8544 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 6 orado, Kansas, and Nebraska with respect to adequate old-age pension law; to the Com dar day . Wednesday, November 5, 1941, the use of the waters of the Republican River mittee on Ways and Means. was dispensed with, and the Journal was Basin; wW.hout amendment (Rept. No. 1380). 2005. By Mr. RICH: Petition of sundry citi approved. Referred to the Committee of the Whole zens of Muncy, Pa., favoring price-control House on the state of the Union. legislation; to the Committee on Banking . CALL OF THE ROLL and Currency. Mr. HILL. I suggest the absence of 2006. ~y the SPEAKER: Petition of the a quorum. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Cascade County Trades and Labor Assembly of Montana, petitioning consideration of their The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public bills resolution with reference to antialien bills; to will call the roll. and resolutions were introduced and sev the Committee on Immigration and Natural-. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and erally referred as follows: ization. the following ~Senators answered to their 2007. Also, petition of the American War names: By Mr. KING: Mothers, Mrs. Virgil Stone, Wyoming, peti H. R. 5962. A bill to ratify and confirm Act tioning consideration of their resolution with Adams George Nye 20 of the Special Se~sion Laws of Hawaii, 1941, Aiken Gerry O'Daniel reference to strikes and sabotage; to the Andrews Gillette O'Mahoney extending the time within which revenue Committee on Military Affairs. bonds may be issued and delivered under Austin Glass Overton 2008. Also, petition of the Legion Rank & Bailey Green Pepper Act 174 of the Session Laws of Hawaii, 1935; File, Inc., Portland, Ind., petitioning con Ball Guffey Radcliffe to the Committee on the Territories. sideration of their resolution with reference Bankhead Gurney Rosier By Mr. MOTT: to legislation increasing the minimum pay of Barbour Hatch Russell H. R. 5963. A bill relating to the adminis enlisted men of the military and naval forces Barkley Herring Schwartz trative jurisdiction of certain public lands in of the United States; to the Committee on Bilbo Hill Shipstead the State of Oregon; to the Committee on t.he Brewster Holman Smathers Military Affairs. · Bridges Hughes Smith Public Lands. 2009. Also, petition of the Kentucky Na Brooks Johnson, Calif. Stewart By Mr. ROLPH: tional Pension Recovery Boosters, Inc., New Brown Johnson, Colo. Taft H. R. 5964. A bill amending section 6 of the port, Ky., petitioning consideration of their Bunker Kilgore Thomas, Idaho act entitled "An act granting to the city resolution with reference to House bill 1410; Burton La Follette Thomas, Okla. and county of San Francisco certain rights Butler Langer Thomas, Utah to the Committee on Ways and Means. Byrd Lee Tobey of-way in, over, and through certain public 2010. Also, petition of the Board of Com lands, the Yosemite National Park, and Stan Capper Lodge Truman missioners of the City of Newport, Campbell Caraway Lucas Tunnell islaus National Forest, and certain lands in County, Ky., petitioning consideration of Chandler McCarran Tydings the Yosemite National Park, the Stanislaus their resolution with reference to House bill Chavez McFarland Vandenberg National Forest, and the public lands in the 1410; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Clark, Idaho McKellar Van Nuys State of California, and for other purposes," 2011. Also, petition of the Hiawatha Coun Clark, Mo. McNary Wallgren Maloney Walsh approved December 19, 1913 (38 Stat. 242); to cil of Richmond, N. Y., petitio):ling consider Connally the Committee on the Public Lands. Danaher May bank Wheeler ation of their re~olution with reference to Davis Mead White By Mr. SHEPPARD: House bill 1410; to the Committee on Ways Downey Murdock Wiley H. R. 5965. A bill to reserve certain public and Means. Doxey Murray Willis domain lands in California and Nevada for Ellender Norris the use and benefit of the Indians of the Fort Mojave Reservation; to the Committee Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen on Indian Affairs. ator from Washington [Mr. BoNE) and By Mr. MAAS: SENATE the Senator from New York [Mr. WAG H. J. Res. 244. Joint resolution creating a NER) are absent from the Senate because Joint Committee on Priorities and Alloca THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1941 of illness. tions; to the Committee on Rules. The Senator from South Dakota [Mr. By Mr. ROLPH: (Legislative day oj Monday, October 27, H. J. Res. 245. Joint resolution suspending 1941) BuLow], the Senator from Arizona [Mr. for 3 years certain restrictions regarding elec HAYDEN], the Senatm from North Caro· tric energy, as set forth in the Raker Act; to The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on lina [Mr. REYNOLDS], and the Senator the Committee on the Public Lands. the expiration of the recess. _from Arkansas LMr. SPENCER] are neces By Mr. TOLAN: The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phil sarily absent. H. Con Res. 55. Concurrent resolution au lips, D. D., offered the following prayer: Mr. AUSTIN. The Senator from Kan thorizing the printing of additional copies of sas [Mr. REED] is necessarily absent. each of the reports submitted to the House God of our fathers, known of old not The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-nine during the current session by the Select Com only by declaration of the Scriptures or Senators have answered to their names. mittee to Investigate Migration of Destitute Prophets' words but chiefly by what men A quorum is present . . Citizens; to the Committee on Printing. are and have within them of the true and ever lasting : We beseech Thee in these EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS momentous days to make with us a cove The VICE PRESIDEN~ laid before the PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS nant, even as in former times, by putting Senate the following letter, which was Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Thy law in our inward parts and by writ referred as indicated: · bills and resolutions were introduced and ing it in our hearts. AWARDS OF CONTRACTS FOR THE NAVY severally referred as follows: Thus do Thou reveal to us that evil is A letter from the Secretary of the Navy, By Mr. CASE of South Dakota: its own retribution, virtue is its own re reporting, pursuant tc law, relative to divi H. R. 5966. A bill for the relief of Louis ward, and by this law indwelling us help sions of awards of certain quantity con H Deaver; to the Committee on Claims. us to realize that every selfishness is puni tracts ·for aircraft, aircraft parts, and acces By Mr. HEALEY: tively visited and every charity is blessed sories therefor entered into with more than H. R. 5967. A bill for the relief of Daniel with ethereal increase. one bidder under authority of law; to the F. Healey; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. Committee on Naval Affairs. By Mr. KILDAY: Add to our sense of Thy presence, dear H. R. 5968. A bill for the relief of Albert Lord, persistence in hope despite the for PETITIONS S. Horton; to the Committee on Military bidding aspect of the times; increase in Petitions, etc., were laid before the Affairs. us persistence in love, when love seems Senate or presented and referred as indi By Mr. WHELCHEL: unrewarded, and may the inner musings cated: H. R. 5969. A bill for the relief of Sey of Thy Spirit never fail to speak mov mour J. McGeehee; to the Committee on ingly even though our ears are sometimes By the VICE PRESIDENT: Military Affairs. The petition of Hiram Johnson, of Newark, dulled and our hearts deadened by the N. J., praying · tor repeal of the neutrality world's great din. law; to the table. PETITIONS, ETC. We ask Thy help in the Saviour's name, By Mr. TYDINGS: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions because Thou art and the world is Thine. Petitions of sundry citizens of the State of and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk Amen. Maryland, praying ror the enactment of the THE JOURNAL bill (S. 860) to provide for the common de and referred as follows: fense in relation to the sale of alcoholic 2004. By Mr. LAMBERTSON: Petition of On request of Mr. CoNNALLY, and by liquors to the members of the land and naval A. S. Strain, of Topeka, Kans., and 80 others, unanimous consent, the reading of the forc.es of the United States and to provide urging immediate enactment of a just and Journal of the proceedings of the calen- for the suppression of vice in the vicinity of 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8545 military camps and naval establishments; to disappointed me, because I knew it was MODIFJCATION OF NEUTRALITY ACT~ the table. too much to hope for. EDITORIAL FROM THE ATLANTIC CITY REPORTS OF COMMITTEES Mr. LUCAS I will say to the Senator PRESS The following reports of the Committee from Michigan, in all candor, that I never [Mr. SMATHERS asked and obtained leave on Claims were submitted: expected to disappoint him. · to ha.ve printed in the RECORD an editorial· Tile VICE PRESIDENT. The resolu from the Atlantic City Press entitled "Ability By Mr. BREWSTER: tion will be read. and Futility," which appears in the Ap S. 501. A bill for the relief of Lt. Col. Gor pendix.] don Smith; without amendment (Rept. No. Tile legislative clerk read Senate Reso 804); lution 186, submitted by Mr. HATCH on LABOR'S ffiRESPONSIBLES-ARTICLE S. 806. A b1ll for the relief of Carmella November 1, 1941, and it was considered FROM THE NATION .Ridgewell; with amendments (Rept. No. 808); by unanimous consent and agreed to, as (Mr. BREWSTER asked and obtained leave S. 1338. A bill for the relief of James Roswell follows: to have printed in the RECORD an article Smith: without amendment (Rept. No. 805); Resolved, That the limit of expenditures from the Nation of November 1, 1941, en- · H R. 1700. A bill for the relief of 'Anna and under Senate Resolution 81 and Senate Reso- . titled "Labor's Irresponsibles," which appears Fred Aebi; without . amendment (Rept. No. lution 167, Seventy-seventh Congress, first in the Appendix.] 806); and session, agreed to on .March 10, 1941, and MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE · H. R 4561. A blll for the relief of Mrs. Della September 15, 1941, respectively, relati:ng to Thompson; without amendment (Rept. No. the proceeding now pending before the Com A message from the House of Repre 807) . mittee on Privileges and Elections to deter sentatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its By Mr. ROSIER: mine whether WILLIAM LANGER is entitled to reading clerks, announced that the House H. R. 247. A bill for the relief of Lena B. retain his seat in the Senate, is hereby tn- . had passed the bill (S. 633) to amend the creased by $5,000. · Cro~ch; without amendment (Rept. No. 809); Criminal Code in respect to fires on the H. R. 2963. A bill for the reliet of the estate BILL INTRODUCED · public domain or Indian lands or on cer- . of James C. Harris; with an amendment (Rept. Mr. WALSH introduced a bill
ATTEMPT TO OBSCURE FACTS made money out of it. They were even per of the hostile exchanges on the seas about Yet our Government did attempt to ob-· mitted to call it the American. White Paper, Iceland. Yet. this attack is frontal none the scure it, as the record shows. the only account of this kind, a,nd so named, less. Its object is-Hitler said so-to break · In his press conference of September 5 (I that any government did not issue on its asunder the world that is not the Axis world. quote from New York Times Washington dis own behalf. Our world. patches, and I guarantee their accuracy): THE ISOLATIONIST VIEWPOINT There remain many Americans-sincere and patriotic as any others-who ecorn Hit "The Executive made clear that he believed The authors and the publisher were thor the attack on the American vessel (the ler's threat, who are confident he cannot oughly justified in commercializing the Gov carry it out to our .own injury, regardless of Greer) was deliberate, and that he considered ernment's story of evolving policy since the it no less serious because the destroyer had· the outcome of the war in Europe. Logically, Government was more than wLling that they therefore, these citizens oppose the policy of evaded destruction and answered with depth should. But the episode is typical of the charges. The attempt to sink the Greer took antiaggressor aid that has brought the United timorous hesitation. of Washington to ac States into a shooting war. They. insist that place in daylight when visibility was gcdd, cept, · admit-yes; to proclaim-the · whole the President declared, and more than one our armament production;·if reserved to ·our-' truth concerning the situation in which we selves and certain neighbors, will assure the attack was made by the submarine." find ourselves. · From a Washington dispatch to the same · security and prosperity of the United States· newspaper, September 6: "The Navy Depart - SINKING CF THE "ROBIN MOOR" and maintain its democracy. ment declined to comment on the German· When Senator WALSH's committee and a There . are other citizens--sincere and pa-. Government's charge that the submarine was few· inquisitive newspapermen finally•elicted· , f(riotic, too-who believe the President has got· ~;~.head merely .trying to defend itself .. A S!=Okesman 1 all the pertinent·facts about·. the encounters of his timetable; that,. because of in- called attention to the Navy Department's of the Greer and the Kearny, some of those 1 ternal conditions and .policies, we are not-' original announcement, that the initial at who seem to think that our foreign ·policy and for years will not be-physicaJly ready tack was made· by the submarine. on the must be publicly justified by proving an un-· 1 to meet the inevitable· military consequences· Greer." From Berlin, the same day, had come provoked German attack shifted ba.ck to the of :our -actions in the- Atlantic ·and the" pos- this: "The German contention is that the sinking of the Robin Moor. That sinking i sible -consequences that· may come in the· sub fired on the Greer only after having been· was brutally done; those rescued owe their Pacific · as .well. Logically, therefore, these pursued for 2· hours." lives to chance, not to the Nazi commander;, opposed the lend-lease ·· bill and· every· suc . Then, .on October. ~14., were disclosed. the. and certairrly·· th"e Ro-bin · Moor·· was attacked. ceedin-g step toward the center of·bellig.=rency,, . actual facts as I have stated. them befor!l: . But the attack was not unprovoked. Some Because of our internal failures and delays, The scout work of' the British plane; its re weeks before the lease-lend bill had become these citizens hold that we must not venture. turn to drop depth "harges; the pursuit and law. From that moment, whatever the po to outstrip our timetable, even though that broadcast by the Greer. Hc:~w ·were these litica.:. quibblers may say, we were committed 1 will oblige us -to ·take the disheartening risk· facts obtained? The Navy did not volunteer to the military defeat of Germany. that Great Britain may be beaten or come to them, contenting itself· with · original· state- ~ That commitment meant furnishing to the , a.. . peace· .that .would- threaten the United• ments which can politely be called mislead-. ' victims of aggression whatever they required· ·states. ing. They were ob:ained because a · Senate ' to kill' enough Germans · and destroy sum-· But this Government's foreign policy has committee demanded them. 1 cient German -facilities. to win the war. -The • now reached the point where-if the Govern-.:· On October 17 a Times dispatch carried errand of the Robin Moor was to put some. 1 ment intends to follow through-whatever another statement from the Navy about an-' of those requirements into the hands of the• the-mer-its of. these views, they have become other destroyer. It announced that _ the foes of Germany. It is idle to argue that the academic. They continue to be disturbing. U. s s. Kearny was torp-edoed while on Nazi commander made an unprovoked at-. l and confus.tng to this American people chiefiy· "patrol duty." Three days later members of. tack· on her. We don't need that argument. because ·of the lack of candor that invested the same Senate committee that elicited the We don't need ·to attempt ·a ridiculous .cpm I the preliminary steps to action and now in-. true story of the Greer told the. press the . parison with the Barbary war: No silly Nazi· • vest the action itself. Kearny was not on patrol, but '"'n convoy map· of Latin America, no secret document is We were officially told that the arms em-. duty. Seven days later. a~ a press conference, ' required. We got our notice, officially; too, 1 bargo must be repealed because it was un the President asserted that this was true. ' in December 1940. · neutral. The truth was that the arms em The Kearny was on convoy and not on patrol bargo was favorable to Germany; had it been duty at all. OUR NEED TO ASSIST BRITAIN favorable to Great Britain it would be in force By the time the Reuben James was sunk After France collapsed and after Dun still. But no administration spokesman ever the Government had apparently come to the kerque, it was perfectly obvious that if the admitted that. conclusion that the Navy should no longer United States believed its security would be We were officially told that the exchange be left in the position of obscuring the facts imperiled in an Axis world the United States of over-age destroyers for bases was not an or giving out only part of the story. That must do what it could to assist the British. exchange - and not a trade. .After it had. time the truth was published at once, in the Since the British were at war and depended been accomplished without the loss of the tradition of the Unite(i Etates Navy. I do not on our armament to sustain that war, it was election and with general approval, the· blame that great service for any of the faults equally obvious that this assistance must President truthfully referred to it as a of omission I have recounted. take the form of ·money and materiel. It trade. The blame, as I see it, is at the door of the was self-evident also that, should these prove We were officially told ·that the lease-lend administration. Perhaps the straightforward insufficient and opportunity still remained, bill was a move away !rom physical involve account of the sinking of the Reuben James men must follow the money and the materieL ment in the shooting- and -that ·no ·naval opens a new and worthier chapter in the But even after France fell and Dunkerque escorts of convoys could conceivably come· official book. became a name of British glory, there were from .its passage. That was credible only to THE CASE AGAINST GERMANY many Americans who did not agree that our those who believed that Hitler would do . That chapter should begin with a clear and security would be imperiled if we stand al nothing to prevent us from arming his foes candid statement of the case of the United most alone in an Axis world. In December against him, while claiming a status of States against Germany. It is a strong case, 1940 Hitler did what he cou~d do to undeceive neutrality; or credible tt those who believed although I recall no completely honest state them the United States could or would make ment of it by any of the politicians respon Flanked by cannon in an arms factory. armament at its own e>xpense to be sunk in sible for it being our case. No quibbling over he made a speech to munitions workers. He the sea. definitions, no misrepresentations are needed put all labor on notice that if Germany wins Now American men are giving their lives· to fortify it. They serve only to weaken the it must accept Nazi controls or lose the war that this armament may reach its destina plain story of the record. They provide broad of economic survival. He put capital on tion. To their memories, and to their targets for responses from Berlin that unite notice that he would make regimental labor brothers in arms who may die tomorrow, the German people and confuse and divide the wodd's currency instead of gold. .He to the grown-up American nation they are our cwn. spoke of two worlds ideologically at war-our defending, the Administration and Con The statement of the case must be official own and his. "One of these two worlds must gress owe a solemn obligation: the truth. and ~t rpust be thorough. Up to now when break asunder," said Hitler. In wartime, for excellent reasons, it cannot the statement was thorough it was not official. Now there was an attack which should always be the whole truth. But always it One of the mcst startling examples of any satisfy any political lexicographer. It wasn't should be nothing but the truth. government's lack of faith in the acceptance a torpedo fired at a destroyer. It wasn't a of its foreign policy by the people was pro shell discharged at a helpless merchant ship. So again, Mr. President, I say, how can vided soon after this war began. The admin Its range was far longer, its purpose far more the American people put their faith and istration at Washington farmed out the ac shattering, its consequences far more en confidence in the statements of their . count of its stewardship. Two newspapermen during than torpedo, bomb, or shell. From leaders? How can there be unity in the werf' given access to the private records of the that day the United States and its system United States when the American p;: ople . State Department. From these, and from the were under deadly and open attack. Not in diaries of officials, they wrote the story of the campaign definition of the tricky 1940 are not getting information as to the. events that led up to the adoption of the party p!atforms: Then the people were led facts, when the conditions are being ob policy of all-out aid to Great Britain. They to believe the word "attack" meant a physi scured, when they do not know where sold the story, and they and their publisher cal assault on America. No"t in the meaning their boys are, when they do not know 8552 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .NOVEMBER 6 how their money is being spent-whether tion. I pointed out yesterday, and again weakened, while Russia is considerably it is being spent in Freetown, whether it this morning, that when the President weakened. Indeed, there is talk now of is being spent in East Africa, whether it made the statements in 1940 with refer fighting behind the Urals, and so on. is being spent in India, or where the ence to the Neutrality Act to which I I was just looking ahead, and, knowing submarines and the ships are? Yet men have referred, Mr. Hitler and Mr. Stalin that France and Great Britain had been prate about liberty and democracy in the were then together, and the people from close allies and that France then made a United States. one end of this country to the other were separate peace, and they had a naval war Mr. VANDENBERG. Did not Mr. denouncing Stalin, communism, and after that, I was assuming-while I do Constantine Brown sum it all up in the nazi-ism, and saying they were brothers not say and do not believe at the moment Washington Star when he said that never under the skin, that as a matter of fact it will happen'-that Russia might make in the history of the world has so much there was not any difference between a separate peace with Hitler, and release been kept from so many by so few? their policies. At that time they were the entire German Army on the eastern Mr. WHEELER. He did indeed. So together. Then the mighty forces of front. when Senators s·ay to me that their con Russia, Italy, Japan, and Germany were Then I would assume that with that stituents want to go to war, and that all together. Was not our country in release, all the German might, plus the consequently they have to vote for the much more danger then, when, accord means of supply which would come from resolution before us, I ask myself, Is that ing to the Attorney General of the the conquered territories, might be true statesmanship? How can people do United States, Communists, under the brought down on the English coast, and otherwise than say they are in favor of direction of Stalin, were going into our a serious attempt at invasion of Great the foreign policy of the Government airplane factories and other defense in Britain might be made. Whether it when they do not know what the facts dustries and undermining, sabotaging, would be successful I do not know. I are, and when they are being misled as. to and bringing about strikes? There was would bet it would not be successful, as what the facts are? How can the people then far more danger to the United I stand here today. I think England know what the result of the enactment States. would repel it. But assuming, just for of the pending measure would be, when Stalin was helping Hitler by having the sake of the argument, that Eng they were told that the lend-lease bill his men in the United States go into land would go down, with Russia and was a measure of peace and was not to plane factories and other defense in England out, what is our role then? Are be used as a measure of war? How can dustries and bring about sabotage, ~nd, we subject to attack? What do we do they do otherwise when they are misled if my recollection serves me correctly, in the world which then exists. Because by the highest officials in the service of the President himself made a statement that is the extreme picture and the only the United States? to the effect that it was Communists picture that would justify us in getting Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, will who caused the trouble in the factories. into this war as a belligerent. the Senator yield? Mr. TYDINGS. Will the Senator Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, let me Mr. WHEELER. I yield. yield further? call attention to a statement made by Mr. GILLETTE. Before the Senator Mr. WHEELER. In just a moment. the President on January 6, 1940: leaves the report he has just read, in ad Hitler today is much weaker, far weaker, Even if there were no British Navy it Is not verting to the episode of the Greer, I be if we can believe the press, than he was probable that any. enemy would be st upid lieve the Senator did not call attention to a year ago. He has lost· millions of men, enough to attack us by landing troops in the the information given our c.ommittee by he has no ships, many of his guns and United States from across thousands of miles Admiral Stark in response to an inquiry tanks and planes have been destroyed, of ocean, until it had acquired strategic as to whether, when the Greer left its according to our own Army experts, and bases from which to operate. course and pursued the submarine for 3 according to all the news reports; his Let me now answer the Senator's ques hours and 28 minutes, the commander men are covering all of Europe, the dead tion. Of course, the Senator assumes of the Greer was acting on his own re are piled high. In such circumstances that Russia is going to make a separate sponsibility or acting under orders. The can there possibly be as much danger· peace, arid I should not be surprised at admiral stated that in every instance the from Mr. Hitler today as there was a any time if Russia did make a separate commander of the Greer was following year ago? the explicit orders he had received. · peace. Mr. WHEELER. I thank the Senator I yield to the Senator from Maryland. Mr. TYDINGS. Let me interrupt ·the very much for that statement. Mr. TYDINGS. Of course, I do not Senator. I did not infer that Russia Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will say that the conditions I assumed will would. In stating my problem I merely the Senator yield? necessarily be brought about; I am merely assumed that situation. I said, "Suppose Mr. WHEELER. I yield. trying, in this particular situation, to that were the condition." Mr. TYDINGS. I should like to say view all the avenues, and to assess them Mr. WHEELER. I understand that to the Senator from Montana that the with reasonable accuracy, insofar as I thoroughly; yes. I believe that Russia only justification I feel one could have can, and make a decision. will look at this matter cold-bloodedly, for voting to repeal the Neutrality Act Up to the present the losses of Russia from the standpoint of Russia itself, and would be that the interest and safety have been about 3,000,000 men. That that England will look at it from the of the United States made that essential. was the figure given me by a very com standpoint of England, which she shotild Mr. WHEELER. That is correct. petent authority about 3 weeks ago. The do, and that Germany also will look at it Mr. TYDINGS. We are not interested German losses at that time had amount from her own standpoint. in saving the British Empire or the ed to about 800,000 men. In other words, Senators must remember that Russia Russian Government per se, but we are the Russian losses were nearly 3 to 1. was helping Germany before the invasion interested in saving the United States I took an industrial map of Russia, and, of Russia began, and there wete then of America. as nearly as I could figure, it seemed Germany, Japan, and Italy acting to Thinking along that line, assuming to me that 60 percent of Russia's indus gether. Our position was much worse that the Russian Army should be de trial production areas had already fallen when the President made his speech than feated, or should make a separate peace into German hands, and I assumed that it is now. with Hitler, and assuming that that unless the tide turned in ·Russia, a great Mr. ·TYDINGS. I do not alway$ agree would release a sufficient force to make deal more than 60 percent would fall into with the President, and I do not want a successful invasion of England a possi German hands. the Senator to say, that because the Pres bility, or an accomplished fact, for that While it is true that the German Army ident said so-and-so, it is a complete an matter-! do not say that would hap has been weakened by the loss of 800,000 swer to my question. pen, but just taking that assumption men and a great deal of its best equip Mr. WHEELER. I J.Ulderstand that. would our condition then be one of ment, I think it only fair to say that the Mr. TYDINGS. I am assuming that safety, with Russia and England out of captured territory has not been com Great Britain and Russia are out of the the picture, and Hitler in full domina pletely devastated, and that the Germans war, finished, conquered, that that is the tion of Europe? will to some extent salvage some of their worst that could possibly happen, and I Mr. WHEELER. I am very glad in loss by the capture of this territory, and should like to know what the Senator's deed to have the Senator ask that ques- that basically they are not very much position then would be. 1941 .CON~RESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE "8553 Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator from Mr. WHEELER. Do I think so? I the Senator let me answer that question? Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS], my distin certainly do not. Mr. WHEELER. Let me answer. guished friend, is a member of the Naval Mr. TYDINGS. Why does not the Mr. CHANDLER. I do not believe the Affairs Committee. In November 1940 Senator think so? Senatqr is going to do so. that committee issued a report, and I Mr. WHEELER. I do not think so for Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I have know the Senator from Montana is fa the simple reason that I believe that the the floor. miliar with it. That report decided that condition in Germany and in the rest Mr. CHANDLER. I just want ta--:- question so far as I am concerned. I do of Europe after this war cannot be any Mr. WHEELER. No; I cannot yield not know how effective that report has thing but chaotic, and that the Axis to the Senator. been on the minds of other Senators. Of Powers are not going to be in any posi The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator course, the Senator from Massachusetts tion to attack any nation 3,000 miles from Montana refuses at the present [Mr. WALSH] explained that the report across the ocean for a long time to time to yield to the Senator from Ken was made as a plea to get a two-ocean come. Battleships cannot be built over tucky. navy, but we have not yet gotten a two night. Mr. WHEELER. I have been asked a ocean navy. We may have it in 1945 or I shall continue to read from the question, and I want to answer it myself, 1946. In that report the Naval Affairs statement: and not have some other Senator Committee, of which my friend the Sen Land-based air power has made the answer it for me. ator from Maryland is a member, said United States impregnable to sea-borne in Assuming that what the Senator from that the United States could be con vasion. Maryland says is true-that Russia made quered without an invasion of continen tal United States. Assuming that Eng This is not my statement. This is the a peace with Getmany, and that England statement of Lt. Col. Thomas R. Phillips. completely fell, which would be the land were down and Russia were down, as I think my friend the Senator from This is the most important fact to be worst possible picture of what could hap learned from the European war. · pen-! think that hardly anyone in the Maryland did assume in his question, United States of America would say that then, according to the report of the Naval Mr. President, when the Naval Affairs if we here in the United States were pre Affairs Committee, we will be subjected Committee made the statement to which pared, we could not defend ourselves to bombing raids by airplanes taking off the Senator from Maryland referred, it against any nation or combination of from aircraft carriers, and the enemy had not learned what it has since learned nations. I have spoken with Army offi would not have to invade the United as the result of the present war. cers and with naval officers, high-ranking States. The aircraft carriers could sim Even if our Navy were inferior to that ot officers, and officers of lower rank-and ply park in the ocean off our shores. We the enemy, no military leader would ever I am sure the Senator himself has done could not stay in Iceland; we could not seriously consider attempting to invade us. so--'and I will say that I have yet to find stay in Greenland; we could not stay in any of our island possessions. Bombing I think that answers the question. any naval officer of any standing in our Imagine a convoy of 50 troopships crossing forces at the present time who feels that planes dispatched from aircraft carriers off our shores could bomb the industrial the 3,000 miles of the Atlr.ntic. The de with a two-ocean navy or even with the parture of such a force could not be kept Navy we have at the present time, any areas of our country until we could not secret. Our defending bombers would start nation or combination of nations can stand it any longer. attacking at a thousand miles from the come here to the United States and land Mr. President, that report made by the coast. The attacks would grow in intensity troops on American soil, providing we Naval Affairs Committee was convincing as the convoy approached. The invaders are prepared, and have not only our to me, and so far no one has been able to might not be stopped, but they would be explain it away. I do not know whether badly damaged. Navy but adequate fighting planes and Imagine, then, this convoy attempting to bombers. The President has indicated the Naval Affairs Committee wanted to come into a harbor and remaining practi that the oceans are getting narrower, scare me or not. My friend the Senator cally stationary for days in narrow waters and consequently we are more vulnerable from Montana says that speakers on our with the entire United States bombing force to attack. No naval ·expert will tell you side make statements to scare people. working on it. The picture is incredible. that today. Naval experts will tell you But that statement made by the Naval What leader would risk thousands of men, as a matter of fact that, with our fighting Affairs Committee certainly scared me. packed in transports like sardines, under such planes and our bombers, our shores are I am glad my friend the Senator from bombing conditions? Invasion across the Montana gave me an opportunity to make sea against ample land-based air power no much less vulnerable to attack than they lo~ger is in the book of possibility. were before the advent of the present this explanation. types of bombers and fighting planes. Mr. WHEELER. I am glad the Senator Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will Mr. TOBEY. Mr. President, will the did, because I think what he has just re the Senator yield? Senator yield? ferred to is one of the easiest things to Mr. WHEELER. I yield. Mr. WHEELER. I shall be glad to clear up in the mind of any person who Mr. TYDINGS. It is contended by y1eld in a minute. I think naval experts · would listen to the experts of the Navy way of refutation of what the Senator will tell you, as they have told me, that Department. has just read that the attack would not we could not transport to Europe a force I have before me a statement from come from that direction, but that it ot 3,000,000 men and keep them properly which I wish to read: . would probably come as the result of a supplied; that we could not transport But even if the British Navy were to tau, revolution or a liaison with some of the the necessary tanks and other war ma the United States has no cause for fear. South American countries, and that once terial we must take over there, in addi This has been bluntly but clearly stated by that had happened a bridgehead would t!on to carrying our troops over and Lt. Col. Thomas R. Phillips, of the General then be in the possession of the Axis landing them on European soil. They Staff Corps, United States Army. A con Powers, and they would use it as a funnel will say that our Navy combined with the densation of an article by him appears in until they had landed sufficient men, air the November 1941 Readers Digest. It origi force, and so forth, to come up from British Navy could not do so. Now if our nally appeared in the magazine Army Ord Navy combined with the British Navy South America and attack the United nance, which is at least a semiofficial organ States in that fashion. What has the cannot succeed in landing 3,000,000 of the Army, if not an official one. troops on European soil, and in keeping Senator to say about that possibility? them properly supplied, how in the name Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, the Mr. WHEELER. I think it is agreed ct goodness will it be possible for Ger Senator has answered my question very that·at the very minimum 2,000,000 men many, without any ships, or even if she frankly and very honestly, as he sees the would be required to invade this country. obtained England's ships, to come over picture. May I ask him another one? I think 5,000,000 or 10,000,000 men would • here and land 2,000,000 troops on the Mr. WHEELER. Yes. be required. It would require at least shores of this hemisphere under present Mr. TYDINGS. Does the Senator feel 5,000,000 men . to invade this country; conditions? that if Russia and England were out of but let us assume that 2,000,000 men Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President,. will the picture, in line with my first assump would be sufficient. If the ·enemy should the Senator now yield for an observa- tion, that an effort would be made to try to take them across 3,000 miles of tion? attack the _United States by the Axis water-it would be more than that unless Mr. WHEELER. I yield .. Powers acting in concert? they went from Africa over to Brazll; but LXXXV.ii--MO 8554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-S_ENATE NOVEMBER 6 let us assume that they tried to take them free to say what he thinks about con us. The Naval Affairs Committee said from Dakar over to Brazil-in the first ditions. But their mouths are closed. that without the power to carry the tight place they could not be taken across They do not dare to say what they think. to the enemy we have no alternative in secretly. They could not cross in the Only those like the Secretary of the the long run except subjugation to his night. When it became known, the Navy are giving out war whoops. I wishes. United States would stop them with our should like to see some committee of the I do not want to live in a ball park, Navy and our bombing planes. As Col Congress call some of the Army and with enemies on all sides, to the nqrth, onel Phillips said, I do not see how it can Navy officers who would have to do the to 'the south, and on both oceans, drop be contended that there is even the fighting, and who know what is going on. ping bombs on the women and children slightest possibility of such a thing. Mr. CONNALLY. If the Senator will of America. We shall make a sad mis~ When this matter first came up and give the names, we will call them. take if we do not let American boys fight there was first talk about invasion of Mr. WHEELER. In my judgment the those fellows while they are far away. I this country I must confess that I was Senator has had an opportunity to call used to think we could drive them off. very ignorant on the subject. I talked them, but he would not call them. If I am not certain. I would rather risk with two very high ranking naval offi- · some of them were called in secret session being killed as a captain in the army or cers, and asked them, "What is there to there is no question that we should get having my boys killed than to have this talk about invading this country?'' different information. The Senator can women and. children killed back home. One of them said to me, "Do you know get that information. Any Senator can and the cities and towns destroyed. how many men would be required to in.;. get it if he will talk to any of the Army . That is the thing I have envisioned if vade this country, as a minimum?" I or Navy officers who dares to talk. Under what has been assumed should come to said, "No." He said, "It would take the circumstances it is not unethical to pass. If we fail to take into account tha.t 2,000,000 men at the very minimum. In refuse to disclose the names of Army or possibility we speculate on the ultimate addition, the enemy would have to bring Navy officers. peace and security of the people of the here all his heavy tanks and heavy ar I have asked those officers time and country. I am not willing to do that. tillery," and he said, "Do you know how time again, and have asked others, the That is the thing which _troubles me. many ships it would take?" I said, "No." same question which the Senator from . Mr. WHEELER. Hanson Baldwin, He said, "There are not enough ships in Kentucky [Mr. CHANDLER] has asked. who is one of the great military experts, the world today." I said, "Do you mean Suppose aircraft carriers should come who is recognized as such, and who writes with the ships of England, Germany, over here and be stationed in the At for the New York Times, has · ridiculed Italy, and Japan?" He said, "There are lantic or the Pacific. First, how many the very idea the Senator has expressed. not enough ships in the world." aircraft carriers would be necessary? Mr. CHANDLER. The Naval Affairs The man with whom I talked was a Naval officers will say that such aircraft Committee did not ridicule it; the mem United States nave:t.l officer of high stand carriers stationed out in the ocean would bers of that committee unanimously ing. I talked with another high-ranking be the very best targets in the world for reiterated it. naval officer who told me practically the our bombers and fighting planes. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sena s·ame thirig. I said to ·him, "How about Let me read what Admiral Stark said tors will please suspend for a moment. the bombing uf the United States? in testifying before the Foreign Rela The Chair asks that, for the sake of the What about stationing aircraft carriers tions Committee: record, interruptions be made in a more on the coast of the United States and Senator SHIPS'l'EAD. So, there is not much dignified manner. bombing the United States?" This was to this ta-lk that we hear about an invasion Mr. CIJANDLER. I shall not inter something more than a year ago. First, of ·the United States by Germany so long as rupt the Senator any more; I shall I ~sked him whether .or not it would be we have plenty of bombers and the men to answer in my own time. possible t.o bomb the United States from man them? Mr. WHEELER. Either now or in the Admiral STARK. And so long as we have a over in Germany. He· ridiculed the idea naval force. Senator's own time will be perfectly and said that it Jould not be done because Senator SHIPSTEAD. But, after all, they agreeable to me. the Germans did not have bombers that would have to sink our Navy? Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will could fiy across the ocean and back over Admiral STARK. Granted your hypothesis the Senator yield? there, which they would have to do. He that we have a powerful Navy and superior Mr. WHEELER. I yield. said that the bombers would have to ity in the air, I think no one can invade us. Mr. TYDINGS. Is the Senator from circle around, ::.nd in addition fighting Senator SHIPSTEAD. Do you not think it Montana in a position to state whether planes would have to be sent with the would be easy for us to have supremacy in the air, based on land? any of the high-ranking authorities of bombers, and that they had no fighting Admiral STARK. Yes; as a point of contact. the Army or Navy advocated or opposed planes that could possibly cross the At passage of the joint resolution which lantic Ocean . . That is Admiral Stark himself. would repeal certain sections of the Neu~ Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will trality Act? the Senator yield? the Senator yield? Mr. WHEELER. I have the testimony Mr. WHEELER. I yield. Mr. WHEELER. I yield. here. But my understanding is that Mr. CONNALLY. Does not the Sen Mr. CHANDLER. I agree that the that very question was asked of Admiral ator think that in fairness he ought to matter of invasion of the United States Stark-and I hope the Senator from name the naval officers? would be a difficult military operation, Texas will correct me if I am in error Mr, WHEELER. I certainly do not. and that even if it were to be successful and that he said that no one in the Navy Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator is it would require a long time. But I re had suggested the repeal of the Neutral-. making a general statement. call a speech in the Senate by my good ity Act. I ask the Senator from Texas Mr. WHEELER. I am making a gen friend from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] m whether I am correct. eral statement; but I am not going to which he expressed the hope that he Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, the name any naval officers, because I know, would not have to live in a ball park. Senator is partly correct. Admiral and the Senator knows, what would hap That is the thing I have not been able Stark was asked the question whether pen to those naval officers. to get a way from. If the enemy is free the Navy had initiated the proposal, and Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator is to attack on both sides, with the long he said it had not. I have here the leaving all naval officers open to the coast line we have to defend, my friends record of the hearings; the Senator from charge that they made that statement? tell me that we are not prepared. That Montana has it. All the testimony is Mr. WHEELER. Not at all. worries me. We are not prepared. If in it. Mr. CONNALLY. If that is the Sena the enemy could conquer all the coun Admiral Stark then said: tor's idea of ethics, all right. tries of Europe, based upon the assump Gentlemen, that is a matter of policy. I Mr. WHEELER. I say it_is good ethics, tion of my friend that he could have am not a policy-making officer. I am a naval when a naval or military officer gives slave labor and other facilities, he could officer. I carry out my orders. me some information, and I know that outbuild us; in a very short time he it would hurt that officer to give his would have a navy superior to ours. Then, when he was pressed, he said: name, to refuse to give it. Any Army Then he would gradually drive us out of However, if you want my opinion, I will or Navy officer has a right, and should be every position, and draw a ring around give it. My qpinion is that we ought to~ 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8555 the ships; that we ought to repeal sections that phase of the matter had been our efficient machinery, can do two times 2 and 3 of the Neutrality Act. brought out. Obviously, it would not be or three times or four times the amount I see here other Senators, members of brought out in open session-for reasons of work any slave-laborer could do . I the committee, the Senator from Geor which need not be stated. Whether notice that the junior Senator from gia [Mr. GEORGE] and others. Both Admiral Stark had thought that would Kentucky shakes his head. Let me. say statements I have read are in the hear be the best thing for our national safety, that I have seen conditions in Russia; ings; that is what Admiral Stark said. I should like to know. I do not have to read about them. Mr. TYDINGS. Then the Chief of Some would go to war with England Mr. CHANDLER. But that is not the Operations of the Navy did recommend because they like England and want to point. this? . see the British Empire win; they want Mr. WHEELER. Oh, yes; it is. The Mr. CONNALLY. He did recommend the British Empire to last, and they think junior Senator from Kentucky was talk the passage of the joint resolution. it would be better for the world. There ing about slave labor, and I am going to Mr. TYDINGS. Did the Army? are others 'who would go to war on the come to the point. The junior Senator Mr. CONNALLY. We did not have side of England because they think from Kentucky was talking about slave Army officers before us. it would be better for the United States labor in Russia, and I have heard it Mr. WHEELER. I remember the if we should go into the war on the side said time and time again that Russia question that was asked, I think, by the of England. There are two distinct would put us out of business econom Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE]. schools of thought there--one favoring ically because of her slave labor. Why, Mr. CONNALLY. It is impossible to our siding with England because of a as I said yesterday, in 1923, when they take one part of the testimony and re great admiration for the English system, were starting, I was over there, and I gard it as a brief of the whole testimony, and another school of thought favoring was there in 1930. Compete with the as the Senator from Montana seems to our siding with England because those United States? Slave labor, let me say think. who subscribe to that school of thought to. the Members of the Senate, cannot Mr. WHEELER. No; I am not doing think England's safety is essential to our compete. with free labor anywhere in that. - own safety. the world. It never has competed with Mr. CONNALLY. I would not inter Mr. WHEELER. Exactly. it, and never will. rupt the Senator except for the fact Mr. TYDINGS. That is what I was Russia cannot turn out the materials trying to elicit from Admiral Stark's tes that we can produce. She caimot turn that he asked me to correct him. out heavy machinery as well as that Mr. WHEELER. I did; that is cor timony. Mr. WHEELER. I am probably the we produce. She cannot turn out the . rect. I am glad to have the s~nator in small machinery we can produce. She terrupt me if I misquote. wrong person to be asked what Admiral Stark's testimony was, even though I cannot turn out the boots, the shoes, the Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, will clothing, or anything else. the Senator yield? read it just the other day. I do desire to read a quotation from Hanson W. Bald Yet, when the Senator from Kentucky Mr. WHEELER. I yield. [Mr. BARKLEY] and the late Senator from Mr. MURRAY. I was in attendance win, a noted naval expert, military and naval expert of the New York Times, and New Mexico, Mr. Cutting, and I were in at the committee hearing on the occa Russia, in 1930, I remember distinctly sion when Admiral Stark appeared, and a graduate of the United States Naval Academy. As I said a moment ago, I that a Russian, speaking through an in I asked the Admiral a few questions. terpreter, asked us some questions, and Senators will notice, on referring to page think he is recognized by everyone as one of the great experts. we asked him some. I said, "Why are 40 of the hearings, that I asked Admiral you building all this heavy machinery?" Stark the following question: He said: He said they feared thty were going Senator MURRAY. Admiral, do I understand Our Navy is strong, is strong enough now, to be attacked by the capitalist nations that you and the other experts in the Navy and more than strong enough, to face the he called them the capitalist nations. after careful study of the situation advise combined navies of the totalitarian nations. I said, ''Why do you think you are going that our merchant ships should be armed as We need not fear being outbuilt in a naval a protective measure? race, even should Hitler be able to turn all of to be attacked?" Admiral STARK. Yes, sir; I think they should Europe and England to the task. He said, "Because now we are an in be. I wish they were all armed now. dustrial nation and come in competition." Mr. Baldwin made this statement on I said, "When did you become an in He went on further, and discussed dif the basis of hard, cold facts. dustrial nation?" ferent things, saying that the other ex We have heard a great deal said about He said, "Last year." perts in the Navy supported the posi the shipbuilding capacity of Germany Senators are talking about Germany's tion he was taking. and the other countries. He pointed out competing with this country. The Ger Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the that the shipbuilding capacity of Ger man plants will be sabotaged; sabotage Senator yield? many and the occupied lands, the Axis has already started over there; and at Mr. WHEELER. I yield. satellites, and Great Britain all combined the present time we are far ahead of .· Mr. TYDINGS. I think Admiral is equal to abuut 5,700,000 tons a year . Germany in our building and in our re Stark's answer is quite clear; but that We can meet that challenge; we can sur sources. It will be a long time before is not what I was referring to. I was pass that tonnage, for in 1941 to 1943 we Germany can match our building, even if wondering wheth.er, as a matter of naval shall build 9,000,000 tons of merchant she gets all those resources; and she will strategy, for the welfare and safety of shipping alone, At the same time, we not be able to mold into one military the United States, Admiral Stark had have launched a building program about machine the Poles, the Swedes, the Nor ventured any opinion as to the better equal to the combined programs of the wegians, the Greeks, and all the other course to take, aside from political or rest of the world, including the British people of Europe. economic policy; whether Admiral Stark Empire. Mr. CHANDLER. Our discussion was said that, as a matter of policy for the Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will based on the assumption raised by the Nation, he would favor the arming of the the Senator yield there for .iust a mo Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS]. ships and the repeal of the sections re ment? Mr. WHEELER. I understand. ferred to, so as to permit our ships to go Mr. WHEELER. I yield. Mr. CHANDLER. If all the things he into the war zones. I was wondering if Mr. CHANDLER. If I believed that, assumes should come to pass, then I think the committee had asked Admiral Stark of course I would take the side of the the Germans will be able to use .slave his opinion as to the best naval policy Senator from Montana. But I do not labor; there will be no substantial resist from the standpoint of our national believe that at all. ance; ·such resistance could not be organ safety; whether it would be wiser to go Mr. WHEELER. The Junior Senator ized. Those who would organize it h.::~ve into the war now, in his opinion, or to from Kentucky does not have to believe no rna terial resources. prepare. ourselves for purely defensive it. All he has to do is to listen to this. I believe th-at Hitler can organize the action, or what not. As I interpret Ad There is talk about slave labor in Eu conquered peoples into slave labor, and miral Stark's answer, it was more with rope. I have been in Russia, and when that he will use it against us. reference to political policy than to naval there is talk about the slave labor of Mr. WHEELER. Of course, if I be policy. I was wondering whether in Russia, let me say that one man in lieved what the Senator from Kentucky executive session anything touching on the United States of America, with . says he believes, if I assumed that 8556 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 6 Germany was going to be able to take the from him, but we all disagree with each the courage to stand. up here and de labor of Russia and the resources of Rus other about our beliefs. I am perfectly clare war. But we are not doing that; sia, and was going to be able to do all the willing that the Senator from Montana we are leading this country into war by other things the Senator assumes, then, have his beliefs and entertain them and subterfuge, by deceit; we are saying these I should say that we ought not to give to cherish them, and I am also determined are measures short of war and to keep Russia any part of the $13,000,000,000 to have mine and keep them and cherish the peace for the United States of worth of munitions and materials. Be them. America. We ought to be honest with cause if the Senator is right, Hitler will Mr. WHEELER. Nobody is going to the American people; we ought to be probably get them. Then, too, if all these take them away from the Senator from honest with ourselves: and· the President things are correct, we should be building Kentucky; certainly I would not think of of the United States ought to say that up our defenses and saving our bombers doing so. he is going to keep this country out of and other planes and our ships, .includ Mr. CHAl''TILER. I agree with the war or that he is going to go into war. ing submarines and everything else, so Senator about that. I have opposed the administration's as to make the United States of America Mr. WHEELER. . I would not do so if foreign policy steps since 1937 because I impregnable in all the ·Western Hemi- I could, and I know I could not. But let believed then, and am convinced . now, sphere. · me say that the Senator from Maryland that every action taken wittingly, or un . This talk about going over there and is entirely competent to tal{e care of wittingly, .involved us more closely in fighting is not based on a practic~l view himself, and does not need the help of European power politics, and inevitably. of the situation. No one can be found the Senator from Kentucky. in war. who will say that we could land 3,000,- Mr. CHANDLER. Or of the Senator I was brought up to believe. in America 000 or even 2,000,000 troops upon Euro from Montana, . and in its kind of government. I was pean soil. I do not believe there is a Mr. WHEELER. Or of the Senator brought up to believe that we are a sov military or naval expert in the coun~ry ·from Montana, or anybody else. I am ereign state unique in conception and who would say that we could do that and going on the assumption that men in grown sturdy and strong enough to keep the supply lines open. What I say the United States are reasonable J.nd are maintain ourselves. It has been my goal is that you are plunging the country into not going to be influenced by hysteria, to strengthen our. Republic, to protect war when we are not prepared. as they were in the last war. If we will its institutions, to build a better and finer Mr. CHANDLER. Whose fault is it read the pages of history we will find land, to improve the l_ot of our people; to that we are not prepared? . ; that practically every argument which those objectives I have devoted my entire Mr. WHEELER. It- is everybody's has been made this time was made during puplic -l~fe. · · fault. . : the period prior to our entry into the For these goals I fought entrenched Mr. CHANDLER. It is not the fault of World .War. There has not been a sin~ greed; . for these goals I supported the the President of the United States, is it? gle solitary argument advanced this time election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 Mr. WHEELER. I am not complain which was not advanced then. The. same and in his two later.. campaigns; for these ing about the President of the United sort of arguments about South America, g.oals. I introduced and fought for pro States-though I do not recall any vote in and about Mexico, were then made. gressi-ve, social, and economic legislation; the Senate which rejected any military Even maps were produced in World War for these· goals I voted the spending of or naval recommendations of legislation No. 1. Some will remember how they felt vast sums to build up our defenses, to demanded by the President. when the truth was disclosed. TheY. keep us strong enough to maintain our Mr. CHANDLER. It is not the fault of realized that they had been swept off integrity and safety in a war-torn world. those of us who during our service in the their feet by hysteria. Tod~y, exactly I am weary of loud-voiced puppets who Congress have voted for every measure the same thing is happening. go running around the land at the jerk that came along and tried to prepare American war ships are shooting; of some string, condemning isolationists · this country. American sailors are going to their with cries that the sole responsibility for Mr. WHEELER. I am not complain death. our present national-defense situation ing about that; I am saying that today if Does this mean that the President's lies at their door. the Senator's assumptions are cor sacred oath to uphold and defend the The warmakers of this country have rect- Constitution of the. United States has branded all of us who want to keep the . Mr. C.HANDLER. I did not make the been repudiated by Us maker, Franklin country out of war as isolationists. They assumptions; the Senator from Mary D. Roosevelt? use that word as a term of opprobrium. land made them. . Does this mean that the President's But let me remind you that the word Mr. WHEELER. The Senator from solemn promise that American soldiers, "Christian" was at first used as a term of Kentucky said he believed them. and sailors, and pilots would not be sent opprobrium with regard to the humble Mr. CHANDLER. I said I believed to foreign wars, has been repudiated by followers of the Prince of Peace, the what he said might happen if what he its maker, Franklin D Roosevelt? Christ himself; but in a few short years assumed was correct. If the President is determined to lead it became a term of approbation. I pre Mr. WHEELER. The Senator from the war makers, if the President is re dict that the term "isolationist," instead Maryland does not believe it himself. He solved to take the American people into of being used as a term of opprobrium, was assuming certain facts that he does a foreign war, if the President insists will in a very short space of time be used not believe, upon writing the epitaph of American as a quite different term. among the The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair democracy by plunging this Nation into American people. kindly asks that every time a Senator de a disastrous war, in the aftermath of Speaking for myself, and myself alone, sires to interrupt another Senator who which a native American fascism will I br~nd as untruthful those who assert has the floor the Chair be addressed. certainly arise, then, 'f say let it be done that since the beginning of the conflict it} Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President-- in the honest way; let it be done in the Europe national defense has been opposed The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Constitutional way; let. the people of the by me and the majority of us who fought S~nator from Montana y]eld to the Sen United States, th-rough their duly elected against American intervention in Euro ator from Kentucky? representatives in Congress, declare war. pean wars. I am content to let my rec Mr. WHEELER. I yield ag~in. Let us mar.ch to battle in the American ord speak for itself. Since the crisis I Mr. CHANDLER. The only thing I and democratic way, and not in the man hf!,ve followed the administration leader want to say is that the Senator from ner of the Hitlers, the Mussolinis, and :: hip OI! the matter of appropriations for Maryland can say what he believes, based the Stalins. national defense. When a House com on his own assumptions, and I have tried If we believe what the dis.tinguished mittee slashes an Army or Navy request to tell -the Senator what I believe, based Senator from Kentucky says he believes, for ail'planes, I do not propose to allow on the assumptions of the Senator from then there is only .one thing for the a war hawk slyly to tell an audience that Maryland; but I reiterate that those are Congress of the United States to do, and the isolationists did that. When admin my beliefs. I am not trying to take the that is to declare war now. If we be istration-controlled committees report beliefs of the Senator from Montana lieve what he says, if we believe in the out measures authorizing a smaller num away from him, although I think some-: same things he believes in, then we ber of ships or planes or guns than origi body ought to take some of them away ought to ·be honest about it, and have nally requested, I deny that I made that 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8557 decision for the committee and the Con age in this, and patronage in that-know of the United States is being wiped out gress. that they are not going to get that of existence? I share equal responsibility for the vast patronage if they do not go along with I sometimes wonder whether there are expenditures we have made and are mak the administration. not people in the Government service ing for national defense, except that I So what have · we done? We have who want to see the little businessman would have preferred that the expendi tended to break down constitutional gov wiped out and want to see only big busi tures under the Lease-Lend Act were go ernment in this country, the independ ness remain, because business when it ing to build up our own Military and ence of the Congress and the Senate of gets big enough is so much easier to take Naval Establishments rather than the the. United States. Those of you who over, is so much easier to regulate and military and naval establishments of were not here when I came here I am manipulate. The little businesEman is Russia and some other countries. sure do not realize the difference between harder to control. the independence of the Senate of the The little businessman in the United I am gravely concerned over the future United States now and the condition that States is the backbone of democracy. of America. V\iar or no war, we have ex:sted 20 years ago. Then you did not The little businessman and farmer have taken far-reac~ing action which threat have to go with your hat in your hand always been the backbone of democracy. ens the very existence of our kind of and say to Mr. Ickes, or to the head of Destroy them, and there will be· what was· government, our kind of economic sys some other department, "Please, please found in Russia, just an upper and a tem, our kind Lf social exjstence. War give me this project for my State." You lower class, and when any government or no war, the period ahead of us in stood up in the Congress of the United fails, when power ceases to be in the America is fraught with frightful peril States and argued the matter before a hands of one group, it has to fall into the for our institutions. committee of Congress. Now, however, hands of the· other group. When the ·when I was speaking in the city of all that is cha.nged. I say to you, wheth aristocracy of Russia fell, the power had Los Angeles before the Town . Hall Club, er you like to hear it ring in your ears or to go into the hands of the labor group. a man got up and said to me, "But you not, that that change is -the beginning of They were the only group left. So I say voted for these appropriations." He said the break-down of parliamentary govern that when the middle class in the United that because I had criticized the manner ment in this country or any other coun States is destroyed, as it is being, the in which appropriations had been used. try on the face of the globe. power will be turned over to the other I voted to turn over to the President of There is not anything new ·about it. group, and there will be no middle class the United States huge sums of money It was done during the days of the Roman to take hold. to be used by W. P. A. and P. W. A., and Empire. It has been cone more recently · Mr. President, I wish to quote a state I voted to ·turn over to him other vast in countries in Europe, until all the power ment which has just been handed to me: powers. I did it because I believed the gradually has crept into the hands of the LoND~N, November 6.-Joseph V. Stalin President when he said that we were executive department, and the power of told ·the world by radio today that Adolf facing a crisis in 1933, in 1934, in 1935, the legislative branch of the Government Hitler's "crazy plan" to draw Britain and and from then on. But we have always the United States into a war coalition to has been weakened and weakened, until crush the Soviet Union had failed but he been facing a crisis since the President I see just as clearly as I see anything urged the Allied Powers today, including has been in power. There has been one else a vision of the destruction of parlia America, to open up a second fighting front crisis after another. If it has not been mentary government in the United States, against the Axis without delay. a crisis here in this country. it has been and the setting up-whether we call it by The coalition of the United States, Britain, a foreign crisis-anything and every that name or not-of some form of dic and the Soviet Union is now a reality and thing to frighten the American people, tatorship, not with the intention of the aslcs "who could doubt that Britain and the to get huge appropriations out of the United States would give us full support to President; but, regardless of whose inten conquer Hitler." Congress of the United States. And how tion it is, when we break down parlia have they been used? Did I tell the mentary government, we automatically This amounts, of course, to Mr. Stalin Members of the Senate how some of set up in its place a dictatorial govern a£king for a second A. E. F. to go to them have been used? ment of some kind. Europe to preserve the Soviet Union. Some persons say to me, "But why is it What is it that I fear in the aftermath I continue to quote Mr. Roosevelt: that the Senate of the United States does of this frenzied, suicidal course upon If war should break out again in another not stand up and vote )ts convictions?" which the war party seems determined continent, let us not blink the fact that we would find in this country thousands of Well, the rules of the game have been to plunge us? If I were to preach a ser Americans who, seeking immediate riches changed since this administration came mon upon the post-war prospects for the fool's gold-would attempt to break down or into power. In former years, if you United States, I could choose no better evade our neutrality. wanted an appropriation for a post office text than the words of Franklin Delano in Podunk, you did not go and ask the Roosevelt when, in his memorable Chau Who is seeking to break it down to President of the United States for it. If tauqua speech on August 14, 1936, he day? Wendell Willkie, and all that you wanted an irrigation project out in said: group surrounding him over in New York City, are the ones who are seeking and your State or mine, you did not go to the Industrial and agricultural production for head of the Int€rior Department. If you a war market may give immense fortunes to a hammering, day after day, to break down needed some money to be spent for few men; for the Nation as a whole it pro our neutrality law. drought purposes in your State, you did duces disaster. It was the prospect of war The President continued: not go and ask the President of the profits that made our farmers ln the West They would tell you-and, unfortunately, United States for it. You went to the plow up prairie land that should never have their views would get wide publicity-that i! been plowed, but should have been left for they could produce and ship this and that Congress of the United States, and you grazing cattle. Today we are reaping the and the other article to bellif_erent nati(•ns, asked the various committees of the Con harvest of those war profits in the dust the unemployed of America would all find gress to appropriate the money, and it storms which have devastated tho~e war work. They would tell you that if they was appropriated by the Congress of the plowed areas. could extend credit to warring nations that .United States. But when we turned over credit would be used in the United States the power to -disburse the money to the !{ow true that statement was. to build homes and factories and pay our President of the United States, to the It was the prespect of war profits that debts. They would tell you that America executive branch of the Government of caused the extension of monopoly and un once more would capture the trade of the justified expansion of industry and a price world. the United States, what did we do? We level so high that the normal relationship It would be hard to resist that clamor; it gave them the power to say to Repre between debtor and creditor was destroyed. would be hard for many Americans, I fear, sentatives and to Senators, "Unless you · to look beyond-to realize the inevitable vote as we want you to vote, you are not I repeat, "It was the prospect of war penalties, the inevitable day of · reckoning going to get this project here or that profits that caused the extension of that comes from a false prosperity. To re project there." Then we built up in the monopoly." Is there anyone who will sist the clamor of that greed, if war should United States the greatest bureaucracy deny that statement? Is there anyone come, would require the unswerving support that has ever been known; and Senators who will deny that that very thing is of all Americans who love peace. and Representatives who want patron happening in the United States today, What has the President himself been age-patronage in this project, patron- right now, and that the little businessman saying about those who love peace in 8558 'CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 6 this country? What has the President Let me read the words of Leon Hen to find the money it can borrow to meet been saying about those of us who are derson, Price Control Administrator, in the situation which it confronts-the sit fighting against war? He has led the his testimony of July 14, 1941: uation is so appalling that it seems to me pack in denouncing some of those who It is a picture of factories made idle by one is entitled to pause and consult the are seeking to keep this country at peace lack of raw materials to turn out civilian economics before one takes one needless and to keep this country from the con goods, of men made idle by lack of materials step to hasten our participation in an trol of those he has denounced. His to work with, of single-industry towns all-out war which will multiply these blighted by a spurious prosperity based on physical problems over again three or agents in his Department of Justice are production of goods that we can't wear, or out investigating all those opposed to eat, or live in. Every person will be touched, four times. our entrance into war, and many of them and many will be touched harshly, by the When we passed the lend -lease bill, I are being called before grand juries. d~fense program. remind the Senator from Montana, the nose who are for war are great patriots, Secretary o:l War described it as a method however. One can take anything from Mr. President, he should have added of buying time. He said we had to buy England, and he is a patriot; he can take "by the lend-lease program," because we time for ot:r own safety. Well, Mr. money from England to carry on war could have done all these things and still President, we have not bought enough propaganda, he can set up an organiza built up the defense of this country if time yet, and we had better buy some tion, a society, and he is a patriot; but if we were not trying to furnish all the more. one goes out and speaks under the auspi countries in the world with $13,000,000,- Mr. WHEELER. I thank the Sena'tor. ces of an organization which stands for 000 worth of our goods. Make no mistake Of course, anyone who is familiar with peace, headed by a great, patriotic citi about it. When the present period of the history of the Roman Empire, any zen, then he will be persecuted. hysteria is over the people are going to one who is familiar with the break-down turn to us who voted for that expenditure of Italy when Mussolini came into power, Those of us who opposed the adoption of $13,000,000,000. They will turn on us of the lend-lease bill pointed out that anyone who is familiar with what hap when they come to pay their tax bill, pened in Europe before Mr. Hitler came vast and tragic economic and political when the Treasury comes to putting a dislocations w·ould inevitably result from into power must know that the reason 15-percent tax on pay rolls, which we dictatorships arose in those countries was the program inherent in that bill read in this morning's newspaper to be of attempting to superim~ose a vast because financial and economic break Mr. Morgenthau's plan-to pay for what? downs occurred. People in these nations program of aid for Britain upon our own When the American taxpayers come to defense program. We pointed out that, were loaded with taxes. It was impos pay their bills next March and a year sible for them to continue. Unemploy although America's industrial plant and from March what do Senators think is potential capacity is vast beyond belief, ment was rife. Finally they went to un going to happen to the Democratic Party controlled inflation in those countries. it is not unlimited. We pointed out that, in this country? The power and the while it might be possible to expand If there were time, I co.uld recount to wrath of the American people will turn the Senate at long length the sorry and America's vast productive capacity to an against you, and the last period of eco extent hitherto undreamed of . by an tragic tale of hardship and despair which nomic chaos and unrest in this country have already been brought about by the orderly and well-planned program, it was will look like a pink-tea party compared not possible to do so under the spur of a frenzied hysteria of the warmakers. But with what is going to happen to you as there is time to list only a few of the false and hysterical fear of immediate the aftermath of this spending. danger from the Axis Powers; that it was many possible results, to port:-J.y out of not possible, without tragic domestic dis Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, the mouths of the informed the present locations, to turn our economy overnight will the Senator yield? effects on labor and business of the war into the war economy necessary to carry Mr. WHEELER. I yield. party's program. out the Utopian program of the war Mr. VANDENBERG. I do not think Mr. President, wait until labor pay party. the Senator can put too much emphasis rolls are taxed. Wait until those railroad It is with sorrow for America that I at this particular point on what he is . men who we heard wanted us to go to state that our words were truer than per saying. Certainly no one wants to talk war now have their pay rolls taxed. Wait .haps we realized. Our predictions met about dollars and cents as against the until the tax next spring reaches down with scoffing from the President, who, preservation of essential freedoms, and and takes money out of their pockets for ignoring his own irrefutable words, yet the preservation of a sound, solvent Russia and for other countries at war. sought to persuade us that we could do economy in the United States is certainly Then Senators will find that any senti all that the war party sought without one of the primary necessities of na ment on the part of those persons for sacrificing our own social gains. Our tional defense. our country to go to war will quickly predictions are not scoffed at by his own Mr. President, the Senator has spoken change. National Resources Planning Board, of the proposed new 15-percent pay-roll And in the little communities where whose August 1941 report admits the tax. I remind the Senator from Mon the small businessman operates, what will gangers we face, but which nonetheless tana that this is in addition to a $4,000,- happen? We hear persons talking about seeks by omptimistic, wishful thinking to 000,000 tax bill passed 60 days ago when wanting to help the little businessman, persuade us that God will be in His we thought we had scraped the bottom and yet what are we doing? Every step heaven and all will be right with the of the barrel. I remind him that the we are taking is ruining the little busi y.rorld. Secretary of the Treasury says that even nessman of the United States. The taxes But the harsh facts which already face this 15-percent pay-roll tax is merely and the taxes that are going to be levied us; the tragic, overwhelming facts, al an intervening aid until they can write on him, in addition to the high cost of ready belie both the promise and the still another tax bill next January or labor and everything else, are going to wishful thought. The executives of the February. wreck him. administration, who, in their daily tasks I do not care how much we may be The administration admitted that seri must seek to carry out a hysterical, im wedded to this idea of the four freedoms. ous dislocations were impending as a re mediately necessary plan· for the United Sooner or later we shall reach a point sult of the lease-lend program in a state-· States to become the arsenal for the where it has got to be admitted that we ment by Peter Nehemkis, Jr., special as world, are the best witnesses I could cannot be the unlimited treasury and the sistant to the Chief of the•Defense Con summon to prove beyond refutation the unlimited arsenal of the world. We may tract Service. In an address to the field truth of our predictions. Remember that be a tremendously rich land, and we are. officers of the Service he said: the hysterical frenzy of the war party's We may be tremendously patriotic and Already not less than 10 entire industries plan made orderly and planned expan self-sacrificing, and we are. But two • • • must either close down or enter a sion of our . plant capacity impossible. and two still make four, in spite of any new line of production. Indeed, before the It inevitably means rationing of the magic that the White House can summon; end of this summer we may expect to find products of our existing plant capacity, one-third of American industry faced with Mr. President, the tax situation con the grim reality of "guns versus butter,'' and which, in turn, means the sacrifice of fronting the American people is already as the tempo of the war economy gains in civilian needs, vast unemployment, and so appalling, so great is the difficulty creased momentum, you may expect to find, the destruction of small business. which the Treasury is going to have even for a time, not less but more unemployment; 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8559 not less but more idle machines. It is one workers in Michigan. Governor Van · dustries, while not indicative of the attitude of the ironies of our defense effort-- Wagoner stated that "the Nation will see of each type of industry as a whole, serve economic chaos within 3 months" unless amply to show the necessity for a limitation Says this gentleman who is Chief of the on profits. Defense Contract Service- priorities on · materials and labor are that its total effect may well be to obliterate lightened iri favor of industrial produc What lies ahead? These results have the smaller enterprises from the American tion for civilian use. come about on the basis of a defense pro scene. • • • In Michigan alone, he said, 100,000 gram for which, to date, we have appro workers will be thrown out of nonde priated or authorized approximately It may well be that it will obliterate fense jobs by January. What the Gov $56,000,000,000, but of which only $21,- the small enterprises from the American ernor of Michigan said could be said by 948,000,000, according to Treas·ury esti scene. other Governors of other States. mates, will be spent by the end of the Mr. President, that is not said by some There are the unemployed from the 1942 fiscal year. Our national debt, it is isolationist. That is not said by some restricted import industries, 175,000 in estimated, will be slightly over sixty-six one who wants to keep us out of war. the silk industry, 15,000 in the cork in billion as of June 30, 1942, when the sec That is said by one of the administration dustry, and 42,000 rubber workers who ond lend-lease appropriation is added. spokesmen. · will have lost their jobs by the end of Our national income in 1942 is estimated Let me ask: Is that the price you want this year. . at about ninety billion. The National to pay for helping Russia and China and We find D.:mald Nelson, newly ap Resources Planning Boa.rd hopes it will every other country in the world? The pointed executive director of the Supply rise to one hundred arid five billion by result of that course will be that you ~re Priorities and Allocation Board, telling 1944. going to destroy your own country; you us that from now on Americans face a Bear these astronomical figures in are going to wipe out the little business lower standard of living. mind, and then recall that the National man and the little manufacturer of the Impress this upon your minds, when Resources Planning Board estimates that United States. you hear the siren songs of the war under this program, by 1944, 27 ,000,000 It was as simple as that. The elimina party, promising both social gains and American workers will be engaged in the tion of thousands of small businessmen defense and the arming of all the non defense effort. Three and a half million and the resulting unemployment of many axis world, putting the "four freedoms" will be in the armed forces, and twenty more thousands of American workmen is into effect by means of force all over the three and a half million in war indus indeed an irony. 0. P. M. officials have world. Remember these words, "Amer tries. What would happen to those stated that diversion by priorities of stra icans face a lower standard of living" workers. and what would happen to tegic materials from nondefense· factories not because of Germany, not because of America, if the international crisis should "will assume perfectly appalling propor anything else except the fact that we in end some time in 1944? Where would tions before many weeks," resulting, the United States .are going to finance they find jobs? Would the Federal Gov according to some estimates, in the shut the world. We are building bases all over ernment be forced tc spend astronomical down of from 5,000 to 6,000 factories. South America. We are building bases funds in make-work jobs for them? If A survey of 6,000 manufacturers re in Africa. We shall build them in China, jobs were not available, would the young vealed that 9 out of 10 of the Nation's and all through the Orient. We are go men who have been conscripted into the small nondefense manufacturers believe ing to try to control the world. Rich and Army and urged to sacrifice for the com: they will soon be. forced drastically to re powerful though this Nation is, it can mon good be content to be told on their duce operations. Walter D. Fuller, presi not do so without destroying our own return to civilian life that there is no dent of the National Association of Man way of life in the United States. place for them in our economy? ufacturers, has predicted that 90.000 of "Americans face a lower standard o~ the Nation's manufacturers may "be When the millions of boys come back living." But, as I shall point out, that is from the Army, and when the defense. hit-some fatally-by the stringency of_ the least of the costs which the American defense material rationing." The same factories close, will those men be satis people must pay for the world-wide fied to go back home and live off the trade association has estimated that dreams of the war makers. · Government? Go to Los Angeles, San 3,000,000 workers will be partly or wholly Where was the social vision, the far Diego, Hartford, Conn., or any of the unemployed in the next 6 months. sighted planning of which we have so other places where munitions are being As a result of the policies adopted by often heard? We had the British experi manufactured and see the thousands the administration, August 8, 1941, found ence as a warning. In England 20,000 upon thousands tpat have come into those Leon Henderson, then head of the Office small businesses closed down within 2 of Price Administration and Civilian cities and then tell me what we are going months after England entered the war, to do about it. If we continue to spend Supply, testifying before the House Bank and another 20,000 were forced to close billions and billions and billions without ing and Currency Committee that in the early in 1940 . A similar danger was fore any plans or design for the future, there next few months unemployment would seeable, for Peter Nehemlds, quoted can be only one result, and that is eco increase by 2,000,000. He estimated that earlier, pointed out some time ago that- this figure constituted a 25-percent in nomic disaster and a financial break crease in the total number of unemployed. If through national defense we permit a down in the United States. No one can tell me that the workers of blackout of small business to take place, we · No informed source has dared to mini shall .richly have cultivated th~ soil for a mize the ditr.culties which we will face this country are in favor of getting into Fascist economic dictators;hip. the war with 2,000 ,000 more of them un dming the transition back again to a employed. This argument is not coming What has happened to the firmly ex peace economy. Far-reaching plans have from isolationists. It is not coming from pressed determination to prevent war been proposed. How will they be exe people who are talking about keeping this profits, the "immense fortunes to a few cuted? Unless they are carried out with country out of war. It is coming from men"-to quote again President Roose more intelli6ence and foresight than the Leon Henderson. It is coming from the velt-which in llis words, "produce dis present defense program, the difficulties National Association of Manufacturers. aster for the Nation as a whole"? It was and the dangers of our way of life will It is coming from the special assistant to only a few weeks ago that Representative be horrible to contemplate. Shall we the Chief of the Defense Contract Service. VINSON, chairman of the House Naval Af follow Secretary of Commerce Jones and· Employing 1,500,000 workers in dir<:ct fairs Committee, called for new legisla close all unneeded war plants? Think construction and another 4,500,000 in re tion to limit profits on naval defense con what that would mean. What would lated fields, America's third largest in tracts because a study showed that- happen if all defense workers were sud dustry, building construction, may soon denly unemployed? It would mean more In certain instances profits for projects es than new W. P. A.'s, more than bread be compktely paralyzed, according to sential to national defense, have reached an Harry C. Bates, president of the Brick unconscionable percentage. lines, hunger, and privation. Those men layers' Union and chairman of the Ameri would turn, as jobless workers in other can Federation of Labor's Committee on And that- nations have turned, to "the man on Housing. Profits realized on naval defense contracts horseback." The most dramatic picture of priority have reached as high, in one instance, as 247 · Remember that · these figures of the unemployment is among the automobile percent. Tremendous profits in certain in- National Resources Planning Board are 8560 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 6 based on the assumption that we will not not some secret document hidden over in Then consider the prospects if we enter enter the war as an active belligerent. Berlin. This is in the United States. the war. No matter how the war turns If we do enter the war, Stuart Chase has It embraces many predictions about which out, we face a deadly danger to our way estimated that there will be 36,000,000 officials have been talking publicly for 2 or of life. That danger was foreseen as far workers engaged in war industries. The 3 weeks. back as 1937 by a committee of the Na same problem of finding jobs for them, Director Knudsen, of the Office of Produc tional Economic and Planning Associa and of supporting them until there are tion Management, first hinted at what is now tion, and was so eloquently and forcefully jobs, will arise again, but in vastly greater called the "victory program" when he said described that I cannot refrain from degree. that by mid-1943, 65 percent of the Nation's quoting the report of the committee: economy must be devoted to war. And, if we do enter the war, these diffi The strength of our nati
In the case of rubber, in 1929, we imported is lessened by Government hand-outs. In ventionists. More ~:.pecifically, I referred to 528,602 tons at an average price of of 20.5 dustrial tariffs can and do protect prices of those who profit from international trade cents per pound; we paid foreign countries articles for which crop is exchanged. The the international bankers, ocean transporta for it $247,420,000. By 1932 our imports had fair exchange value of the crop is thus re•· tion companies, marine insurance companies, dropped t9 393,731 tons and the price to 3.4 duced in proportion to the protection af importers, etc.-as distinguished from the cents; we paid $34,273,000. By 1937 we had forded industry. Therefore, the protective industrialists who do some foreign business increased our imports to 592,528 tons and principle usually operates for the benefit of incidental to their domestic business. All of the price had risen to 1.9.4 cents-a total of industry and to the detriment of agriculture. the latter group must realize that if com $252,859,000. The last 2 years show a greatly This problem is as old as our history. pelled to choo--.e between a prosperous Ameri increased tonnage on account of our policy Alexander Hamilton recognized it and in hiS can market and one periodically shot to pieces of storing up rubber. famous Report on Manufactures, written in by foreign events, they must choose the Amer In the case of tin the story is similar. 1790, after urging a policy of tariff protec ican markets. In 1929 we imported 195,165,000 pounds at tion for industry, observed that the day Many \mer:cans will recall that Mr. James 45.19 cents, or $91,839,000; in 1932 we im might come when it would be necessary to P. Warburg, of New York, .wrote two books in ported 77,995,000 pounds at 22.01 cents, or give agriculture an equivalent. He pro 1936 opposing President Roosevt.lt's reelec $16,474,000; in 1937 our imports amounted posed at some future time to offset by sub tion. He supported Alfred Landon, but after to 197,377,000 pounds at 54.24 cents, or sidy or otherwise the farmer's disadvantage Governor Landon made his St. Paul speech, $104,285,000. of having to buy in a protected market while in which he '·oak a stand for protection of This merely shows the necessity and desir having to sell in an unprotected world mar the American market and for real Yankee ability of an active American market for the ket at world prices. trading, Mr. Warburg wrote a letter to Sec products of foreign lands. Notwithstanding the millions and billions retary Hull saying that in view of Mr. Lan Then comes the question of technological that have been appropriated for agriculture don's position he would have to support the development and the use of substitutes. in the last few years, the basic fault re Democratic ticket. He is now one of our lead Great progress has been made in this field mains-while we pay our farmers not to pro ing interventionists. This is queer company in recent years. duce, we encourage foreign farmers to pro for the New Dealers, who were going to drive The development of synthetic rubber has duce, not only for foreign markets which we the money chang ; from the temple. progressed to a point where we may say that, formerly supplied, but for our markets, by Question. Can you sum up in a few words if necessary, we are no longer dependent making it easier to import. Such a policy what you think our policy should be and what upon the Eastern Hemisphere. Within a cannot be permanent. Its duration will be the question boil:s down to? very few years we could produce our own immeasurably shortened by the vast expendi AJ?swer. I think that all our foreign poli rubber, as Germany has done. A number tures we must make for our national-defense cies-political and economic-should be re of our most important concerns are active in program. lated definitely to our American needs and this field. Question. If Germany, producing with ideals, with •be objective of protecting and The same thing may be said of silk-wit slave labor, can offer better prices to South perpetuating the 1G.m of government and the ness the great development of rayon, and now America, how could we be able to compete? economic policies which have made our coun nylon. Answer. That is a trick question. It must try great. Our aim should be to make pos We P.re now preparing to smelt a .:onsider be remembered that Germany, and England, sible to all Americans the fullest benefits of able portion of our tin requirements in the too, had a substantial representation in our form of govt.rnment as granted by our United States from ore coming from Latin South America before the war in 1914. There Constitution and ·vhe Bill of Rights. The first America. In addition, important substitutes is nothing new about competition with them requisite to this airr is knowledge based on have been developed from plastics and other except in degree. There are many consid reliable and comprehensive information, so materials, replacing tin. erations besides price. Design and adapta that we may know wha.t the problems are and This hemisphere can supply our manga bility of products to do the work desired; consider them fairly. The second is a reali nese and potash-the former through the terms, delivery dates; personal equation be zation of the principle that foreign policies development of machinery and processes of tween buyer and seller and numerous other whether political or economic-must pot be refining low-grade ores here and in Cuba, things. Frequently we hear the phrase, permitted to d€stroy or impair either our and the latter through the development of "Quality is remembered long after price is form of government or our standards of living. our own mines. forgotten." If price were the sole measuring The question boils down to this: Shall we These are examples only. There is great stick the manufacturer with the lowest price take advantage of our position of geographic progress in other fields. would ·be selling all the goods, be they auto and economic security and contribute to world Trade is a fleeting thing. Conditions and mobiles or what. Competition would die, peace and prosperity by developing our own methods change, demand and sources of sup monopoly would succeed it and higher prices co..tntry and by attending to our own affairs, ply with them. For e~ample, we have seen might then result. or shall we toss our Nation into a common England abandon the practice of a century The answer lies in mutuality of interest be pool in the management of which ours will as the leading advocate of free trade and the tween countries so long as governments con be only one voice and that not the control gold standard, and for a decade follow a new trol the foreign trade of their nationals. ling one? Shall we dilute our Nation's policy of tariffs, trade .agreements between Under these circumstances there Js only one strength with the world's weakness? nations, and managed currency. I do not say intelligent procedure and that is to recog that this is or is not the best way to conduct nize the conditions under which trade is On this subject of doing business with trade between nations, but the point is that conducted between nations and negotiate Hitler, I call the attention of the Sen that is the way world trade has been trending country by country for the terms and con ate, and particularly of the junior Sen for more than ·a decade. We are the only ditions under which goods may be exchanged ator from Kentucky [Mr. CHANDLER], to important Nation attempting to ignore this satisfactorily. Each country must recognize an article by Samuel Crowther entitled fact. frankly the needs of the other. "We Don't Have to Do Business With Other things being equal, free labor can My view is that we must recognize the fact Hitler." It is a review of Douglas Miller's that we cannot prescribe the rules and regula outproduce slave labor. We made our great tions for all the world. Rather, if we are est progress after we abolished slavery-slave · book, You Can't Do Business With Hitler. going to engage in trade with other nations, labor produces little b,uying power. We must Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the we should use our strategic advantages to keep in mind always that American wage Senator yield? negotiate country by country in our own levels support our higher American standards Mr. WHEELER. I yield to the Senator interest. of living. They protect the American workers from Illinois. We should, of course, keep ourselves in a on our farms and in our factories against Mr. LUCAS. I suggest the absence of position to join with other nations in im the lower standards not only of the forced a quorum. proving "methods of trading if and when the labor of the Axis Powers and Russia but of time comes that the rest of the world is the lower-paid labor of the Argentine Indian The PRESIDING OFFICER The President tells us that when he is on the_· point that~ feel that his remarks Who pledged us? asking us to remove the restriction of -the ' should be incorporated in the RECORD. He says- Neutrality Act. Of course, it is not Hit He said: It is the Nation's will that America sh3.ll ler's job to tell us upon what waters our . It is· my firm conviction that the arms deliver the goods. In open defiance of th:1t ships may travel. We authorized the embargo provisions of the existing law should will, our ships have been sunk and our President of the United States to say be eliminated. I furthermore believe that sailors have been killed. • • • what the combat areas were. We told the most effective legislati~e contribution at Our determination not to take it lying him that in ·our judgment, as the Con this time toward keeping this country out down has been expressed in the orders to gress of the American people, it was up of war, if war comes, would be made by the American Navy to shoot on sight. Those enacting or reenacting provisions on Untt; orders stand. to him to define combat areas and to keep as follows: American shipping out of them. The To prohibit American ships, irrespective Mr. President, there is only one way law expressly said_:_and I read section 3 of what they may be carrying, from entering in the world in which we can possibly (c) of the Neutrality Act: combat ·areas. appraise · the ultimate purpose behind The President from time to time may mod To restrict travel by American citizens in such language as that. In all the World ify or extend any proclamation issued under combat areas. War, Woodrow Wilson · never made so the ·authority of this section, and when the He recommended other things which strong a war speech as we heard in that cendit ions which shall have caused him to are not pertinent to the present discus particular Navy Day speech. i~ue any such proclamation· shall have ceased to exist he shall revoke such prqclamation sion. But, Mr. President, on the basis of By this measure, Mr. President, we are and the provisions of this section shall there · all the expert testimony upon which we being called upon to place our. seal of upon cease to apply, except as to offenses were then asked to rely, and the wit ratification upon an undeclared but a committ ed prior to such revocation. nesses upon whom we did rely, we were shooting war which we were asked only Then, Mr. President, on November 5, called upon to restrict American vessels last week to finance to the further tune 1939, the President of the United States, from entering combat zones. We were ot some $6,000,000,000; and that is only pursuant to the very authority contained called upon to prohibit the arming of an initial payment·. in the law, ·and under the duty then re such vessels, and to keep American citi Mr. President, the seriousness of the posing upon him, issued a statement in zens off the ships of belligerents. We situation confronting us at this critical which he defined the combat areas we did so; and the Neutrality Act worked hour in our history is obvious to every are now asked to relax. At that time he in our fav.or. So far we have remained Senator here. There is not a Senator on said: aloof from this war. It was only when · this floor who does not full well realize that mother's plighted trust was in fact that the true issue before us at this By proclaiming a combat area, I have set . violated, only when we found convoys out the area ·in which the actual operations time is whether or not we are going to· of the war appear to make navigation of being ordered despite the plain intend continue to push our claims to "defense American ships dangerous. Combat areas ment of our language, that we found the waters," fallacious and specious though may change with circumstances; and it may sinkings commencing. they be, against Hitler's equally un be found that areas nOW S:lfe become. dan- . . Mr. President, no Senator will attempt founded claims to tne seas, to the point gerous, or that areas now troubled may later to justify tlie sinking of. the Robin Moor where ultimately a shooting war will become safe. In this c~ sc the areas will · be or the Lehigh. We have no adequate result. changed to fit the situation. knowledge of the facts as to the Lehigh. If we really want to help Britein, Mr. That is what he told us, Mr. President. As to the Robin Moor, our Government President, if we really want to get the Twice he has modified the' combat-area has teken the only proper step that can goods there, why Is there not some record proclamation, once to enlarge it, and once and should be taken under the circum here of the state of the shipping needs? to restrict it in its application. In each stances. We have already filed a claim Why is · there not here in the RECORD, instance the sinkings increased when the against Germany for reparations and which today is barren of either fact or combat-area restriction was modified. indemnity for the loss. If we are to pro incident, some outline of what sh:pping Mr. President, it was not until com ceed on the theory that what has always we have available, or what extra shipping paratively recent weeks that there were been regarded in international law as an for her other needs Britain has at this losses of American vessels in these areas. incident should in this instance be called time? We are asked to remove the restrictions a cause for war, then we are wasting our We shall not find ·a shipping man, Mr. of ~ection 6 upon arming vessels; but time talking about the business of relax President, having testified at any time what vessels have been sunk? The ones ing the Neutrality Act. We ought to be in this record that the shipping men want v. hich were sunk were the ones which considering as a basis for our action the arms on their merchant ships. We do carried arms. The Reuben James and sole question of whether we will or will not find them here telling the people of the Salinas were sunk. The Kearny and not go to war on that account. Con the l)nited States that they want to send the Greer were attacked. They were sequently, Mr. President, when Secretary their ships into combat zones. The fact 'Navy vessels. On the commercial side, Hull has taken the course he has taken, is that there is available plenty, ample the Pin k Star and the Bold Venture were when he has not, as he has already told British shipping to run in these very I!Unl{. Eve:ry one of those ships had guns us, so much as filed a protest otherwise, highly disputed areas, over these combat on it. Yet, Mr.-President, it is said that we can judge for ourselves what he, in waters. If goods are to be delivered to we must remove the restrictions of sec his knowledge of the international legal Britain, such British ships can be taken tion 6 upon the arming of American ·ves situation, thinks. We can understand off runs to Australia and Capetown sels so that we cen send them out with that if the President of the United States and South America, and allow American arms to their sure doom, for they will be himself really believed that a Nazi-domi ships to be substituted on the latter runs; attacked without warning, and there is nated world was going to encompass us, and thus, Mr. President, we can care nothing in international law to prohibit he would be here asking for a declaration fully, and to our own advantage, pursue it. . of war. In neither instance, on the part the policy which up to now we have Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will of the Secretary of State or on the part safely pursued, to protect Americans the Senator yield? of the President himself, do we find any against the involvements of war. -_ Mr. DANAHER. I asked not to be in such request. What alternative is left to our people, terrupted. I shall come back to the Sen On the other hand, we are given to un however, when we find the Committee on ator later and be glad to accommodate derstand by the .President of the United Foreign Relations, through its chairman, him. · _ states, from his Navy Day speech on Oc telling us that "We have the votes, and Mr. President, were those wise provi tober 27, that the forward march of we are going to pass this measure"? We sions? Upon whom are we to rely if we Hitler and of Hitlerism can be stopped, find it in the newspapers, we find it in are not to rely upon those in charge of and, as he says, will be stopped. the speeches made on the floor of the our Government in these particulars? Very 'simply and very bluntly, we are Senate, we find it everywhere, "The ad The President of the United States told pledged- ministration has the votes.'' us that we had to keep .American ships He says- Of course, if it makes no difference out of dangerous waters. The Secretary to pull our own oar 1n the destruction of whatever what the law is, or what the of State made such a strong statement Hitlerism. arguments are, or what the logic is, if we LXXXVII--541 8570 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER~ still intend to use our United States Navy States was concerned. We found him to us, to our people, even what we pro in convoy service for a belligerent, and refusing and failing to invoke the Neu duce, we are sending overseas to be de think we can do it without being shot at, trality Act against either Japan or China. stroyed 35 percent of our total produc without being fired upon, all right; take We found him, in the present World tivity, which no longer will be available that position. But do not protest loudly; War, invoking it against Germany and for distribution among the American do not go around saying we have. a right, Poland and Britain, against France and people; and we are told that the per- on the theory of freedom of the seas, to Denmark and Norway, and finally The . centage is going to increase next year, send the United States Navy, under orders Netherlands and Belgium; never against and wil! be 50 or 60 percent of our total to shoot on sight, into combat waters :Russia or against Finland; never at any productivity. The American people, not without the Congress of the United States time, Mr. President. Quite the contrary, having paid for this, are going to be ever having authorized such action in the we find him down here exercising his called upon to gear their economy to an first place, all on the theory that the judgment as to where the right and wrong lay, deciding in his mind who was all-out wartime production to carry out President, as Commander-in Chief of the the policy of the President of the United Army and Navy, can do what he l:kes. the aggressor and who was the victim, No, Mr. President; that is so specious that deciding which one would be the bene States. While he swings our Nation in even a shoeshine boy outside will tell us, ficiary of our largess. In January 1940 the scales of the balance of power, the ''Well, if you. ask for it, you are going to he sent up here a special message to the American people are going to be com get it." Congress, and he asked the Congress to mitted by him indefinitely, not only to So, Mr. President, the international lend Finland $10,000,000, "not for arms, the achievement of resistance but to the law theory that we hear argued around ammunition, and implements of war," he maintenance of whatever nation receives here, and the freedom-of-the-seas argu told us, but only for agricultural sur commitments from us. ment upon which ther.: is so much expos pluses, Mr. Fresident. Then, at th~ same It is not too late for us to stop short tulation, fall absolutely :fiat in t.he light time that the American people were be of war; the objective which we were of any decent, fair analysis of just what ing told about gallant Finland, Russia told all along was to aid Britain short the law says and what the facts and cir was being made our No.1 customer, from of war can still be achieved. There is cumstances are. Such claims will not September to December of 1939, inclusive, no reason in the world why we should hold water. for v·ar materials. We found Russia enter the war of destruction or why we We then are faced, Mr. President, with taking molybdenum, and steel, and tin; should commit our people and all our an attempt to understand what is back of we found her taking gasoline and ma resources, interminably, as the Senator all this program. I think 1t is fair to say chine tools; and the situation evtn got from Georgia recently said, down to the that we can trace the President's hand so bad that Assistant Secretary of War grandchildren of those now living, tq pay down through the policies of the admin Johnson and Secretary of the Navy Edi.;. for this folly. son joined in a request to American ex istration since 1933 in this way: We Mr. President, when we consider the should remember at the beginning, as a porters not to send any more rubber and tin to Russia, because our own emergency possible loss of life; when we know that matter of background, that he had served the Army being raised, according to the for some 6 or 7 years in the wartime stocks had been depleted so far. Mr. President,· earlier in that period contracts outstandir~g, will at least pro Cabinet of Woodrow Wilson. We should vide 4,000,000 men, who, perhaps, are to remember that he had run in 1920 on a in order to put Germany in a bargaining position with France, who had already be sent to Africa, perhaps to the Near League of Nations program, seeking the East, to confine Germany to a landlocked Vice Presidency at that time. On the been threatened by our economic manip ulations, the United States of America status in Europe to the end that she may other hand, over the next 12 years, after be there destroyed or there collapse under the American people had rejected that approving, we found Germany manu facturing airplane engines under Ameri the weight of her own type of economy in theory of American participation in in continental Europe; when we know that ternational affairs, he had seen the can licenses, under a license agreement which did not expire until 1939. we cannot possibly even land a rowboat, League of Nations machinery break down much less a transport, or maintain a at Geneva. He had seen the attempt, on That is the background of the situa tion, Mr. President, confronting us in supply line, on the coast of Europe; when the other hand, of the League of Nations we know, from what officers of the Army representatives to define an aggressor, to 1939 when we adot.ted the Neutrality Act and Navy tell us off the record, as well as define what peace-loving states might be, after we had seen the United States in executive session before committees of and what their rights are, and how they being constantly injected. by one man through its influence and its weight, 'into the Congress, exactly how they feel and shall adhere to international law. what the obstacles are, to ask this Con So in 1933 we found him undertaking the struggle for the balance of power in gress to take the steps now proposed a policy which would project the United the international disputes raging over seas. Now we find that the United leading irrevocably to total involvement States into the economic balance of in war and its destruction of life and power among nations anywhere in the States as a nation not only has been money and property, not to mention our world at his sole discretion. We found woefully committed to a series of acts of war, but we find our own national very institutions at stake-folly is the him being given, under the Gold Pur word for it; it can be described in no chase Act,' th~ power to obtain a diplo existence hanging in the balance. We other way. matic lever which could unbalance the find ourselve& confronted with a deficit for the current year of billions and bil 0~ July 26, 1939, the Senator from currencies of any country anywhere. We Georgia [Mr. GEORGE] in the Senate found him purchasing silver at $1.29 an lions of dollars more than we can raise ounce, and draining the . silver-using and produce, in order to meet the ex and I read from page 14040 of the CoN states throughout the world of their penses of this program. GRESSIONAL RECORD of July 26, 1939- .Mr. President, just visualize it, if you quoted with approval the following words silver, to the point where they w~re de from an editorial: pendent upon whatever demands we Will. Let us assume that we have in this made. We found him scuttling the Eco great country 130,000,000 people-and No nation can take part in any great war, nomic Conference in London in 1933. the number is approximately that-and under modern conditions, and remain a de let us assume that a housewife puts ·up mocracy. The democratic form of govern We found him in 1935 invoking sanctions ment and war itself are simply not com against Italy. We found hini deciding some preserves every fall, that she cans patible. here in Washington that he was under peaches in glass jars; let us say she puts taking to bring moral judgments to bear up a hundred of them, and then, having The Senator from Georgia quoted on where the right and wrong lay in in created that wealth and saved that sur further· from the editorial, as follows: ternational disputes. He decided against plus, she later goes downstairs and I.t is all yery well to talk of this country Italy, and the force and might of the with her hammer, breaks 35 of' thos~ limng up w1th the European democracies and United States were brought to bear jars, one after another, representing 35 against the totalitarian states in the event percent of her total production for the of war. But it must not .be forgotten that against her. We found him in 1938 in all democracies, this one included, will have voking the Neutrality Act against Spain. year. Multiply that by 130,000,000; to sacrifice the liberties to which they are He decided that the Falangists bad to multiply it by. everything we produce, pledged, and turn over the conduct of their be defeated, and that the Franco forces and, Mr. President, you can get some national affairs to leadership without public had to be supported, insofar as the United idea that far from there being available ,restraint, if they would hope to win. CON_GR-ESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8571 Not only was that true then, Mr. Pres apparently seem to shape themselves as testified before the Committee on For ident, it is true now. So that there may the expediency of every 24-hour period eign Relations that the Navy had not be additional emphasis to the point let inay call for. Quite the contrary from initiated the request for arming our mer me refresh your recollection that in applying in some degree principles upon chantmen, although the Chief of Naval 1938 Mr. Roosevelt had called upon th~ which we could rely day in and day out Operations .is the one more than any four powers at Munich to achieve settle for our proper and safe guidance, we find other responsible for the safety of our ment--never mind if it was to be a set ourselves now with the public confused, shipping upon the sea. Certainly it is a tlemen at the expense of Czechoslovakia; upset, anxious, and greatly wondering. matter about which there well may be no, Mr. President, that is not the point, When we recall that the President of the sharp differences of opinion. but he said. to us at that time in this United States was telling us in 1939 that But my feeling about that matter is, country that the consequence:; of an we had a rendezvous with destiny little coming as I do from the seafaring State outbreak of war are incalculable. He did we think that we were going to sub of Maine whence ships have sailed ever said that war would plunge the people of mit to him the making of that rendez since this country was settled, that I every country into unspeakable horror vous; little did we know that even if we should be quite willing to let that ques and that the economic systems of every did everything we could in language to tion be settled by those who may be sunk. country drawn into the struggle would stop it he was going to seek to make that If the men who go upon these ships pre be shattered and its social structures rendezvous without us anyway even fer to have a gun, for whatever security completely wrecked. though it was a rendezvous with death. it may afford, it seems to me, under pres He said that then; and what he said So I say at this hour in our critical ses ent conditions, the country may well ac then is true now. In reliance upon his sion if we have the situation within our cord to them that privilege. Certainly representations at that time, I think it poor power at this time, as we have, once since the sinking of the Lehigh, sunk ap no more than fair to recall that Cham more, we should insist not that those parently without warning, if it is felt berlain told Parliament that the United commitments which we have previously that merchantmen will be more- secure States was "felt to be exercising a con made be rejected, but that from now on with guns, so far as I am concerned I stantly increasing influence"; Daladier those commitments be adhered to and am perfectly willing that they shall have told the French Chamber of Deputies of not exceeded; that our President go no them. the "great, generous, logical voice of further than the Congress has hitherto It is a matter of profound regret that President Roosevelt"; and even Germany gone, and that we take those steps and this issue has been complicated by pre through Hitler called the President's ac only those steps upon which our national cipitating the further matter of whether tion of decisive weight. security depends. Then, Mr. President, we should send our ships into the combat Now, Mr. President, when we stop and I submit that we can have a rendevous zones. recall that the Congress of the United with destiny, but it will be one of our This proposal did not originate with the States under our Constitution has been own making, one for which we can an President. It came here as a result of entrusted with the sole war-making swer to the people. the activities of those in b(Jth parties, power in behalf of all our people, when Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President some outside this Chamber, who feel very we see, as we have seen, the steps being wpen in the course of human events it strongly, and I have no doubt sincerely, taken throl.!gh the months since, and becomes necessary for one to separate that we should tate a very mucb more find ourselves constantly being projected from those with whom he has been belligerent course than we have taken up into this international struggle to the traveling, a decent respect for the opin to the present time. I am sorry that end that one man downtown may exer ion of mankind seems to require him to those in authority who did not initiate cise his judgment as to the rectitude of state the reasons for leaving his fellow' this proposal were not able at this time international disputes and then call upon travelers. I now find myself in the to restrain these more warlike spirits. I ·us to commit our Nation to support his somewhat unhappy position of the group appreciate the appeal for unity at this judgment, I submit that we ought to who belong neither to the all-out inter time; yet it seems tv me the cause of a consider the consequences, and that this ventionists nor to the all-out isolationists; unified nation would have been infinitely is the time to do it. neither to those who believe we should better served if we had been permitted to In the light of such consideration, Mr. plunge immediately into this war, nor to rally our ranks upon the comparatively President, how any person can respond those others who believe we should keep modest proposal of the President--now to the discipline of some party whip, our skirts entirely clear of any possible to permit the arming of <'Ur merchant how some people can yield to the judg involvement. men along that single simple path the ment of others when the logic and facts Up to the present time I have followed way the American Congress could have and their own judgment commend an the various measures proposed by the given an example of unity before the other course, is beyond me. I can only administration, believing that the safety nations of the world. The 100 majority set it down to the fact that all too often of this country depended in· substantial by which that proposal passed the other there has been circumvention of the Con measure upon one dictatorial power not body is a sufficient indication of its gress without restraint, without reproof, becoming dominant in three-fourths of prompt and overwhelmin_g approval, in without, Mr. President, there being taken the world; believing that while it might my judgment, by the Congress and the in behalf of the people the proper steps be possible that America could be com country. to return to the Congress as the people's pletely isolated and still be secure, it was But we were not permitted to resolve representatives the source of power in not a situation which I desired to con the matter so simply. Each one of us this country. On the contrary, we have template; nor did I wish to take the re must determine, in the light of his best gone along and invested the President sponsibility of placing America where no judgment, whether or not we shall now constantly, day in and day out, with other great civilized power would stand take the further and momentous step of our powers. by her side in any conflict that might repealing the provision as to the entry of Now, as it stands, we find our Navy come. American merchantmen into the war already under orders to shoot on sight, But now we :..1.pproach more closely to zones. such orders similarly to apply to mer the momentous decision as to whether we As a Member of Congress when that chantmen when and if they shall be shall take up arms. Arming our mer legislation was enacted, I am fully mind armed, while we are urged to remove chantmen was he proposal of the Presi ful of the very urgent considerations, our own considered legislative restric ·dent in his message to the Congress. born · out of the experiences of the last tions for the protection of American boys. That was the only thing for which he war, that led us voluntarily to impose At this juncture, then, Mr. President, at this time asked. The resolution of that restraint upon ourselves. We are recalling such factors to our notice at this that question does not seem to me a now told that it is an infringement of the time, it is my earnest hope that we will matter of great dimculty. Packing a gun freedom of the seas; yet it was an in review some of the instances of Presiden in case of trouble along a journey is a fringement that we voluntarily assumed. tial action over the last few months, that good old American custom. There well We did not do it under the threat of any we will consi which they took up the battle. With the I -2,000 miles from our .shores, the last few the peace in the Pacific and thus relieve invasion of Poland the battle of Europe hundred miles may appropriately be the : others who have hitherto been responsible was on. responsibility of the British Navy and air .it is very desirable that we shall not play Similarly America must make its vital . force, and this consideration ~eems to b~ .Hitler's game by plunging immediately decision in the course of these tempestu implicit in the discussion t-hat is now into the conflict around the British Isles. ous years, determining each step in our _;;.ling on. This might be well calculated to serve. the course with an eye single to the tremen I am not unmindful of the plea of the I Hitler purpose r:f involving oriental pow dous responsibilities-of our Nation as the Senator from Georgia-for whOse opin ers in action at this time. 1ast and perhaps the only repository of ion everyone must entertain the highest America is thoroughly committed to that democracy of which we hear so · respect-for unity in the Nation at this the triumph of the forces opposing Hitler much. We must make our decision with time. This unity would seem, however,' and must be prepared to make any sacri an eye single to our resources and our I to 'be best achieved by uniting the Con fices that are essential to that end. · My power and to the enormous consEquences gress and the country behind the con- . concept of our duty, however, does not of any false step we may take. sidered proposal. of . the President that permit me to take one step toward involv It is for these reasons that it seems to -at this time we should authorize the arm ing American youth in this terrible con me America may well pause upon the ing of our merchantmen. The majority I flict that is not clearly and imperatively threshold of this fateful decision which of 100 in the House indicated the required. No evidence of this necessity leads down a pathway we must hesitate. . strength of such a proposal before the has been here presented. I am not, there to tread. The time may come when country. · fore, able at the present time to vote to America may be compelled to embark The elements outside the administra send American boys farther into the war more of its resources, but there has been tion who precipitated this further issue zones. presented to this body scarcely one iota before the Senate must assume responsi bility for any unfortunate division of CONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSE HIGHWAYS of evidence to indicate that without the CONFERENCE REPORT proposed action the battle will be lost. American opinion that may result. I It seems to me that until that is done still recall the ringing ~ords of a few Mr. McKELLAR. I submit a confer we have no right to commit American weeks ago in which the Senator from ence report on Senate bill 1840. boys to the stormy North Atlantic and Georgia at that time as chairman of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ~·e commit American mothers to the sacri Committee on Foreign Relations . of the port will be received and read. fices that must so inevitably come. Senate, appealed for the most candid . The legislative clerk read the report, . The only things that live . are the and careful approach to the great issues . as follows: -Lhings for which men are willing to die. with which we are now faced. I appre ·The committee of conference on · the dis America is passing through ~ the valley _ciate also the deliberation and the pure I agreeing votes of the two Houses on tne of decision to determine the things that _patriotism with which he has moved to amendment of the House to the bill (S. 1840) .we count most precious and the actions the position he now occupies. I -regret to supplement the Federal Aid Road Act, ap that are necessary upon our part to re that his great and justified influence proved July 11, 1916. as amended and supple solve this question in a way that shall could not have operated to restrain those mented, to authorize appropriations during forqes that seek to hurry America along the national emergency declared by the contribute to the safety and security o1 President on May 27, 1941, for the immediate the America which we all love. Let us. . its present path. .construction of roads urgently needed for the make that decision mindful of the tragic . All seem,to agree that sending Ameri natipnal defense, and for other purposes, hav consequences if we here shall make a . can ships into European waters must 1 .ing met; after full and free conference, .have mistake and launch America down that _greatly increase our peril of involvement agreed to recommend and do recommend to path from which there is no retreat. at a time when it is evident America is their respective Houses as. follows.: 8574 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE NOVEMBER 6 That the Senate recede from its disagree stand, the conference report now pre the whole preparedness undertaking bas ment to the amendment of the House to the sented is on the strategic highway bill? been established by the various agencies con said bill and agree to the same with an cerned with the strategic minerals situation. amendment as follows: Mr. McKELLAR. Yes; and I may say to the Senator that only two changes The whole undertaking has· been a muddle Strike out all of section 4 of the House from the start and is constantly growing amendment and insert in lieu thereof the were made by the conferees. worse and may lead to harmful consequences following: Mr. McNARY. That is, in the provi if it is not corrected. "SEC. 4. STRATEGIC HIGHWAY NETWORK.-(a) sions of the bill as passed by the Sen The situation with respect to manganese For carrying out projects to correct critical ate? is probably worse than that involving the deficiencies in lines of the strategic network Mr. McKELLAR. In the. House other 25 strategic and critical materials, be of highways and bridges, during the con amendment. The House amended the cause reserves of manganese are being used tinuance of the emergency declared by the Senate bill by striking out all after the up at an alarming rate and there is neither President on May 27, 1941, there is hereby enacting clause and inserting its own production nor ships available to make up authorized to be appropriated the sum of the deficiency. provisions. The conferees accepted· the $25,000,000. Such sum shall be immediately Students of these matters wa,rned the Gov apportioned among the States i:.1 accordance House version, except as to section 4, ernment months ago that imported supplies with the provisions of section 2:1__ of the Fed which was agreed to with an amend must be supplemented with domestic pro eral Highway Act, as amended and supple ment. The House amendment struck duction. The Metals Reserve Corporation mented, and shall be expended in accordance out the Senate provision authorizing an was set up for that purpose, provided with with the provisions of such Act, as amended appropriation of $50,000,000 and author funds, given almost carte blanche authority and supplemented: Provided, That during ized instead the apportionment of funds to work the situation out. the continuance of the emergency declared heretofore or hereafter made available. But between Metals Reserve, Office of Pro by the President on May 27, 1941. when funds duction Management, the Federal Loan heretofore, herein, or hereafter made avail The amendment as agreed to by the Agency, and perhaps a few lying officials on able for expenditure in accordance with the c;:onferees authorizes an appropriation of the inside who were covering up for for provisions of the Federal Highway Act. as $25,000,000, instead of $50,000,000, as eign mining interests that wanted to sell in amended and supplemented, on the system proposed by the Senate, to correct criti ·the American market, · policies have been of Federal-aid highways, or on secondary or cal deficiencies in lines of the strategic pursued which have not brought forth do feeder roads, are expended for any project on highway network, and an additional mestic production in sufficient quantity to the strategic network of highways, including $25,000,000 is authorized to be allocated turn the scales in favor of American inde all such projects under construction during by the Federal Works Administrator for pendence of foreign sources of supply. the period of said emergency, the Federal projects within the States relating to Now the prospective shortage is growing share payable on account of any such project acute and the whole outfit is on the spot and shall be increased to three-fourths of the bridges and other critical deficiencies in a congres&ional investigation is threatened. total cost thereof. plu.~ a percentage of the the network of highways. A congressional inquiry would be very un remaining one-fourth of such cost in any Mr. McNARY. I ask the able Senator pleasant for some of the higher-ups if they State containing unappropriated and unre from Tennessee, as the measure now were ever asked to justify the policies they served public lands and nontaxa.ble Indian stands, ·what amount will be available have pursued. lands, individual and tribal, exceeding 5 per for strategic network construction this With more than, 2,000 known deposits of centum of the total area of all lands therein, year? manganese ore in the United States, oper equal to the percentage that the area of such ators have refused to invest in equipment lands 1u such State is of its total area. Mr. McKELLAR. The bill authorizes and labor to mine the ore under the policies "(b) There is hereby authorized to be ap $25,000.000 for the network, but also au set up by those respomible for insuring the propriated, during the continuance of the thorizes the use of the unappropriated American steel mills a supply of this neces emergency declared by the President on May balances. Eary metal. Only those operators who sell 27. 19'11, the sum of $25.000,000, which shall, Mr. McNARY. What do the sums ag to the sp'ecialty markets have felt justified after the '·mactment of this Act, be allocated gregate? in kP.eping their mines open or opening new by the Federal Works Administrator to States ones. The big production that would be pos Mr. McKELLAR. I do not recall the sible under a sound policy simply has not for projects within such States without re exact aggregate, as the amounts differ in gard to the apportionment provisions of sec come forth. tion 21 of the Federal. Highway Act. as the various States. I have not added A congressional inquiry would establish amended and supplemented, and shall be them together to ascertain the aggregate that through neglect, inefficiency, or sub available for expenditure in accordance with amount, but I am assured by Mr. Mac versive influences the United States has been the provisions of this Act. to supplement Donald that it will be substantially what "sold short" on manganese and other critical other Federal highway funds now or here ·was contained in the first Senate bill. materials. Foreign sources of supply have after available for use for projects for the Mr. McNARY. That covers the propo been shut off, except from Cuba, Brazil, and reconstruction and replacement of critically the Philippines. But there is a shortage of sition. I have no objection. bottoms in which to move ore from those deficient bridges and the correction of other Mr. McKELLAR. I ask unanimous critical deficiencies in the strategic network countries. More and n10re the situation of high ways. consent for the immediate consideration points to the logic of developing our own "(c) Upon apportionment or allocation to of the conference report. mines, even 1:f it is ·necessary to pay more the States of the sums authorized to be ap The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there for the ore in order to support American propriated by this section, the State highway objection? The Chair hears none, and wage and cost standards. departments may submit projects, and such the question is on agreeing to the con The whole situation could be corrected projects shall be acted upon and may be in 24 hours if Metals Reserve, Office of Pro ference report. duction Management, the Federal Loan approved, in the same manner and with like The report was agreed to. effect as in the case of projects submitted Agency, and other policy makers would settle MANGANESE AND ALUM~ down, face the facts realistically and give for approval in accordance with the provi American mining interests the green light sions of subsection (b) of the first section of Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I ask to go ahead with a development program. the Highway Act approved June 16, 1936." unanimous consent t.o have printed in If that isn't done, then Congress should act And the House agree to the same. the RECORD an editorial published in the and quickly, to9. KENNETH McKELLAR, Sioux City