Ethnographie D'un Réseau Européen De Joueurs De Oud Arabes: Enjeux

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Ethnographie D'un Réseau Européen De Joueurs De Oud Arabes: Enjeux École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales École doctorale de l’EHESS Centre Georg Simmel Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’EHESS Discipline : Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie OUERTANI ABDERRAOUF Ethnographie d’ un réseau européen de joueurs de oud arabes Enjeux du traitement sonore d’un instrument en mutation Thèse dirigée par : Denis LABORDE Date de soutenance : le 15 janvier 2021 Rapporteurs 1 Jérôme Cler, ethnomusicologue, Maître de Conférence HDR, Sorbonne Université 2 Alessandra Ciucci, ethnomusicologue, Professeure, Columbia University, New York Jury 1 Martin Stokes, ethnomusicologue, King Edward Professor of Music, King’s College, Londres 2 Nicolas Puig, ethnologue, Directeur de recherche à l'IRD, URMIS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice 3 Talia Bachir-Loopuyt, ethnomusicologue, Université de Tours 2 Aux mutations, qui figent le temps. 3 4 R EMERCIEMENTS Mes pensées vont d’abord à mes parents, Mounir et Lilia, grâce auxquels j’ai réussi à tenir le coup, malgré les nombreuses difficultés, pour finir cette thèse qui leur est dédiée, et à mes frères Aymen et Alaeddine pour leur présence durant toute cette période. Je remercie Patrick Villanueva de m’avoir aidé dans des réflexions « à haute voix » lors de nos innombrables conversations téléphoniques et d‘avoir souligné la singularité de ma posture épistémologique de « praticien-chercheur ». Un grand merci, et le mot est faible, pour la mini- bibliothèque de 30 livres de sciences sociales que tu m’as prêtée et qui m’a fait gagné en temps et en autonomie. Muchas gracias Patrick ! Merci à mon directeur de thèse, Denis Laborde, pour sa clairvoyance dans le choix de la problématique de départ de cette thèse ainsi qu’à la dynamique qu’il a insufflée autour de ses séminaires, de l’Institut de Recherche sur les Mondes de la Musique, du festival Haizebegi à Bayonne et du partenariat avec la fondation Royaumont. Merci à tous ceux qui m’ont prêté main-forte lors de quelques transcriptions d’entretiens : Aymen Ouertani, Dorra Maaoui, Yosr Tammar, Amine Zaghdoudi (je sais que c’était Ines), Mathilde Pannet et Michèle Balmet. Merci aux membres de la chorale des « sans papiers » de Malakoff pour la relecture de mes fiches de terrain : Marie-Pierre Garnier, Maria Del Carmen « Manou » Garcia Fernandez, Bernadette Brossat, Nathalie Vandendriessche et Charlotte Hin. Merci à Vincent Battesti pour tous les conseils et les encouragements. C’est comme si Didier B. était encore là ! Merci aux chercheurs qui m’ont fourni leurs travaux universitaires numérisés à un moment où l’accès aux bibliothèques n’était plus possible : Hamdi Makhlouf, Aziz Ouertani, Soufiane Feki, Tarek Abdallah, Frédéric Lagrange et Nidaa Abou Mrad. Parmi mes collègues de l’EHESS, je tiens à remercier Frédéric Trottier pour ses conseils concernant la bourse « Aide à la mobilité » ; Marta Amico et Claire Clouet de m’avoir envoyé 5 leurs thèses ; Julie Oleksiak pour son retour d’expérience de dépôt de thèse et Arihana Villamil (EHESSienne de cœur) pour ses encouragements. Merci au grand Manu, Emmanuel Émo, pour la discussion autour de Robert Moog et Donald Buchla qui a inspiré le plan de la deuxième partie. J’ai envers toi une dette intellectuelle. Merci à Susannah Knights pour toutes les discussions autour de nos sujets respectifs et de son aide sur quelques traductions de l’anglais. Un grand remerciement à tous les amis qui pendant la crise sonore de la rue Mouffetard, m’ont prêté leurs appartements ou m’ont hébergé lors de ce long nomadisme de l’an 2019-2020 : Marielis Ardisson, Amine Zaghdoudi, Ady Seddik et Nolwenn Salmon, Amandine Dumesnil et Emmanuel Émo, Alaeddine Ouertani et Sameh Bellez. Mention spéciale à Marie-Do et Philippe Glorieux pour le séjour à Sousceyrac et surtout les clés de Pontoise (et à toute la famille Glorieux/Le Gall Gabrielle, Stéphane, Camille, Raphaël et Judith pour la belle compagnie en musique). Merci aux ingénieurs du son Audrien Aupetit, Emmanuel Émo et Julien Taillefer d’avoir répondu à mes questions techniques. Merci à Aida Kildegaard pour l’inspirant séjour de travail dans le calme de l’île Langeland. Un grand merci au septet de la relecture : Marielis Ardisson, Michèle Balmet, Patrick Villanueva, Saida Charfeddine, Amandine Dumesnil, Tito Galli (d’après une idée de Camille Perronet) et Ady Seddik. Merci au service des bourses de l’EHESS de m’avoir octroyé une généreuse bourse de complément de terrain qui a été d’une très grande aide. Au cœur de Mathilde ! Merci pour ton infatigable soutien durant cette longue épreuve. Natürlich ! 6 R ÉSUMÉ ET MOTS CLÉS Ethnographie d’un réseau européen de joueurs de oud arabes : enjeux du traitement sonore d’un instrument en mutation Résumé : Dès les années 1990, on assiste à l’apparition de générations de joueurs de oud arabes (tunisiens, palestiniens, libanais, marocains, etc.) évoluant principalement en Europe (France, Allemagne, Italie, etc.) et en étroite collaboration avec des musiciens issus des milieux du « jazz » et des scènes de « musiques du monde ». Voulant questionner ces pratiques émergentes et leur rapport à une tradition « idéalisée », j’ai suivi, grâce à une ethnographie multisituée de 2016 à 2018, une vingtaine de ces joueurs de oud en mobilité à travers un réseau transnational. Le métarécit qui apparaît dans leurs discours fait un rapprochement entre, d’un côté, l’évolution des ensembles de musique arabe au milieu du XXème siècle avec l’introduction de plus en plus de cordes puis d’instruments électroniques et, de l’autre, l’exclusion progressive du oud de ces ensembles grandissants et la confirmation de son rôle de soliste grâce notamment à ce qu’ils appellent « l’école iraquienne ». La dimension acoustique et sonore se trouve au cœur du récit de ces musiciens. Ma thèse s’est alors recentrée sur les aspects sonores liés aux procédés de l’amplification du oud et de sa sonorisation dans le contexte des performances publiques. Cet angle de vue est d’autant plus intéressant qu’il est omis par les études des pratiques musicales de l’aire culturelle du Monde Arabe. Dans la première partie, la présentation du « oud » révèle la dialectique qui le construit en objet. Il s’agit d’une polarité entre une forme stabilisée grâce à sa charge symbolique et des transformations qui visent à l’adapter aux situations de mise en spectacle sonorisé. Ensuite, à partir d’entretiens et d’observations de concerts, de balances et de répétitions, je me suis intéressé aux enjeux de l’amplification du oud lors des spectacles sonorisés, en décrivant les stratégies employées pour retrouver un son « naturel » dans ces contextes. L’inévitable dégradation du son du oud lors de sa sonorisation implique que la recherche d’un son « naturel » 7 relève d’une construction qui met en jeu une chaîne de coopération comprenant, en plus des musiciens, luthiers, ingénieurs du son et innovations techniques disponibles sur le marché. Une deuxième direction désormais visible témoigne de l’affranchissent de l’idéal d’un son naturel par la transformation intentionnelle du son de leur oud et son électrification. Cette thèse présente un deuxième enjeu méthodologique, celui de la réflexion sur la posture épistémologique de praticien-chercheur et sur le rapport entre chercheur et son objet d’étude quand ce premier appartient au milieu étudié, étant moi-même joueur de oud tunisien installé à Paris. Mots clés : anthropologie de la musique, ethnomusicologie, oud, instrument, musique arabe, amplification, sonorisation, électrification, catégorisation, tradition, mondialisation, mobilité, réflexivité. 8 A BSTRACT AND K EYWORDS An ethnography of a European network of Arab oud players : sound treatment issues of an instrument in flux Abstract : Starting in the 90’s, we have been witnessing the emergence of a generation of Arab oud players (Tunisian, Palestinian, Lebanese, Moroccan etc.) who have evolved principally in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, etc.) and in close collaboration with musicians from “jazz” circles and “world music” scenes. Intending to question these emerging practices and their relationship with an "idealised" tradition, I embarked on a multi-sited ethnography, for which I followed around 20 of these oud players in mobility, between 2016 and 2018, through a transnational network. The metanarrative that appears in their discourses connects two trends : on one hand, the ways that Arabic music ensembles evolved through the mid-20th century to include more and more strings, then electronic instruments ; and, on the other, the gradual exclusion of the oud from these expanding ensembles and the confirmation of its solo role, thanks especially to what they call the “Iraqi School”. The acoustic and sonic dimension is at the heart of the discourses of these musicians. My thesis thus refocused around aspects of sound which are linked to processes of amplification and sound reinforcement of the oud in the context of public performances. This point of view is even more interesting for the fact that it has been omitted by studies of musical practices in the cultural area of the Arab World. In the first part of the thesis, a presentation of the “oud” reveals the dialectic that constructs it as an object. It is polarised between a stabilisation of its form thanks to its symbolism and transformations which aim to adapt it to situations of amplified performances. Following this, and through interviews and observations of concerts, sound-checks and rehearsals, I became interested in the issues surrounding amplification during these performances, describing the strategies employed to find a “natural” sound in these contexts. The inevitable degradation of 9 the sound of the oud during its amplification means that the search for a “natural” sound involves constructing it through a chain of cooperation which, as well as musicians, includes oud makers, sound engineers and technical innovations available on the market. A second direction becomes visible ; we see how players turn away from an ideal of a natural sound through the intentional transformation of the sound of their ouds and its electrification.
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