Assist. Prof. Dr. NİDA NAYCI NIKER Workshop MEU, Dep. of Architecture, 16- 17 Dec’12, Restoration &Conservation Centre Tel Aviv and Old Acre, Israel
INTEGRATION OF THREAT AND RISK ASSESSMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MANAGEMENT RESEARCHES
% ICCROM, ICOMOS, UNESCO World Heritage Centre (1998) Management Guidelines for Risk Preparadness for World Heritage Sites
% World Conference on Disaster Reduction (Japan,2005) Thematic Session on Cultural Heritage Risk Management
% Strategy for Reducing Risks from Disasters at World Heritage Properties (2006)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Impact assessment: consequences of phenomena, events or decisions. Consequences may be either ‘positive’ or ‘negative’. Negative consequences are identified as hazards or threats.
# Condition assessment: to understand the physical situation of a site/structure generally to identify the structural safety
# Risk Assessment: to identify the probability of a problem or an event that causes negative impacts by estimating its probable consequences.
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Risk Analysis in Archaeological Sites
Sustainable management of archaeological sites necessiates estimating risk factors and to mitigate the expected threats and achieve management strategies accordingly.
# National level: identify policies and strategies # Regional level: define priority areas in conservation strategies and design financial budgeting # Site Level : achieve its safety and conservation while making it approachable for visitors through site management plans
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY CURRENT SITUATION IN TURKEY
Responsible Authorities:
-National Level: Ministry of Culture and Tourism
-Regional Level: Council on Conservation of Cultural Assets
- Local Level: Provincial Administration of Ministry Museums
# Other Interest Groups: - Scientific Archaeological Excavation Team (If there is) - Municipalities
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY CURRENT SITUATION IN TURKEY
Site management status :
-Presented to the visitors by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (with/without archaeological excavation studies)
-No site presentation arrangements (without security, visitor management, service facilities)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Alahan Monestry, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY #Archaeological Excavations (past) #Site Presentation & Visitor facilities #Conservation and restoration
Alahan Monestry, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Archaeological Excavations (past) # Site Presentation & Visitor facilities
Anamerium Archaeological Site, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Anemurium Archaeological Site, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Anemurium Archaeological Site, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Impacts Assessments in Archaeological Site Management
Anemurium Archaeological Site, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # No Archaeological Excavations # No Site Presentation & Visitor facilities # No Conservation studies…!
“Villa-Rusticae”:Roman rural compound Kustullu Village- Erdemli, Mersin Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY CURRENT SITUATION IN TURKEY
There are rich and diverse archaeological sites. Most of them suffer from lack of integrated risk assessment approaches in national/regional or site scale
Ministry of Culture and Tourism High Council on Conservation of Cultural Assets
Principle Decision No 35 “Issues regarding Implementations for Immovable Cultural Assets, Conservation Sites and their Impact Zones damaged in Earthquake”
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY AIM OF THE RESEARCH: -Significance of Threat Identification and Risk Assessment studies in Archaeological Site Management
- Case-Studies Sedir Island , Mugla Kanlıdivane Archaeological Site in Olba Territorium, Mersin
Mugla Mersin
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY CASE-STUDY I RISK ASSESSMENT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL & NATURAL VALUES OF SEDIR ISLAND, GÖKOVA-MUGLA Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Gökova Specially Protected Area ICZM Plan European Union SMAP III Programme
-Project Directorship: Mugla University
- Project Partners: Agency for Specially Protected Area Muğla Governorship Local Administration of Culture and Tourism Local Administration of Environment and Forestry Akyaka Municipality Visitors, NGOs, local people
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Flora-Fauna of the Island
Larus michahellis (Gümüş Martı) Merops apiaster (Arıkuşu) Upupa epops (İbibik)
Euphorbia dendroides L. Juncus acutus L. Lavatera cretica L. Mercuarilis annua L. Malva slyvestris L.
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Cleopatra Beach
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Aim of the study:
sustainable management of the island,
to survey the threats and assess the vulnerabilities of natural and archaeological values,
to identify the critical areas and territorial dangers, to define emergencies and priorities for further studies,
to define the necessities for maintenance, conservation and restoration according to the types of problems and sources of threats,
to define the control and monitoring system for local and regional administration units
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY IDENTIFICATION OF Proposals Survey & Analysis ASSESSMENTS THREAT GROUPS Management Strategies Visual Detailed
Identificationd i of Display of Risk Factors PPriority Zones
Monitoring Implementation Integration with Adminis. & Inst.
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal Erosion
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Macro-Vegetation
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
# Visitor Impacts
# Sedir Island attracts 100.000 visitors during summer seasons # Visitor pressures impact both the beach formation and archaeological assets of the island Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
# Visitor Impacts
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
# Fire Risks
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
# Atmospheric conditions (heavy rainfalls, wave, etc)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT CATEGORIES
THREATS CATEGORIES SOURCE Impact
Coastal Processes Natural Degradation of the archaeological CURRENT remains Climatic conditions Natural Material deteriorations Macro-vegetation Natural Static decays and material (bio-erosion) deteriorations Structural Failures Natural Destruction of remains Visitor Impacts Anthropogenic Erosion of beach formation Degradation of archaeological setting, Environmental pollution
Climate Change Natural Acceleration in atmospheric FUTURE conditions as storminess, floods Sea-Level Rise Natural Submergence of remains Fire Anthropogenic Total destruction and loss of SUDDEN- & Natural archaeological and natural setting DISASTER Earthquake Natural Structural destruction of remains
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FACTORS
Impact factor; is the rate of the consequences of the expected threats
Physical Condition; state of conservation, damage level and structural safety of a structure
Vulnerability; is the susceptibility of a resource against expected hazard or potential impact
Risk= f (Impact x Condition x Vulnerability)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY %Impact factors consequences of the expected threats on archaeological or natural assets: - High Impact (3); total destruction or severe damage of the asset, - Medium Impact (2); structural decay and failures, -Low Impact (1); material deterioration and degradation.
% Vulnerability factor exposure of structure or zone section against the threats according to their location or approach condition by the visitors. - High (3); the assets which are exposed to direct impacts of the threats. - Medium (2); the resources which aren’t in direct contact with the source of threat as - Low (1); naturally protected against the sources of the threats
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Risk Assessment Process continuous process to be evaluated during risk preparedness and disaster management
Prone-Disaster Post-Disaster
Condition Impact Level Assessment damage potential safety evaluation
VULNERABILITY Probability/exposure to expected impact
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Physical Condition: factor to define priority areas or monuments in risk estimation according to the monumentality of the archaeological assets or rarity of natural assets so that they can be conserved in-situ before they are degraded more or totally destructed.
-High Risk (3), Severe damage: destructions and structural cracks -Moderate(2), Moderate damages: partial mdemolishments, material loss - Good (1), Slight damage: Partial material loss, scaling and deterioations
Safety Evaluation:
to understand causes of damages and decay, evaluation of current level of structural safety
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Gökova Specially Protected Area ICZM Plan
- Socio-economic and landuse researches - Terrestrial and marine biological diversity - Water quality and marine pollution - Fisheries, agricultural, tourism activities - Sea-level rise scenarios - Sedir Island : Archaeological surveys - Sedir Island : Beach formation and sand analysis on Cleopatra Beach - Sedir Island : Infrastructural capacity and waste management - Sedir Island : Carrying capacity assessments - Sedir Island : Fire risk analysis -Sedir Island : Flora-fauna research - Sedir Island : Visitor profile
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Cleopatra Beach: Laboratory analysis on Ooids
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Condition Assessment: Visual Survey
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY I. degree risk group: severe risks and highest potential problems which need urgent precautions in short-term (values between 27- 18)
II. degree risk group: moderate risks which will cause further decay and damage problems if they aren’t treated in medium-term (values between 8- 17)
III. degree risk group: define slight risks which need preventive precautions for the long-term (values between 1-7)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Risk Zones- Priority Areas:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Visitor Impacts:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Gökova Specially Protected Area ICZM Plan Management Plan for Sedir Island:
-Scope 1: Archaeological Assets
1.1 further research for archaeological research and excavation 1.2 further research on marine archaeology of the island 1.3 priority on structural interventions for structures threatened by coastal erosion 1.4 further research for condition assessments of structures and preparation of conservation projects 1.5 to close the mainland section until archaeological excavations are started for visitor approach to avoid illicit excavations 1.6 to define visitor presentation strategy towards cultural tourism to diminish the pressure on the Cleopatra Beach
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY -Scope 2: Natural Assets
2.1 further research on biological diveristy of the Island and update conservation-usage conditions accrodingly 2.2 Implementation of the fire management plan
-Scope 3: Visitor Management
3.1 Defining carrying capacity assessments for visitors 3.2 to develop presentatiton system as an open air archaeology park 3.3 Establishment of a visitor cenre 3.4 Defining an anchorage points for boats and control the access 3.5 to Improve infrastructural conditions 3.6 to establish institutional control system for boats (marine police) 3.7 to establish stations to monitor the water quality
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Management Plan: Urgent Precautions/ Restoration and Conservation Studies -The archaeological remains which are under severe threat should be restored and structurally strengthened to prevent further destructions and total loss of information.
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Management Plan:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Management Plan: Urgent Precautions/ Visitor Management Studies
-Prevention of Access to the risky areas - Guided pedestrian access to archaeological assets while taking security conditions related to the structures that cause danger for the visitors. Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Management Plan: Urgent Precautions/ Visitor Management Studies
-Public awareness and correct information of the people by establishment of visitor centre at the entrance which will provide visual and written documents about the sensitivity of the Sedir Island
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Fire Management:
1. Safety precautions before fire outbreak - Technical and infrastructural conditions - Information and notification of visitors
2. Early warning of fire 3. Issues to be followed in time of outbreak
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Monitoring Studies:
-Monthly tasks: Control of plant growths, observations on visitor movements.
-Seasonal tasks: Seasonal changes on the island and coastal erosion effects.
-Emergency tasks: control of archaeological assets after heavy rains, high winds, atmospheric events.
-Establishment of Site Control Staff
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY CASE-STUDY II KANLIDİVANE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE WITHIN THE OLBA TERRITORIUM
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY % Ancient Olba Territorium
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal urban settlements
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Castle settlements- military and defensive
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Tower Structures: defensive purpose
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Rural Farmhouses- Villa Rusticae
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Rural components
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Water Systems: aqueducts, cisterns and channels
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Ancient roads- Historic routes of the region
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Necropolis areas:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Tombs
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Temples/Churches/Monasteries:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # KANLIDİVANE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE:
#The ancient settlement is located by an important geological depression (Obruk); which is a significant nature monument today. #Possess significant buildings and remains from Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Turkmen periods #One of the most visited archaeological sites of Mersin Province (the second most)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # KANLIDİVANE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE:
Archaeological Site
Kanlıdivane Pit
Necropolis Area
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # KANLIDİVANE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE:
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY SITE INVESTIGATIONS SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN
MERSİN GOVERNORSHIP
MERSİN MERSİN PROVINCIAL LOCAL AYAŞ UNIVERSITY GOVERNORSHIP ADMINISTRAION MUNICIPALITY
- Architecture Dept.-Rest & PD Culture & Tourism -Direc. For Village Services Conservation Centre Mersin Museum Water Affairs and Canal - Archaeology Dept. PD Environment & Forest Services - Geological Engineering Dept. RD Forestry - Direc. For Development, Erdemli Local Planning, Project and - Urban & Regional Plan. Dept. Administration Construction Works - Faculty of Fine Arts - KUDEB (Cultural Assets Conservation, Implementation and Control Unit)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
% O P cultural significance of the historic Olba Territorium
% to define necessities of the site and prepare a short (urgent), medium and long term conservation interventions accordingly.
Site Management Plan
a. PHASE I: Implementation of Site Presentation Project
c. PHASE II: Defining Medium and Long term Strategies: Preparation of Conservation and Management Program
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
RESEARCHES:
-Landscape management: Flora-fauna survey, vegetation control - Archaeological surveys - Archaeological excavations (local) - Geological surveys (visual and laboratory analysis) - Geophysical surveys (in situ) - Condition assessments (visual) - Fire risk assessments (archive & in-situ) - Visitor profile
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Landscape Management
Identification of geological, geographical, flora and fauna characteristics and sensitivity of the site
atural Setting and Flora-Fauna Setting atural N
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
egetation Control egetation V
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Before
egetation Control egetation V
After Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
egetation Control & Control Safety Visitor egetation
Visitor Routes before Visitor Routes after V
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
Visitor Routes before egetation Control & Control Safety Visitor egetation V Visitor Routes after
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Tarih Köyü Mevkii Ç 2 Haber Nem .Rüz. Müdahale Nedeni veren
14.10.1993 0 - 02 2 --- / Dikkatsizlik
03.10.2000 Kumkuyu Mezartepe 0 - Kule 44 27 4 / Dikkatsizlik
24.10.2008 Kumkuyu Bahçecik 0 - Sigara 2 50 20 10 /
22.10.2008 Kumkuyu Bahçecik ! 2 60 20 30 /
Fire outbreak inventory of the site between 1993-2010 ire Riskire Preparedness
(Mersin Provincial Administration of Forestry) F
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Geological risks
eological Surveys G
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
eological Surveys G Stratigraphical Research on the facade of Pit Modeling on Fall Risks of Rock Blocks
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
eological Surveys G Geological Faults around the Kanlıdivane Site
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
eopyhsical Surveys G
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
eological Surveys G
Modeling on Fall Risks of Rock Blocks: Defining Safety Zones and Risky Zones
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY URGENT PRECAUTIONS SITE PRESENTATION PROJECT
- Timber Barriers around the Pit, sign boards - Ban of visitors going into the pit in short term; providing them safety panoramic view locations to observe the pit and its reliefs
LONG-TERM CONSERVATION SITE CONSERVATION- PRECAUTIONS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
- Mitigation of risks - Archaeological surveys, Providing safety approach via terraced and stepped visitor paths down to the pit and defining visitors paths in the safety zone . eological Surveys G
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Color change
Material scaling
Material loss
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Macro-vegetation
Structural cracks
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY URGENT PRECAUTIONS SITE PRESENTATION PROJECT
- Monument and Visitor Safety
LONG-TERM CONSERVATION Scientific Conservation and INTERVENTIONS Restoration Program
-Original and current structural characteristics: type of construction, geometric (elevation and planametric) layout, relationship with the topography, -state of conservation and damage level: crack surveys, causes of
decay, etc ondition Assessments
C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Monument/visitor safety
isitor Management & Safety Precautions Management Precautions & Safety isitor V
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
isitor Management & Safety Precautions Management Precautions & Safety isitor V
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY
ondition Assessments C
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Level of Research Content of Research
Regional Level -Preparation of regional risk maps
Site Level - Integration into site management plans
Priority Areas/Structures Detailed scientific investigations for conservation interventions
Monument scale - defining appropriate interventions: -urgent precautions - Preparation of comprehensive conservation projects
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # THREATS AND IMPACT GROUPS IMPACTS TYPE SOURCE Impact Earthquake Natural Irreversible loss or severe destruction SUDDEN Floods, submergence (Tsunami) Natural of structures (DISASTER) Geological discontinuities Natural Destruction in integrity and unity of (Landslides, rockfalls, etc) archaeological site Fire Anthropogenic & Natural Coastal Processes Erosion & Natural Degradation of the archaeological CURRENT Deposition (wave, currents, etc) remains (GRADUAL) Atmospheric conditions (wetting- Natural Material deteriorations (material drying cycles, radiation, etc) cracks, micro-flora, etc) Macro-vegetation Natural Structural decays and material (bio-erosion) deteriorations Underground water Natural Material deteriorations Visitor Impacts Anthropogenic Erosion and Degradation of setting, Inappropriate conservation Anthropogenic Structural decays and material interventions deteriorations Climate Change Natural Accelerated atmospheric events as FUTURE storminess, floods Sea-Level Rise Natural Submergence of coastal remains or buried remains Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal Processes: Coastal erosion & deposition
Original contexts of several archaeological sites loacted on coastal areas have been transformed into different environments due to coastal evolutions throughout centuries by coastal processes.
Elauissa, Mersin Korykos, Mersin
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal Processes: Coastal erosion
Korykos, Mersin
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal Processes: Coastal erosion
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Coastal Processes: Coastal deposition
Coastal deposition protects structures; but coastal erosion causes loss of material away!
Elauissa, Mersin
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Landslides
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Landslides
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Macro vegetation
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Earthquake + multiple impacts
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Subterranean water/ Material scaling
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Subterranean water/ Material scaling
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Wetting/drying cycles - Material Deterioration
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Vandalism/Illicit excavations
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Inadequate restoration interventions
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY 1905 (Getrude Bell Archive)
2012
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY “Sometimes adequate maintenance can limit and postpone the need for subsequent intervention. Interventions should be minimum necessary to guarantee safety, durability and least damage to heritage values” (ICOMOS, 2003)*
loss of critical element
*ICOMOS (2003)- Recommendations For The Analysis, Conservation And Structural Restoration Of Architectural Herıiage Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY -PREPARATION OF THE REGIONAL RISK MAP
VULNERABILITY Evaluation Criteria Earthquake Past information and inventory of events Geological conditions Vibration Monitoring Geological Discontinuities Past information and inventory of events - Landslides Geological and soil conditions (water drainage capacity, etc) - Rock falls Hydrology - Soil settlements Human interventions (deforestation, modification of profile, etc) Floods Statistical information Identification of abnormalities Coastal Process Analysis of past changes Human modifications (coastal structures, etc) Macro-vegetation Analysis on current condition and impact on structure (symbiotic relationship) Vegetation characteristics Visitor Impacts Approach by people, location - Fire Density of vegetation - Vandalism Security
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Researches on Vulnerabilitiy Maps (Spatial Probability)
UNESCO Working Party on World Landslide Inventory (WP/WLI) (1993),
Landslide events occurred in the region between 1955-1969 (T. Çan et all., 2009)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # Researches on Vulnerabilitiy Maps (Spatial Probability)
Earthquake
Landslide
Coastal Process
▪▪▪▪ Vulnerability Maps Condition Assessments of Archaeological Structures SPATIAL MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY # TO CONCLUDE:
% Risk assessments is a fundemental and supportive analysis phase for preparation of archaeological management plans
% It should be defined so as to provide; # a continous process for decision-makers # integration among various levels as:
national regional site levels
# integration among short-term & practical needs of the site (ie. Visitor management, safety precautions) and long-term or scientifically estimated projections (climate change, earthquake, etc)
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY THANK YOU..
Nida NAYCI ▪ Mersin University ▪ Mersin- TURKEY