DOCSLIB.ORG

Supervisor: Prof

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supervisor: Prof Al-Neelain University Graduate College The Effect of Drying on Chemical Composition and Antioxidant activity ofCymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) spring (proximus) Growing in Sudan A Thesis Submitted for Fulfillment of the Requirements of Master Degree in Chemistry By Balgies Abd Alrouf Abd Alrahman Sudan University of Science and Technology (B.sc) of Science Section of Chemistry Dec. / 2006 Supervisor: Prof. Dr.Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub Khartoum October . / 2017 1 ﭧ ﭨ ﭽ ﯱ ﯲ ﯳ ﯴ ﯵ ﯶ ﯷ ﯸ ﯹ ﯺ ﯻ ﯼ ﯽ ﯾ ﯿ ﰀ ﰁ ﰂ ﰃ ﭼ الكهف: ٩٠١ I DEDICATION I would like to dedicate my thesis to my Father, Mother, Brother and my friends II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise be to Allah, who gave me the ability to complete this I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my work. Supervisor Prof. Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub My thanks are also to Dr. Itmad Awad Elhassan and special thanks to Dr.Mubark El-Siddig Elamin Special thanks to Dr.Zeinab Eldosh and my friends III Abstract The essential oils prepared by water distillation of fresh and dried leaves of Cymbopogonproximus and C.citratus family (Poaceae) were investigated by GC-MS analysis to determine the effect of drying on their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. The oil content based on weight of sample was different: 1% and 2.87% in fresh and dried leaves of C.proximus; 0.5% and 1.5% in fresh and dried leaves of C.citratus.Physico- chemical properties of the oils prepared from fresh and dried samples were not compatible with published data due to different geographical locations and seasonal variations. The antioxidant activity of the oils prepared from fresh and dried leaves of C.proximus was below 50% (08±03 and 28±01%), while that of C.citratus has increased significantly from 43±0.03% for fresh leaves to 66±0.0% for the dried leaves. This was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of the four oil samples from the two plants. In C.proximus oil the proportion of mono and sesquiterpenes was not effected by drying (2:1) with regard to pipertetone, 2-carene and D- limonene. The case was different in C.citratus oil where new compounds emerged and their content was high: (+)-3-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl propyl)-2,2- Dimethylcycloprpanone-trans-1-Carboxylic acid (10.84%) and 2,2- Dimethyl-1-oxa-Spiro(2,4)heptanes (15.08%), with regard to β-Citral, α- Citral and β-myrcene. IV ملخص البحث فً هذا البحث حن اسخخﻻص الشيج هي ًباحً الوحزيب وحشيشت الليوىى عي طزيق الخقطيز البخاري وهي ثن اجزي الخحليل اﻻولً لوعزفت هكىًاث الشيج باسخخذام حقٌيت كزوهاحىغزافيا الغاس الولحق بالوطياف الكخلً لوعزفت حاثيز الخجفيف فً كﻻ الٌباحيي وححذيذ فعاليت الشيج هي ًاحيت هضاداث اﻻكسذة وًسبت الشيج فً الٌباحيي وحخزاوح قيوخها بيي )-1 %8.8( V Table of Contents I اﻻيت Dedication II Acknowledgments III English Abstract IV Arabic Abstract V Table of contents VI List of Tables X List of Figures XII Chapter one 1 Introduction and literature review 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 Literature review 5 1.2.1 Essential oils 5 1.2.2 Methods of preparation of essential oils 5 1.2.2.1 Distillation 5 1.2.2.2 Hydro- distillation 5 1.2.2.3 Hydro- diffusion 5 1.2.2.4 Solvent extraction 6 1.2.2.5 Super critical carbon dioxide 6 1.2.3 Chemical constituents of essential oil 6 1.2.4 Uses of essential oils 8 VI 1.2.5 Cymbopogon proximus plant 8 1.2.6 Taxonomy 9 1.2.7 Botanical characteristics 10 1.2.8 Geographical distribution 10 1.3 Chemistry of the C.proximus 10 1.3.1 Chemical composition of C.proximus 10 1.4 Medicinal uses of C.proximus 14 1.4.1 Antimicrobial activity 14 1.4.2 Antioxidant activity 15 1.5 Cymbopogon citratus plant 15 1.6 Taxonomy 16 1.7 Botanical characteristics 16 1.8 Chemistry of C.citratus 17 1.8.1 Chemical composition of C.citratus 17 1.9 Pharmacological 23 1.9.1 Anti-amebic effect 23 1.9.2 Antibacterial activity 23 1.9.3 Ant diarrheal activity 23 1.9.4 Ant filarial activity 23 1.9.5 Antifungal activity 23 1.9.6 Anti- inflammatory activity 24 1.9.7 Anti malarial activity 24 1.9.8 Antimutagenicity 24 VII 1.9.9 Antimyco bacterial activity 24 1.9.10 Antinociceptive effect 24 1.9.11 Antiprotozoan activity 25 1.9.12 Ascaricidal activity 25 1.9.13 Antioxidant capacity 25 1.9.14 Hypocholesterolemic effect 25 1.9.15 Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic effects 25 1.9.16 Larvicidal Activity 25 1.9.17 Neurobehavioral effect 25 1.10 Traditional uses of Cymbopogon citratus 26 Chapter two 2 Materials and methods 27 2.1 Materials 27 2.1.1 Plant materials 27 2.1.2 Solvents and chemicals 27 2.1.3 Glassware 27 2.1.4 Apparatus and instruments 28 2.2 Methods 28 2.2.1 Determination of essential oils content 28 2.3 Determination of physicochemical properties of C.proximus 28 and C.citratus essential oils 2.3.1 Specific gravity 28 2.3.2 Refractive index 29 VIII 2.3.3 Optical rotation 29 2.3.4 Determination of acid value 29 2.3.5 Determination of saponification value 30 2.3.6 Determination of ester value 30 2.3.7 Chromatographic method 30 2.3.7.1 GC-MS Analysis of essential oils 30 2.3.8 Determination of antioxidant activity of the prepared 31 essential oils 2.3.8.1 DPPH radical scavenging assay 31 Chapter three 3 Results and Discussion 32 3.1 Pysico-chemical properties of the prepared essential oils of 32 C. proximus and C.citratus 3.2 GC-MS Analysis of essential oils 33 Chapter four 4 Conclusion and Recommendations 49 4.1 Conclusion 49 4.2 Recommendations 50 References 51 IX List of Tables 1 Table (1) Showes GC-MS-profile of components of 10 C.proximus essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation in Egypt 2 Table (2) Showes GC-MS Profile Major Constituents of 12 C.proximus oil obtained by hydro distillation. 3 Table (3) Chemical composition of the essential oil of 13 Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) spring of Burkina Faso 4 `Table (4) Optical activity of the essential oil of 13 Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.)Spreng of Burkina Faso. 5 Table (5) Physical properties of Cymbopogon essential oil 14 6 Table (6) Chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus 18 essential oil identified by GC-MS analysis 7 Table (7) Chemical composition (%) of essential oils from 19 fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Staph natives from Brazil and Cuba 8 Table (8) Chemical compounds of essential oil of dried C. 20 citratus obtained by steam distillation 9 Table (9) Chemical composition of Egyptian and Madinah 21 lemongrass volatile oils 10 Table (10) Antioxidant activity of Egyptian and Madinah 22 lemongrass volatile oils 11 Table (11) Physico-chemical properties of the prepared 32 essential oils of C proximus and C.citratus 12 Table (12) Chemical composition of essential oil prepared 34 from C.proximus fresh leaves 13 Table (13) Chemical composition of essential oil prepared 37 from C.proximus dry X 14 Table (14) Chemical composition of essential oil prepared 41 from C.citratus fresh 15 Table (15) Chemical composition of essential oil 43 prepared from C.citratus dry XI List of Figures 1 Figure (1) Some chemical structures of essential oils 7 2 Figure (2) Cymbopogon proximus plant 9 3 Figure (3) Cymbopogon citratus plant 17 4 Figure (4) Chemical structure of the major constituents 17 of lemongrass 5 Figure (5) Gas chromatogram of essential oil prepared 33 from fresh leaves of C.proximus 6 Figure (6) Gas chromatogram of essential oil prepared 37 from dried leaves of C.proximus 7 Figure (7) Gas chromatogram of essential oil prepared 40 from fresh leaves of C.citratus 8 Figure (8) Gas chromatogram of essential oil prepared 42 from dried leaves of C.citratus XII CHAPTER ONE Introduction and Literature Review 1 1. Introduction and Literature review 1.1General introduction The term of medicinal plants include a various types of plants used in herbalism and some of these plants have a medicinal activities. These medicinal plants considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Besides that these plants play a critical role in the development of human cultures around the whole world. Moreover, some plants considers as important source of nutrition and are recommended for their therapeutic values such as ginger, green tea, walnuts and some others plants. Other plants their derivatives consider as important source for active ingredients which are used in aspirin and toothpaste. (Rasool Hassan, 2012) Medicinal plants frequently used as raw materials for extraction of active ingredients which used in the synthesis of different drugs. Like in case of laxative, blood thinners, antibiotics and anti-malaria medications, contain ingredients of taxol, vincristine, and morphine isolated from foxglove, periwinkle, and yew, and opium poppy, respectively. (Rasool Hassan, 2012).Medicinal plants contain physiologically active principles that over the years have been exploited in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. These medicinal herbs constitute indispensable components of the traditional medicine practiced worldwide due to the low cost, easy access and ancestral experience.(Abdalla et al, 2013) Cymbopogon is one of the most important essentialoil yielding genera of the Poacea.The genus comprises 140 species that are widely distributed in semi –temperate to tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Botanical Composition and Species Diversity of Arid and Desert Rangelands in Tataouine, Tunisia
    land Article Botanical Composition and Species Diversity of Arid and Desert Rangelands in Tataouine, Tunisia Mouldi Gamoun and Mounir Louhaichi * International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2049 Ariana, Tunisia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +216-7175-2099 Abstract: Natural rangelands occupy about 5.5 million hectares of Tunisia’s landmass, and 38% of this area is in Tataouine governorate. Although efforts towards natural restoration are increasing rapidly as a result of restoration projects, the area of degraded rangelands has continued to expand and the severity of desertification has continued to intensify. Any damage caused by disturbances, such as grazing and recurrent drought, may be masked by a return of favorable rainfall conditions. In this work, conducted during March 2018, we surveyed the botanical composition and species diversity of natural rangelands in Tataouine in southern Tunisia. The flora comprised about 279 species belonging to 58 families, with 54% annuals and 46% perennials. The Asteraceae family had the greatest richness of species, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Cistaceae. Therophytes made the highest contribution, followed by chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes. Of all these species, 40% were palatable to highly palatable and more than 13% are used in both traditional and modern medicine. Citation: Gamoun, M.; Louhaichi, M. Keywords: vegetation; species richness; drylands; south of Tunisia Botanical Composition and Species Diversity of Arid and Desert Rangelands in Tataouine, Tunisia. Land 2021, 10, 313. https://doi.org/ 1. Introduction 10.3390/land10030313 Climate change and human activity represent a big threat to biodiversity [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Anthelmintic Activity of Cymbopogon Citratus Against
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ISSN: 0103-846X [email protected] Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Brasil Freitas Macedo, Iara Tersia; Beserra de Oliveira, Lorena Mayana; Correia Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton; Leite dos Santos, Jessica Maria; das Chagas Silva, Kaline; de Araújo Filho, José Vilemar; Fernandes Camurça-Vasconcelos, Ana Lourdes; Leal Bevilaqua, Claudia Maria Anthelmintic activity of Cymbopogon citratus against Haemonchus contortus Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, vol. 24, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2015, pp. 268-275 Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária Jaboticabal, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=397841537002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Original Article Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 24, n. 3, p. 268-275, jul.-set. 2015 ISSN 0103-846X (Print) / ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015059 Anthelmintic activity of Cymbopogon citratus against Haemonchus contortus Atividade anti-helmíntica de Cymbopogon citratus sobre Haemonchus contortus Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo1; Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira1; Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro1; Jessica Maria Leite dos Santos 1; Kaline das Chagas Silva1; José Vilemar de Araújo Filho1; Ana Lourdes Fernandes Camurça-Vasconcelos1; Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua1* 1 Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará – UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil Received November 24, 2014 Accepted February 2, 2015 Abstract Parasitic nematodes are of major economic importance in livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • CYMBOPOGON: a DIVERSE MEDICINAL HERB in PHARMACY Swati S
    IAJPS 2020, 07 (06), 1116-1129 Swati S. Barve et al ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article CYMBOPOGON: A DIVERSE MEDICINAL HERB IN PHARMACY Swati S. Barve1*, Kirti D. Mahale1, Sunil K. Mahajan2 1Post Graduate Student, 1Post Graduate Student, 2Head of Department, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry MGV’S Pharmacy College, Panchavati, Nashik. *- [email protected] Article Received: April 2020 Accepted: May 2020 Published: June 2020 Abstract: Lemon grass (Cymbopogon species), is an individual from Poaceae family, which is known worldwide for its high essential oil content. They are broadly dispersed over all landmasses where they are utilized for different purposes. The business and restorative employments of different species are all around reported. Since days of year, the plant is used as helpful operator in Ayurveda, Unani, society, innate and locals. The plants involve different healthful (minerals and nutrients) and non-wholesome (strands, dynamic phytochemicals, including the flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, sulfides, polyphenolics, carotenoids, coumarins, saponins, plant sterols, curcumins, and phthalides) part which makes personality of the plant as an intense helpful operator. The current paper features the properties of Lemon grass (Cymbopogon giganteus, Cymbopogon caesius, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cymbopogon commutatus, Cymbopogon densiflorus) remembering different synthetic constituents for lemon grass oil bestowing it upper, pain relieving, antipyretic, bactericidal, hostile to septic, carminative and astringent properties. These plants may likewise hold guarantee as intense enemy of tumor and chemopreventive medications. It has likewise been expended in different structures in Thai, Vietnamese and South East Asian cooking styles.
    [Show full text]
  • Sporisorium Cymbopogonis-Bombycini Sp. Nov. (Ustilaginomycetes) from Australia
    MYCOLOGIA BALCANICA 1: 163–167 (2004) 163 Sporisorium cymbopogonis-bombycini sp. nov. (Ustilaginomycetes) from Australia Roger G. Shivas * and Kálmán Vánky Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Plant Pathology Herbarium, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky (H.U.V.), Gabriel-Biel-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany Received: September 5, 2004 / Accepted: September 24, 2004 Abstract. A new smut fungus, Sporisorium cymbopogonis-bombycini, is described on the grass Cymbopogon bombycinus from Australia. Th e fourteen known smut fungi, all Sporisorium species, on Cymbopogon are enumerated with their taxonomic synonyms, host plant range and distribution. A key for identifying and diff erentiating these fungi, and a host plant – smut fungus list are given. Key words: Australia, Cymbopogon, smut fungi, Sporisorium cymbopogonis-bombycini, taxonomy, Ustilaginomycetes Introduction Sori plerumque spiculas omnes racemi eiusdem destruentes sed tantem nonnulli racemorum infl orescentiae eiusdem aff ecti, Cymbopogon Spreng., in the subfam. Panicoideae, tribe elongate-lineares, cca. 1 mm lati, usque ad 15 mm longi, involucris Andropogoneae, subtribe Andropogoninae, is a fairly fl oralibus et spatheolis partim occulti, peridio fl avidobrunneo homogeneous genus of c. 40 species in the Old World tropics cooperti, quo maturo longitudinaliter in fascias nonnullas dissoluto and subtropics; some species are introduced to tropical America massam nigram, granulosopulveream glomerulorum sporarum (Clayton & Renvoize 1986: 351). In Australia, the genus is columellas nonnullas fi liformes circumdantium ostendentes. represented by 11 species (Sharp & Simon 2002). Th e smut Glomeruli sporarum globosi, ovoidei, oblongi usque subpolyedrice fungi of Cymbopogon were revised by Vánky (2003: 20-32), irregulares, 40-80 × 50-125 µm, rubellobrunnei usque subopaci, who recognised 13 species and 17 synonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses of Mali
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 108 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Grasses of Mali Kamal M. Ibrahim, Shruti Dube, Paul M. Peterson, and Hasnaa A. Hosni SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years in thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (SISP) publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on research and collections of the Institution’s museums and research centers. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evalu- ation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu).
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants Diversity and Their Conservation Status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(7), pp. 1304-1322, 23 February, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1412 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants diversity and their conservation status in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Sabitha Sakkir*, Maher Kabshawi and Mohamed Mehairbi Biodiversity Management Sector, Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, (UAE), United Arab Emirates. Accepted 5 January, 2012 This paper was an attempt to assimilate the medicinal plant status of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) by analyzing their diversity and conservation status against the knowledge management practices of traditional medicine practitioners. Information was gathered through extensive literature survey, field trips and semi structured questionnaire. A total of 132 plants (nearly 20% of total species) were found to possess medicinal properties in the UAE traditionally, a rich density considering the hyper-arid conditions that prevail in the region. These plant species belongs to 115 genera and 49 families. Asteraceae and Fabaceae families have the maximum number of species. The medicinal plants were categorized into various life forms such as chamaephyte (41%), therophyte (36%), phanerophyte (11%), hemicryptophytes (4%), geophytes (4%) and lianas (4%). Maximum number of medicinal plant species were recorded from mountains and wadi habitat (44.7%). This study revealed the diversity in plant parts used in the treatment of different ailments. The traditional knowledge gathered here can be considered a good starting point for effective in situ conservation, which requires accurate and up-to date information on the status of medicinal plant populations, extent and nature of plant use by local communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
    CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - IV Amaranthaceae Systematic position Kingdom: Plantae Class : Dicotyledons Sub class : Monochlamydeae Series : Curvembryeae Order : Caryophyllales Family : Amaranthaceae Distribution of Amaranthaceae The family Amaranthaceae is commonly called ‘Amaranth family’. It is a small family comprising 65 genera and 850 species which are chiefly represented in tropical and temperate regions. In India it is represented by 50 species. Vegetative characters Habit:Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs or undershrubs (Deeringia), annual or perennial (Bosia, Ptilotus). Root: A branched tap root Stem: Aerial, herbaceous or woody, erect or straggling, cylindrical, or angular, branched, solid, hairy, green or striped green. Leaves: Simple, alternate or opposite, petiolate, exstipulate, reddish in colour, unicostate reticulate venation. Floral characters Inflorescence: Axillary or terminal spikes (Achyranthes, Digera). Some times in cymose panicles. Flower: Bracteate, sessile or sub-sessile, bracteolate, bracteoles two, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite or unisexual hypogynous, small inconspicuous, green or variously coloured. Perianth: Usually five tepals, free or united, sometimes two or three (Amaranthus), dry membranous, valvate or twisted, sometime, hairy, green or coloured, persistent, inferior. Androecium: Stamens 5 or 3 (Amaranthus), free or united, staminodes sometimes present, introrse, dithecous or monothecous (Alternanthera). In Achyranthes 5 fimbriated scales alternate with 5 fertile stamens. Gynoecium:Bicarpellary, or tricarpellary; syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular, usually one campylotropous ovule; basal placentation; style short or filiform; stigma 2 or 3. Fruit: Dry one seeded achene or several seeded capsule or one to several seeded berry. Floral formula: Economic Importance The Amaranthaceae is of little economic importance. Food: Seeds of Amaranthus caudatus are edible. Amaranthus cruentus and A.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses of Egypt
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 103 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Grasses of Egypt Kamal M. Ibrahim, Hasnaa A. Hosni, and Paul M. Peterson SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the follow- ing statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the follow- ing active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (avail- able on SISP’s “Author Resources” page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu).
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf and Stem Anatomy of Cymbopogon Citratus and Cymbopogon Schoenanthus in Sudan
    Available on line www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research __________________________________________________ J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(4):766-771 ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 Leaf and stem anatomy of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus in Sudan Ahlam Salih Eltahir* 1and Bouran Ibrahim AbuEReish 2 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In this study a comparison between the anatomical structures of the leaves and stems of the two medicinal plants Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus was carried out to out line the diagnostic characters; thus helping to identify them, to classify them using the anatomical characters and to distinguish between them to avoid adulteration. This study showed that the differences between the two species are as follows: the spongy parenchyma of C. citratus is formed of 1-2 cells thick following the upper epidermis, in C. schoenanthus the upper epidermis is formed of small cells followed by patches of sclerenchyma cells only above the vein regions and the spongy parenchyma are formed of 3-5 layers of small cells. Kranz structure which is the vascular bundles are embedded in chlorenchyma cells, is found in the two species but it is well developed in C. citratus where the chlorenchyma are incircling the vascular bundles but in C. schoenanthus, the chlorenchyma are found only on lateral sides of the vascular bundles. In C. citratus, the lower epidermal cells just below the vascular bundles are projecting forming papillae, in C. schoenonthus the papillae are small.
    [Show full text]
  • 2317-2322 E-ISSN:2581-6063 (Online), ISSN:0972-5210
    Tabina Riyaz and Amaninder Kaur Riat 1 Plant Archives Vol. 21, Supplement 1, 2021 pp. 2317-2322 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 Plant Archives Journal homepage: http://www.plantarchives.org doi link : https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.380 EFFECTS OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS AND CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS AGAINST APHIDS : A REVIEW Tabina Riyaz, and Amaninder Kaur Riat Department of zoology, school of bioengineering and biosciences, Lovely professional university, phagwara, india. Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Aphids are the major pest on crops. Use of chemical pesticides create problems. Chemical pesticides affect the human health, environment and also affects non target organisms. Natural insecticide produced from plants are more promising. The Cymbopogon citratus and Hibiscus rosa sinensis are very important plant which have great effect on insects. The aim of this review to tell about essential oil and extracts which affects insect growth and how much it is ABSTRACT effective. The problem of agriculture crop was pests and these pests are responsible for damaging crops and effect nutritive value. Lemon grass oil repels insects like mosquitoes, aphids due to which it contains citral and also myrcene, citronella, citronellol, and geraniol. The essential oil is derived from aromatic plants has observed as risk free alternatives. Keywords : Aphids, lemongrass, Hibiscus rosa and essential oil. Introduction bamboo like stem, shoot (Siddiqui et al. , 2019). Aphids are tiny sap sucking insects and it belongs to super family Aphids are major agricultural pests that cause important aphidoidae. In Egypt legume crops is infested by sucking production losses of crop plants by causing the damage both through the direct effects of feeding and by vectoring insect called Cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora, Koch) harmful plant viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Foliar Epidermal Studies in Cymbopogon Citratus and Cymbopogon Schoenanthus in Sudan
    Available on line www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research __________________________________________________ J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(4):449-455 ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 Comparative Foliar Epidermal Studies in Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus In Sudan 1Ahlam Salih Eltahir*, 2Bouran Ibrahim AbuEReish 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology Omdurman Islamic University 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Detailed microscopical studies of the leaf epidermis of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon schoenanthus which are Sudanese folkloric medicines were carried out. It had been found that there are large numbers of hairs of different types: simple, unicellular, glandular and non- glandular hairs scattered in the adaxial and the abaxial surfaces of the leaf. The epidermal cells in surface views are elongated and they are interrupted by stomata of Graminae Cypraceae type with dum-bell shaped guard cells. The cell walls of the epidermal cells of C. citratus are straight where as the cell walls of C. scheonanthus epidermal cells are wavy . Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surfaces of the two species contain large quantities of wax, with larger quantities of wax in C. citratus compared to S. scheonanathus. They are covered with silica depositions and they are longer on C. citratus. The stomata are elongated with raised rim and very long narrow apertures. Key words : C ymbopogon citratus schoenanthus epidermis microscopical _____________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION This study is aimed to provide valuable and reliable illustrated anatomical descriptions of the epidermis of the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus Dc. Stapf and Cymbopogon Schoenanthus (L.)Sprengel,pl.Min.Cog.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extraction of Active Compound from Cymbopogon Sp. and Its Potential for Medicinal Applications
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) ISSN: 2289-697X (Print); ISSN: 2462-1269 (Online) Vol.5 (1) June 2018 © Universiti Malaysia Pahang DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.5.1.2018.1008 A Review: The extraction of active compound from Cymbopogon sp. and its potential for medicinal applications 1Shuhada A. Muttalib, 1*Raihana Edros, 2Nor Azah M. A., 1Rajaletchumy V. Kutty 1Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2Natural Product Division, Forest Research InstituteMalaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia *Email : [email protected] Abstract- Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon nardus are plants categorized under the family of Poaceae that have been recognized with high demand in pharmaceutical industry for its wide range of pharmacological activities. The potential bioactive compounds can be obtained either through traditional or conventional methods. The plant extracts are commonly used in numbers of products for culinary, pesticides and cosmetic purposes for its flavours and fragrances. Besides, bioactive compounds extracted from both species possess good biological activities that can be applied in the pharmaceutical field. Indexed Terms- Cymbopogon sp., Extraction, Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Cymbopogon species Cymbopogon is a tall perennial grass which is natively grown in a tropical region within warm temperate [1]. This plant is originated in Asia and Australia besides being well distributed in Africa, Indian, South America, Australia, Europe and North America [1]–[3]. The genus of Cymbopogon belongs to a family known as Graminae (Poaceae) and its taxonomy position is as listed in Table 1. Generally, 55 species of Cymbopogon have been identified.
    [Show full text]