Jogan Period Art Forms (794-894) Historical Context • Early Heian or Jogan Period • 794 Capital moved from Heijo-kyo to Heian- kyo • “Early Heian” used by political historians. • “Jogan” used by art historians. • Periods of High Artistic Achievement • Konin Era (810-823) • Jogan Era (859-876) Esoteric Buddhism Esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo) • Tendai denomination • Dengyo Daishi (Saicho) • Mt. Hiei (Hieizan) Hieizan Jogan Monastic Centers Esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo) • Shingon denomination • Kobo Daishi (Kukai) • Mt. Koya (Koyasan) Jogan Monastic Centers Koyasan Goma (fire) Ritual Jogan Architecture Muro-ji Type-site Muro-ji “The Women’s Koya-san” kondo, Muro-ji Characteristics of Jogan Architecture • Thatched roof • “Natural” setting • On mountain side • Veranda • Stilts • Divided interior Cross-section of kondo Muro-ji kondo Interior Muro-ji Pagoda • 5-storied • thatched roof • relatively small • natural environment 5-storied pagoda Muro-ji Kiyomizu-dera Jogan Sculpture Yakushi- ichiboku nyorai technique Jingo-ji Kyoto Ichiboku (One-block) Technique Yakushi Buddha Jingo-ji • Single block (ichiboku) style • Unhappy expression • Heavy features • Wave drapery (hompa shiki) • Wet drapery • Strict iconography Yakushi Buddha’s Head • Heavy features • Splits in wood • Unsanded skin surface Muro-ji Shaka-do Shaka- • Seatednyorai • Single block (ichiboku) style • Unhappy expression • Heavy features • Wave drapery (hompa shiki) • Wet drapery • Strict iconography Jogan Period Painting Mandalas “The Two Mandalas” • Kukai (Kobo Daishi) studied in China with the Buddhist master Huiguo (746-805) • It was Huiguo who combined the teachings of the Dainichi-kyo and the Kongocho-kyo. • This melding is illustrated in art by THE TWO MANDALAS. Huiguo Kukai The Two Mandalas Kongocho-kyo Dainichi-kyo Two Dimensional Taizo-kai (Womb World) West Wall Three Dimensional Fukujoju Amida Ashuku Dainichi Hoso Kongo-kai (Diamond World) East Wall Fukujoju Dainichi Amida Ashuku Hoso Number FIVE • Five Great Buddhas (Godai-butsu) • Five Great Bodhisattvas (Godai-bosatsu) • Five Great Kings of Light ( Godai-myo-o) • Five Elements (Gogyo) • Five Colors (Goshiki) • Five Directions • Five Senses (Goshiki) • Five Wisdoms (Gochi) Symbolism of Five • East / Blue-Green / Wood / Spring / Meditation • South / Red / Fire / Summer / Zeal • West / White / Wind / Autumn / Faith • North / Black / Water / Winter / Wisdom • Center / Yellow / Earth / Memory Five Elements • Space or Void (Black) • Wind or Air (White) • Fire (Red) • Water (Yellow) • Earth (Green/Blue) Esoteric Buddhist Six Elements Animating MIND (spiritual perception) Element • Space ( void ) Diamond World Mandala • Air (wind) Inanimate • Fire • Water Elements • Earth Womb World Mandala Mudra of Six Elements Five Elements MIND Sixth Element All Things Are ONE There is UNITY only when the sixth element is added. The Two Mandalas Kodo To-ji Altar Arrangement Lecture Hall (kodo) at To-ji Fudo Godai-myo-o 5 Great Kings of Light Fudo- myo- o To-ji Fudo- myo- o • Manifestation of Dainichi Buddha • Single hair braid • Colored skin (usually blue- green) • Sword • Rope • Throne of pilings Fudo Fudo Fudo Gundari Godai-myo-o 5 Great Kings of Light Gundari Myo-o Gundari Myo-o detail To-ji Altar Taishaku-ten Taishaku-ten Taishaku-ten Taishaku- ten • Japanese Buddhist name for Indra, a Hindu deity. Vajra (kongo) Vajra (kongo) & Bell Bon-ten Dainichi Buddha Godai-butsu 5 Great Buddhas Dainichi- nyorai mudra Godai-bosatsu 5 Great Bodhisattvas Bodhisattva Kongo Ho Nyoirin Kannon • Wishing jewel • Wheel • Pose of “royal ease” Nyoirin Kannon Shinto Sculpture Empress Jingu Hachima n The End.