Jogan Period Art Forms (794-894) Historical Context

• Early Heian or Jogan Period • 794 Capital moved from Heijo-kyo to Heian- kyo • “Early Heian” used by political historians. • “Jogan” used by art historians. • Periods of High Artistic Achievement • Konin Era (810-823) • Jogan Era (859-876) Esoteric Esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo)

• denomination • Dengyo Daishi (Saicho) • Mt. Hiei (Hieizan) Hieizan

Jogan Monastic Centers Esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo) • Shingon denomination • Kobo Daishi (Kukai) • Mt. Koya (Koyasan) Jogan Monastic Centers

Koyasan Goma (fire) Ritual Jogan Architecture Muro-ji Type-site Muro-ji “The Women’s Koya-san” kondo, Muro-ji Characteristics of Jogan Architecture

• Thatched roof • “Natural” setting • On mountain side • Veranda • Stilts • Divided interior Cross-section of kondo Muro-ji kondo Interior Muro-ji

• 5-storied • thatched roof • relatively small • natural environment 5-storied pagoda Muro-ji Kiyomizu-dera Jogan Sculpture Yakushi- ichiboku nyorai technique

Jingo-ji Ichiboku (One-block) Technique Yakushi Buddha Jingo-ji

• Single block (ichiboku) style • Unhappy expression • Heavy features • Wave drapery (hompa shiki) • Wet drapery • Strict iconography Yakushi Buddha’s Head

• Heavy features • Splits in wood • Unsanded skin surface Muro-ji Shaka-do

Shaka- • Seatednyorai • Single block (ichiboku) style • Unhappy expression • Heavy features • Wave drapery (hompa shiki) • Wet drapery • Strict iconography Jogan Period Painting

“The Two Mandalas”

• Kukai (Kobo Daishi) studied in with the Buddhist master (746-805) • It was Huiguo who combined the teachings of the Dainichi-kyo and the Kongocho-kyo. • This melding is illustrated in art by THE TWO MANDALAS. Huiguo Kukai The Two Mandalas

Kongocho-kyo Dainichi-kyo Two Dimensional

Taizo-kai (Womb World) West Wall Three Dimensional Fukujoju

Amida Ashuku Dainichi

Hoso

Kongo-kai (Diamond World) East Wall Fukujoju

Dainichi Amida Ashuku

Hoso

Number FIVE

• Five Great Buddhas (Godai-butsu) • Five Great (Godai-bosatsu) • Five Great Kings of Light ( Godai-myo-o) • Five Elements (Gogyo) • Five Colors (Goshiki) • Five Directions • Five Senses (Goshiki) • Five Wisdoms (Gochi) Symbolism of Five

• East / Blue-Green / Wood / Spring / Meditation • South / Red / Fire / Summer / Zeal • West / White / Wind / Autumn / Faith • North / Black / Water / Winter / Wisdom • Center / Yellow / Earth / Memory

Five Elements

• Space or Void (Black) • Wind or Air (White) • Fire (Red) • Water (Yellow) • Earth (Green/Blue) Esoteric Buddhist Six Elements Animating MIND (spiritual perception) Element • Space ( void ) Diamond World • Air (wind) Inanimate • Fire • Water Elements • Earth Womb World Mandala of Six Elements

Five Elements MIND Sixth Element

All Things Are ONE

There is UNITY only when the sixth element is added. The Two Mandalas Kodo

To-ji Altar Arrangement Lecture Hall (kodo) at To-ji

Fudo

Godai-myo-o 5 Great Kings of Light Fudo- myo- o To-ji Fudo- myo- o • Manifestation of Dainichi Buddha • Single hair braid • Colored skin (usually blue- green) • Sword • Rope • Throne of pilings

Fudo Fudo

Fudo

Gundari

Godai-myo-o 5 Great Kings of Light Gundari Myo-o Gundari Myo-o detail

To-ji Altar

Taishaku-ten Taishaku-ten Taishaku-ten Taishaku- ten

• Japanese Buddhist name for Indra, a Hindu . (kongo) Vajra (kongo) & Bell Bon-ten Dainichi Buddha

Godai-butsu 5 Great Buddhas Dainichi- nyorai

mudra Godai-bosatsu 5 Great Bodhisattvas Kongo Ho Nyoirin Kannon

• Wishing jewel • Wheel • Pose of “royal ease” Nyoirin Kannon Sculpture

Empress Jingu Hachima n The End