temple). Letters of Dorothy Osborne to : Sir Wiillam' Temple.... ed.. S. 0. Moore Smith. . Oxfordj

Price, Martino • Swift8 s’. Rhetorical Art.. Hew Haven, 1953 Q,uint.ana9 Ricardo. ■ ffPoems of; Jonathan'Swift:, ^ ’ M L H ) LIT ' .' '

(Jan. 1939)1 $9 -6 1 . : W i ;;; ' ; .;W: i T :; 'W'.: Swift? An Introduction. London, 1955® > ' . : I- " ' .W-.o-' The Mind and Art of Jonathan Swift. 'Oxford, 1936. Shuster, George N. The English Ode from Milton to Eeats., : : Hew; York, 1940. . : y w : - . ■ ' 1 ;. ; Smith.,. David Hichol®. "Jonathan Swift: Some Observations,s?' ' Royal Society of.Literature of the United Kingdom. " W 1 ; LondoliT^TlT^TT^^rC ; :. . " : Spihgarn, J. E ■ % ed. Critical Essays■ of t he Seventeenth ..

- ' " " Oxford, 1 9 0 9 . ' ■ ■ : , . ;; - rT T ^ ,w : y 3 4

Starkman, :Kiriam« ;Swift{s Satire on Learning in A Tale ; of Tube Princeton, I950o . - , Stephen,.;Leslieo Swifto LbMon, 1839. ' - ^ i:- ' ■ Jonathan,f? W g , 3 1 % , 204-227..^ V': . ' : ; "Swift','Jonathan *! ' A Tale , of a ' Tub o „«, ed«, 4 a C » G-ethkeloh ■ v;:;.■ ahd, 'D o' WiehQl,. :Sm.itho Oxford, .:192G. ; ' - , ■ A fale of a fhh^ oof edo Mward SodnettHew

■ V— ' ■ . y A Tale of a Tab . „», ed » Henry Morley <, London, *^"™T^9- ' I ' V : ' :' : / '4.:' .Swlft-Vs ' Writings Religion and the Ghhrchc >,:o:,, • edo Temple*~ScottT~ 2 voli. London, ' 189^ ™ .■ '' '' ■■»:• -The GQrrespQndenoe of Jonathan Swift, D » . a „ . ed* . ■ F : If lihgtoirlail^:' r'irTl^903ond^n7"l910, . The Poems of Jonathan Swift«.», ed, Harold : ; 'f ' ..Williams« 3 vols0 Oxford, 1937» 8: ;■ : : :■ V The Poetioal Works of Jonathan Swifto«,», edo ' : Retr ■ Jphn/Mitf of Co 3 vols „' London, 189 5» , - 1-, The Portable Swift..0, edo Carl Van Doren„ M m York; m i ) . ■ :: v ; : ; . : . ■' ' . ' o - The Prose' Works of Jonathan Swif t»* ed o : Herhert John Daviso 12 t o IS o Princeton, 1951« • -'3,. '' ":'';o The Works of Jonathan Swift, » ed> Thomas T"":' Roscoe® 2 vols, ™I^ndon7*lL§^J7™™ / / The Works: of johathan Swift,»o, ad. .Sir Walter' 3 - Scott, hart. 19 vols. Edin'burgh, 1814* • ’ o " ^Swif t ; ff:. '.Caaibridge- History" of 'English Literature , if v ; : :'\3. u i 3 " , Taylor9 ,William D^heanol Jonathan Svdft, a Critical Essay. \:333 : LOh&on;, 1913/3-3"^^ :\,.33 3.y;33 ' - i: h - 3,; /• ■133' Temple, Sir Williaml The Works of Sir 171111am-.Temple....,

■ . ■ :■., l e d . :. Joiaathan Swif 13 . ■ 2 vols, London, ,1750® . : ,3< ; 33- - 3 ,3: Thackeray, ifilliam; H. The English Humorists® Camhridge, " :' ::' -;I8 8 9 , , - . % :;y :,-.. : .'g ■ ^Pucker, William 3V S$irish Blasters of Prose, Catholic World v.'.. 1 4 4 : |Mhr 1937 ;; :71^17^ '-;;: Tan DOreh, Carl® ’’Conjured Spirit,w Saturday- Review of ' Literature,' Til- fSept<,' 13, 1930) 5 117-119« . . : . .r3,;s:,awlft~® New York, 1930® ; ::; > ' ;V' iiebster^: ;C1 arenoe M® - ’’Temple, Causauban, Swift , ”N&@.,f Cl%

Woodbridge, Homer B® Sir William Temple®. London, 1940® •