DOCSLIB.ORG

Tamil and Tamils: a Study of Language and Identity Amongst the Indian Tamil Community in Singapore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tamil and Tamils: a Study of Language and Identity Amongst the Indian Tamil Community in Singapore Faculty of Humanities School of Education Tamil and Tamils: A Study of Language and Identity amongst the Indian Tamil Community in Singapore Rajeni Rajan This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2018 2 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Human Ethics The research presented and reported in this thesis was conducted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) – updated March 2014. The proposed research study received human research ethics approval from the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (EC00262), Approval Number HR 154/2013. Signature: Date: 23rd February 2018 3 Abstract This study investigates language shift in the Tamil community, a minority group in Singapore, and the maintenance of their mother tongue, Tamil, which is one of four official languages in the nation-state, the rest being English, Mandarin and Malay. A secondary component of the study seeks to examine notions of identity amongst young Tamils. Drawing on Edwards’ (2010) typological framework to analyse a minority language situation and of its speakers, this study presents a comprehensive insight into the language maintenance and shift phenomenon under study. The Tamil language situation has been of increasing concern, lately in terms of its usage, particularly amongst the young Tamils in Singapore. Previous research including census reports, have consistently pointed to a decline in the use of Tamil due to various reasons. Furthermore, the English-educated Tamil community has been reported to identify more with the wider English-speaking community due to the so-called higher socioeconomic status associated with this group. This study sought to clarify if these ‘past’ conclusions remain relevant in present-day Singapore among young Tamils, in addition to ascertaining ways in which Tamil is maintained in Singapore. Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected from a questionnaire survey; a document survey consisting of curriculum reviews, speeches, and census reports; focus group discussions and in- depth interviews. The sample (N=319) for the questionnaire and follow-up focus group discussions was drawn from secondary, pre-tertiary and tertiary institutions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 key informants drawn from the education sector, the local Tamil media, and a Tamil organisation. Thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative data whereas the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to provide a descriptive statistical analysis of the quantitative data. Contrary to previous studies, this study shows that the decline in Tamil language usage, in general, is not a consequence of the perceived low status reported, or of the attitudes towards the language; neither is the decline due to the stigma 4 attached to Tamil as a ‘coolie’ language. Rather, the decline in Tamil language usage in contemporary Singapore is a result of an interplay of challenges that include lack of fluency in Tamil, the predominance of English in schools, the economic viability of Mandarin, and the multi-racial dynamic in Singapore. Findings also demonstrate that the most common language use pattern across the home, school and friendship domains is the use of both Tamil and English through strategies such as ‘translanguaging’. Moreover, young Tamils, in contrast to earlier research, have adopted a positive attitude towards their mother tongue, and identify themselves with the language, indicating that speaking Tamil is an essential part of their identity. Ongoing institutional support, in addition to current initiatives undertaken by the local Tamil media and Tamil organisations to promote and maintain the language, indicate positive growth for the language. This study takes a stance that there is a possibility for Tamil to be a living language in Singapore, and in light of the positive attitudes and growing support observed amongst young English-educated Tamils, the declining use in Tamil may be gradually averted. 5 Acknowledgements My sincerest gratitude to the two most important people who supported my passion to pursue a study on Tamil language: my supervisors, Professor Grace Zhang and Professor Andy Kirkpatrick. Their vast amount of knowledge and experience, in addition to their level of commitment to my research undertaking, helped steer the study with both insight and foresight. Their gentle nudges, constant encouragement, and positivity have made this intense, meaning-making journey a thoroughly rewarding one. Their prompt and constructive feedback following every draft always inspired me to stretch my potential, as did their keenness to detail. Needless to say, they have been instrumental in nurturing scholarly pursuits, which have provided me with the opportunity to discover the researcher in me. Also, their down-to-earth and caring nature has been a source of strength when challenges came my way. My heartfelt appreciation to my supervisors for critiquing, as much as valuing my work throughout this five-year journey. They have been, and will remain significant for this milestone achieved. This study, which was based in Singapore, would not have progressed without the immense support from each and every participant. Special thanks to the individuals who went out of their way in assisting me with logistics, in particular, Mdm A. Mallika to whom I am especially grateful, and still others who, in spite of their extremely demanding work, made time for interviews. The warmth and enthusiasm of the Tamil teachers and other key informants, as well as other members of the Tamil community I was introduced to during my fieldtrips, all the more fuelled my aspiration to make my research a worthy contribution. I would like to thank the librarians from Humanities and staff at Robertson Library, Curtin, who patiently helped me with the constant flow of enquiries, clarifications and requests throughout my study. Not forgetting my wonderful friends and colleagues at Curtin, who kept close tabs on my progress, and who cheered me on as I gradually saw the ‘light at the end of the tunnel’. Room 253 will remain a treasure trove of memories. It will be an understatement to say my family has been a pillar of strength during this challenging, yet fulfilling journey. Words cannot emote the extent of their limitless love which has kept me afloat in every chapter of my life. My amma 6 (mother), who was Tamil-educated, and appa (father), who was English-educated, provided me with an enriching bilingual home environment, which not only cultivated an appreciation for the English language, but more important than that, for the Tamil language that I grew up speaking and writing as a mother tongue, and which I continue to do. I am also grateful to my parents for introducing me to the Tamil classical performing arts that largely define me. I am indebted to my mother for her unparalleled, selfless devotion to my well-being, especially during my Ph.D. study, and my beloved grandmother, to whom I owe my life for her unconditional love up to this day. My appreciation goes to my mother-in-law, who, despite her state of dementia, wished me well each time I reminded her of my ‘big degree’ whenever she walked into the study. Also, a special mention of a very dear uncle I lost while pursuing my Ph.D., whose occasional calls from Singapore to check on my progress always brightened my day. I believe his blessings continue. I cannot thank enough the one person who believed in my capabilities more than I did, my husband and dearest friend, Rajan, who was the prime motivator for this doctoral endeavour. His cheer, smile and unwavering support never failed to lift me whenever I was overwhelmed during the course of study. His relieving me of my many responsibilities I had as a mother and daughter-in-law to ensure I had the space and time for my research study, far outweighed the challenges I faced in pursuing this study. Finally, I dedicate this work on ‘Tamil and Tamils’ to my lovely children, Shaaliniy and Reshan, who acquired Tamil as their mother tongue during their early childhood while in Singapore, and who still continue to use it now in Australia. I trust their appreciation of, and engagement with Tamil and the Tamil culture will carry forth the language and values associated with it. 7 Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 5 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ............................................................................................................. 12 List of Figures ............................................................................................................ 13 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transfer Learning for Singlish Universal Dependencies Parsing and POS Tagging
    From Genesis to Creole language: Transfer Learning for Singlish Universal Dependencies Parsing and POS Tagging HONGMIN WANG, University of California Santa Barbara, USA JIE YANG, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore YUE ZHANG, West Lake University, Institute for Advanced Study, China Singlish can be interesting to the computational linguistics community both linguistically as a major low- resource creole based on English, and computationally for information extraction and sentiment analysis of regional social media. In our conference paper, Wang et al. [2017], we investigated part-of-speech (POS) tagging and dependency parsing for Singlish by constructing a treebank under the Universal Dependencies scheme, and successfully used neural stacking models to integrate English syntactic knowledge for boosting Singlish POS tagging and dependency parsing, achieving the state-of-the-art accuracies of 89.50% and 84.47% for Singlish POS tagging and dependency respectively. In this work, we substantially extend Wang et al. [2017] by enlarging the Singlish treebank to more than triple the size and with much more diversity in topics, as well as further exploring neural multi-task models for integrating English syntactic knowledge. Results show that the enlarged treebank has achieved significant relative error reduction of 45.8% and 15.5% on the base model, 27% and 10% on the neural multi-task model, and 21% and 15% on the neural stacking model for POS tagging and dependency parsing respectively. Moreover, the state-of-the-art Singlish POS tagging and dependency parsing accuracies have been improved to 91.16% and 85.57% respectively. We make our treebanks and models available for further research.
    [Show full text]
  • BSW 043 Block 1 English.Pmd
    UNIT 4 TRIBES OF TAMIL NADU Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 About Tamil Nadu 4.3 Tribes of Tamil Nadu 4.4 Social Hierarchy of the Tribes in Tamil Nadu 4.5 Tribal Languages in Tamil Nadu 4.6 Let Us Sum Up 4.7 Further Readings and References 4.0 OBJECTIVES This unit gives a description of the tribes of Tamil Nadu State which is a part of South India. It provides information about their origin, social, cultural and economic characteristics and their present status with the object of developing an understanding in the learner about the distinct features of the tribes located in the heart of the nation. After reading this unit, you should be able to: Describe the tribal areas of Tamil Nadu; Trace the origin of the tribes and understand their culture and occupation; Understand the different tribes of the region and their social, economic and cultural characteristics; Discuss the social hierarchy of the people in Tamil Nadu; and Outline their present status in terms of literacy, occupation, etc. 4.1 INTRODUCTION Tribes of Tamil Nadu are mainly found in the district of Nilgiris. Of all the distinct tribes, the Kotas, the Todas, the Irulas, the Kurumbas and the Badagas form the larger groups, who mainly had a pastoral existence. The men from each family of this tribe are occupied in milking and grazing their large herds of buffaloes; a very common form of pastoral farming. This tribe is distinguished by their traditional costume; a thick white cotton cloth having stripes in red, blue or black, called puthukuli worn by both women and men over a waist cloth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Un/Selfish Leader Changing Notions in a Tamil Nadu Village
    The un/selfish leader Changing notions in a Tamil Nadu village Björn Alm The un/selfish leader Changing notions in a Tamil Nadu village Doctoral dissertation Department of Social Anthropology Stockholm University S 106 91 Stockholm Sweden © Björn Alm, 2006 Department for Religion and Culture Linköping University S 581 83 Linköping Sweden This book, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the author. ISBN 91-7155-239-1 Printed by Edita Sverige AB, Stockholm, 2006 Contents Preface iv Note on transliteration and names v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Structure of the study 4 Not a village study 9 South Indian studies 9 Strength and weakness 11 Doing fieldwork in Tamil Nadu 13 Chapter 2 The village of Ekkaraiyur 19 The Dindigul valley 19 Ekkaraiyur and its neighbours 21 A multi-linguistic scene 25 A religious landscape 28 Aspects of caste 33 Caste territories and panchayats 35 A village caste system? 36 To be a villager 43 Chapter 3 Remodelled local relationships 48 Tanisamy’s model of local change 49 Mirasdars and the great houses 50 The tenants’ revolt 54 Why Brahmans and Kallars? 60 New forms of tenancy 67 New forms of agricultural labour 72 Land and leadership 84 Chapter 4 New modes of leadership 91 The parliamentary system 93 The panchayat system 94 Party affiliation of local leaders 95 i CONTENTS Party politics in Ekkaraiyur 96 The paradox of party politics 101 Conceptualising the state 105 The development state 108 The development block 110 Panchayats and the development block 111 Janus-faced leaders? 119
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Arabic in the United States of America Post 9/11 and the Impact on Foreign Language Teaching Programs
    Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 Vol. 5 No. 3; June 2014 Copyright © Australian International Academic Centre, Australia The Status of Arabic in the United States of America post 9/11 and the Impact on Foreign Language Teaching Programs Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim Department of English Language and Literature Irbid University College, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan 19117 E-mail: [email protected] Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.5n.3p.70 Received: 06/04/2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.5n.3p.70 Accepted: 13/05/2014 This work has been carried out during sabbatical leave granted to the author, (Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim), from Al-Balqa' Applied University, (BAU), during the academic year 2013/2014. Abstract This study aims at investigating the status of Arabic in the United States of America in the aftermath of the 9/11 World Trade Center events. It delves into this topic and identifies the main reasons for the increased demand for learning Arabic. It also determines the impact of the renewed interest in Arabic on foreign language teaching programs. Furthermore, the study identifies the main Arabic language programs established in the U.S. after the events of 9/11, 2001 at various institutions of higher education. The process of data collection relied primarily on information and statistics provided by several authorized professional linguistic organizations based in the U.S. as well as a number of telephone interviews conducted by the researcher. Since September 11, 2001, Arabic language teaching and learning has become the focus of much more attention from the educational community in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar
    Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar Rehenuma Asmi Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy under the executive committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Rehenuma Asmi All rights reserved ABSTRACT Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam Rehenuma Asmi My study explores language ideologies in the capital city of Doha, Qatar, where school reform movements are placing greater emphasis on English language acquisition. Through ethnography and a revised theory of language ideologies, I argue that as languages come in greater contact in multi-lingual spaces, mediation must occur between the new and old relationships that are emerging as a result of population growth, policy changes and cross-cultural interactions. I interrogate the development concept of the “knowledge economy” as it is used to justify old and new language ideologies regarding Arabic and English. As Qataris change their education systems in response to the economic development framework of the “knowledge economy,” they are promoting language ideologies that designate English as useful for the economy and “global” citizenship and Qatari Arabic and Standard Arabic as useful for religious and cultural reasons. I argue that Standard English, through its association with the “knowledge economy,” becomes “de-localized” and branded an “international” language. This ideology presents English as a modern language free of the society in which it is embedded, to circulate around the globe. In contrast, Standard Arabic is represented as stiff, archaic language of religious traditions and Qatari Arabic is presented as the language of oral culture and ethnonationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dravidian Languages
    THE DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES BHADRIRAJU KRISHNAMURTI The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Bhadriraju Krishnamurti 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times New Roman 9/13 pt System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0521 77111 0hardback CONTENTS List of illustrations page xi List of tables xii Preface xv Acknowledgements xviii Note on transliteration and symbols xx List of abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1.1 The name Dravidian 1 1.2 Dravidians: prehistory and culture 2 1.3 The Dravidian languages as a family 16 1.4 Names of languages, geographical distribution and demographic details 19 1.5 Typological features of the Dravidian languages 27 1.6 Dravidian studies, past and present 30 1.7 Dravidian and Indo-Aryan 35 1.8 Affinity between Dravidian and languages outside India 43 2 Phonology: descriptive 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Vowels 49 2.3 Consonants 52 2.4 Suprasegmental features 58 2.5 Sandhi or morphophonemics 60 Appendix. Phonemic inventories of individual languages 61 3 The writing systems of the major literary languages 3.1 Origins 78 3.2 Telugu–Kannada.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence System for Tamil Vattezhuttuoptical
    Mr R.Vinoth et al. / International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology (IJCSET) INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM FOR TAMIL VATTEZHUTTUOPTICAL CHARACTER RCOGNITION Mr R.Vinoth Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Rajesh R. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Yoganandhan P. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Abstract--A system that involves character recognition and information retrieval of Palm Leaf Manuscript. The conversion of ancient Tamil to the present Tamil digital text format. Various algorithms were used to find the OCR for different languages, Ancient letter conversion still possess a big challenge. Because Image recognition technology has reached near-perfection when it comes to scanning Tamil text. The proposed system overcomes such a situation by converting all the palm manuscripts into Tamil digital text format. Though the Tamil scripts are difficult to understand. We are using this approach to solve the existing problems and convert it to Tamil digital text. Keyword - Vatteluttu Tamil (VT); Data set; Character recognition; Neural Network. I. INTRODUCTION Tamil language is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. Tamilnadu is a place, where the Palm Leaf Manuscript has been preserved. There are some difficulties to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript. So, we need to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript by converting to the form of digital text format. Computers and Smart devices are used by mostof them now a day. So, this system helps to convert and preserve in a fine manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Vowel and Consonant Lessening: a Study of Articulating Reductions
    Title: Vowel and Consonant Lessening: A Study of Articulating Reductions and Their Relations to Genders Author name(s): Grace Hui Chin Lin & Paul Shih Chieh Chien General Education Center, China Medical University (Lin) English Department, Changhwa University of Education General Education Center, Taipei Medical University (Chien) Academic Writing Education Center, National Taiwan University Page Number: p. 70-81 Publication date: 2011, Dec. 20 Conference information for conference papers (name, date and location of the conference) : Name : International Conference on Computer Assisted Language Learning in 2011, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Date: Nov. 5, 2011, Location: Yunlin, Taiwan 69 Vowel and Consonant Lessening: A Study of Articulating Reductions and Their Relations to Genders Grace Hui Chin Lin Paul Shih Chieh Chien ABSTRACT Using English as a global communicating tool makes Taiwanese people have to speak in English in diverse international situations. However, consonants and vowels in English are not all effortless for them to articulate. This phonological reduction study explores concepts about phonological (articulating system) approximation. From Taiwanese folks’ perspectives, it analyzes phonological type, rate, and their associations with 2 genders. This quantitative research discovers Taiwanese people’s vocalization problems and their facilitating solutions by articulating lessening. In other words, this study explains how English emerging as a global language can be adapted and fluently articulated by Taiwanese. It was conducted at National Changhwa University of Education from 2010 fall to 2011 spring, investigating Taiwanese university students’ phonological lessening systems. It reveals how they face the phonetics challenges during interactions and give speeches by ways of phonological lessening. Taiwanese folks’ lessening patterns belong to simplified pronouncing methods, being evolved through Mandarin, Hakka, and Holo phonetic patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Report on Gaja Cyclone 2018 Study Report on Gaja Cyclone 2018
    Study Report on Gaja Cyclone 2018 Study Report on Gaja Cyclone 2018 A publication of: National Disaster Management Authority Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India NDMA Bhawan A-1, Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi - 110029 September 2019 Study Report on Gaja Cyclone 2018 National Disaster Management Authority Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India Table of Content Sl No. Subject Page Number Foreword vii Acknowledgement ix Executive Summary xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Cyclone Gaja 13 Chapter 3 Preparedness 19 Chapter 4 Impact of the Cyclone Gaja 33 Chapter 5 Response 37 Chapter 6 Analysis of Cyclone Gaja 43 Chapter 7 Best Practices 51 Chapter 8 Lessons Learnt & Recommendations 55 References 59 jk"Vªh; vkink izca/u izkf/dj.k National Disaster Management Authority Hkkjr ljdkj Government of India FOREWORD In India, tropical cyclones are one of the common hydro-meteorological hazards. Owing to its long coastline, high density of population and large number of urban centers along the coast, tropical cyclones over the time are having a greater impact on the community and damage the infrastructure. Secondly, the climate change is warming up oceans to increase both the intensity and frequency of cyclones. Hence, it is important to garner all the information and critically assess the impact and manangement of the cyclones. Cyclone Gaja was one of the major cyclones to hit the Tamil Nadu coast in November 2018. It lfeft a devastating tale of destruction on the cyclone path damaging houses, critical infrastructure for essential services, uprooting trees, affecting livelihoods etc in its trail. However, the loss of life was limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity and Language of Tamil Community in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges
    DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR. 2012. V48. 17 Identity and Language of Tamil Community in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges + + + M. Rajantheran1 , Balakrishnan Muniapan2 and G. Manickam Govindaraju3 1Indian Studies Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia 3School of Communication, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia Abstract. Malaysia’s ruling party came under scrutiny in the 2008 general election for the inability to resolve pressing issues confronted by the minority Malaysian Indian community. Some of the issues include unequal distribution of income, religion, education as well as unequal job opportunity. The ruling party’s affirmation came under critical situation again when the ruling government decided against recognising Tamil language as a subject for the major examination (SPM) in Malaysia. This move drew dissatisfaction among Indians, especially the Tamil community because it is considered as a move to destroy the identity of Tamils. Utilising social theory, this paper looks into the fundamentals of the language and the repercussion of this move by Malaysian government and the effect to the Malaysian Indians identity. Keywords: Identity, Tamil, Education, Marginalisation. 1. Introduction Concepts of identity and community had been long debated in the arena of sociology, anthropology and social philosophy. Every community has distinctive identities that are based upon values, attitudes, beliefs and norms. All identities emerge within a system of social relations and representations (Guibernau, 2007). Identity of a community is largely related to the race it represents. Race matters because it is one of the ways to distinguish and segregate people besides being a heated political matter (Higginbotham, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India Asha Hans
    Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India Asha Hans Background The 8,0241 camp refugees are all regis- from Sri Lanka have been the recipi- tered, as are the 1,714 in special camps. In ents of one of the most advanced A poet once described Sri Lanka as a tear outside camps 27,000 have been regis- systems of education in the world, dropped from the Indian face. Today the tered. Despite threats of deportation and but since 1991,this privilege hasbeen land, awash with unending violence, internment in special camps since 1993, withdrawn. There is no uniformity epitomizes this description. The ravaged the rest remain unregistered. The basic in the camp facilities. Some are good, island and its link to India remains un- problem is the refugees fear of being some are unsatisfactory. In the same brokenby the presence of approximately branded militants and being deported or way, the reception from some locals 200,000 Sri Lankan refugees in India. interned in the special camps. is good while others are hostile. The disaimination and violence by Women have a number of social and the Sri Lankan state against the Tamils The Camps psychological problems that con- throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s When the first wave of refugees entered tinue and increase with time. form the backdrop to this refugee situa- India in 1983, they were divided into tion. As the crisis deepened, small num- three groups. Besides the camp and non- The Militant as Refugee bers of Sri Lankan Tamil educated elite camp refugees, there were the militants With increasing militant activities in the migrated.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 National Heritage Board Annual Report
    SangNilaUtamaParameswaraIskandarShahZhengHe JacobVanHeemskerkToméPiresJacquesdeCoutreSultan IskandarMudaSirThomasStamfordBingleyRafflesCaptain DanielRossDrJohnCrawfurdMajorWilliamFarquharTengku LongTemenggongAbdulRahmanLieutenantPhilipJackson TanTockSengSeahEuChinSyedOmarAljuniedNarainaPillai AlexanderGuthrieEdwardBousteadSirArthurHenderson YoungSyedMohamedAlsagoffTanKimChingGanEngSeng HajjahFatimahBinteSulaimanMunshiAbdullahBinAbdul KadirThamizhavelGovindasamySarangapanyTanKimSeng TanKahKeeWilliamAlexanderPickeringTanSengPohYapYan HongMohamedEunosBinAbdullahLimBoonKengLieutenant AdnanBinSaidiLieutenant-GeneralArthurErnestPercival LieutenantColonelJohnDouglasDalleyElizabethChoyDavid SaulMarshallMrsConstanceGohLeeKuanYewYusofBinIshak FandiAhmadPatriciaChanLiYinAngPengSiongJoscelinYeo WeiLingYipPinXiuJosephIsaacSchoolingIsaKamariOngKeng SenKhairudinSaharomGopalBarathamEdwinNadason ThumbooC.KunalanJunieSngPohLengJJLinK.Jayamani ShabirTabareAlamHoKunXianAshleyIshamAmraanGani MusaBakarStefanieSunNathanHartonoLooLeongThyeSim WongHooRyanLeeTanMinLiangNgHuckHuiVignesaMoorthy RoshiniMahtaniRamliSaripLokSheeMeiAndrewNeeHedwig AnuarChanHonMengFreyaLimChanSooKhianAnthonyChen MeganZhengSaiyidahAisyahWongKahChunQuekSiuRui JoelSngMohamedYahssirAndrewGn NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2018/2019 Published, produced & designed by Strategic Communications & Digital Division of National Heritage Board • www.nhb.gov.sg Singapore Bicentennial 2019 marks 200 years since the founding of modern Singapore, a crucial turning point in our rich history. From
    [Show full text]