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- (NAS-CR-161219) SATELLITE PWOE SSTEMSSY li79-23485 - ) March 1979 (SPS) CONCEPT DEFINITION STUDY, EXHIBIT C. VOLUME 2, pAET 1: SYSTEM XNGIEEEING Final Report (Eockiell International Corp., inclas Downey, Calif.) 257 p HC A12/MF A01 G3/44 20829 Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study FINAL REPORT (EXHIBIT C) VOLUME!! SYSTEM ENGINEERING PART 1 27 Rockwell International 9 C-3 Satellite Systems Division C,; I P Space Systems Group r, 4q , 12214 Lakewood Boulevard ; *~ Dowrey, CA 90241 Q' jo SSD 79-0010-2-1 Satellite Power Systems (SPS) Concept Definition Study FINAL REPORT (EXHIBIT C) VOLUME II SYSTEM ENGINEERING PART 1 CONTRACT NAS8-32475 DPD 558 MA-04 March 1979 Approved u. ,.__1 _______ G. HANLEY C.H. GUTTMAN ProgramMana r SPS Study Team Manager,NASAIMSFC Prepared for: National Aeronautics and Space Administration George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center Alabama 35812 0D Rockwell International Satellite Systems Division Space Systems Group 12214 Lakewood Boulevard Downey. CA 90241 Satellite Systems Division $lk Rockwell Space Systems Group International FOREWORD Volume II, System Engineering, is presented in-two parts. Part 1 encom­ passes SPS system engineering aspects. Part 2 consists of a volume on SPS cost and programmatics; an appendix is included in Part 2 to cover the SPS WBS and cost estimates. Volume II of the SPS Concept Definition Study final report is submitted by Rockwell International through the Satellite Systems Division. All work was completed in response to NASA/MSFC Contract NAS8-32475, Exhibit C, dated March 28, 1978. The SPS final report will provide the NASA with additional information on the selection of a viable SPS concept, and will furnish a basis for subsequent technology advancement and verification activities. Other volumes of the final report are listed as follows: Volume Title I Executive Summary III Experimentation/Verification Element Definition IV Transportation Analyses V Special-Emphasis Studies VI In-Depth Element'-Investigations VII Systems/Subsystems Requirements Data Book The SPS Program Manager, G. M. Hanley, may be contacted on any of the technical or management aspects of this report. He can be reached at 213/594-3911, Seal Beach- California. iii SSD 79-0010-2-1 Satellite Systems Division Rockwell Space Systems Group International CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 SPS CONCEPTS . .i-i 1.1 INITIAL CONCEPTS . l-i 1.1.1 Solid State Replacement of Klystrons . 1-2 1.1.2 Flat Plate Concentrator with Concentration Ratio up to 2.7 . 1-4 1.1.3 Composites versus Aluminum Structure 1-5 1.1.4 Satellite System Update 1-7 1.1.5 Reference Concept . 1-8 1.1.6 Concept Variations 1-10 1.2 PREFERRED CONCEPTS . 1-16 1.2.1 Recommended Concept Alternatives . 1-16 1.2.2 Basic Controlling Characteristics 1-18 1.2.3 Current Overall System Description 1-18 1.2.4 Subsystem Descriptions . 1-21 1.2.5 Rockwell Point Design Mass Statement 1-22 2.0 TRADE SUMMARY 2-1 2.1 SOLAR ARRAY .. 2-2 2.1.1 Solar Cells Performance and Cost . 2-2 2.1.2 Seasonal Variations and Beginning of Life Excess Power . 2-6 2.1.3 Reflector Slant Angle . 2-8 2.1.4 Reflector Degradation Allowance . 2-8 2.1.5 Solar Array Configuration Options 2-11 2.1.6 Reflectivity Panel Test Analysis . 2-16 2.1.7 Electric Orbit Transfer Vehicle (EOTV) Solar Array 2-17 2.2 POWER DISTRIBUTION . 2-21 2.2.1 Efficiency Chain . 2-21 2.2.2 Conductor Weight . 2-22 2.2.3 Power Distribution Technology . 2-25 2.2.4 Solid State Antenna Power Distribution 2-30 2.2.5 Electric Orbit Transfer Vehicle (EOTV) Power Distribution • 2-32 2.3 STRUCTURES . 1 2-37 2.3.1 SPS Microwave Antenna Tension Web - Compression Frame Cable Concept 2-37 2.3.2 NASTRAN Structural Analysis 2-41 2.4 THERMAL CONTROL . 2-58 2.4.1 Temperature Profiles . 2-58 2.4.2 Klystron Heat Rejection Options 2-60 2.4.3 Solid State Alternative Concepts 2-62 2.5 ATTITUDE CONTROL AND STATIONKEEPING . 2-64 2.5.1 Solar Pressure Model . 2-64 2.5.2 RCS Requirements . 2-65 2.5.3 ACSS Baseline Design . 2-67 V SSD 7 -QO1O2-1 Satellite Systems Division Rockwell Space Systems Group International Section Page 2.5.4 Banking for Solar Pointing 2-69 2.6 MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION . 2-71 2.6.1 BeamFormation -- . 2-71 2.6.2 Microwave Power Amplifiers 2-83 2.6.3 Solid State/Waveguide Concepts 2-99 2.6.4 Phase Error Control . 2-107 2.6.5 Antenna Array Sidelobe Variations and Phase Errors . 2-109 2.7 GROUND RECEIVING STATION 2-112 2.7.1 Introduction . 2-112 2.7.2 Rectenna . 2-112 3.0 POINT DESIGN . 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION . 3-1 3.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 3-2 3.2.1 General . 3-2 3.2.2 Satellite 3-3 3.2.3 Ground Receiving Station 3-10 3.2.4 Operations . 3-10 3.2.5 Mass Properties 3-18 3.3 SUBSYSTEMS . 3-19 3.3.1 Satellite• . 3-19 3.3.2 Ground Receiving Station 3-82 vi SSD 7 -0010-2-i Satellite Systems Division Rockwell Space Systems Group International ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1-1 Preliminary Baseline Satellite Concept . .1-1 1.1-2 Solid State Antenna Power Distribution Concept 1-3 1.1-3 Solar Array Mounted Solid State Power Modules 1-4 1.1-4 Reflector Shape . 1-5 1.1-5 SPS Computer Program Structural Model . - 1-7 1.1-6 NASA/DOE Reference Satellite Concepts 1-9 1.1-7 Rockwell Reference Satellite Concept . 1-10 1.1-8 Antenna Design Concepts . 1-13 1.1-9 RF Heat Rejection Options with Space Frame Antenna 1-13 1.1-10 Satellite Configuration Options . 1-14 1.2-1 Recommended Satellite Concept for Point Design Study 1-16 1.2-2 Recommended Changes to NASA/DOE Reference System - Overall GaAs Satellite Concept . 1-17 1.2-3 Alternative Rectenna Concepts 1-22 2.1-1 Solar Cell Configurations 2-2 2.1-2 Solar Array Cost Comparisons . 2-5 2.1-3 Seasonal Variations in Available Power 2-6 2.1-4 Cost of Ground Storage . 2-7 2.1-5 SPS Structural Cross-Section - Three Trough 2-9 2.1-6 Aluminum Spectral Reflectance Data . 2-11 2.1-7 Radiation Dose Rates in 24 Hour - Geosynchronous Orbit 2-12 2.1-8 Efficiency Chain Solar Cells . 2-13 2.1-9 Solar Cell Damage Equivalent 1 Mev Electron Fluence Versus Shield Density 2-14 2.1-10 Normalized Maximum Power Versus 1-Mev Electron Fluence 2-14 2.1-11 Solar Panel Bay Dimensions - Voltage Consideration . 2-16 2.1-12 EOTV Solar Array Comparison (GaAs Versus Si Solar Cells) 2-18 2.1-13 Equivalent 1 Mev Electrons for Voc and PWX (Infinite Back Shielding). 2-19 2.1-14 Solar Array Power Factor OTV Versus Days . - . 2-20 2.2-1 Efficiency Chain - Rotating Antenna and Ground Receiption. 2-21 2.2-2 3-Trough Coplanar Configurations . 2-23 2.2-3 Current dc Converter Technology Status . 2-26 2.2-4 Dc-dc Converter Specific Weight Projections 2-27 2.2-5 Cross Field Discharge Tube Operation . 2-29 2.2-6 System Efficiency Chain - Photovoltaic (CR-2) 2-31 2.2-7 Solid State Antenna Power Distribution Concept 2-32 2.2-8 EOTV Power Distribution and Control Weight . 2-34 2.2-9 EOTV Power Distribution Simplified Block Diagram 2-36 2.3-1 Antenna Plane View Schematic . 2-38 2.3-2 Antenna Section A-A Schematic 2-38 2.3-3 RCR Antenna Panel Installation . 2-39 2.3-4 Three Membrane Negative Lens Concept . 2-39 2.3-5 Antenna Structure Mass Comparison . 2-42 2.3-6 SPS Computer Program Structural Model 2-43 vii SSD 79-0010-2-l Satellite Systems Division Rockwell Space Systems Group International Figure Page 2.3-7 SPS Structural Cross-Sections 2-44 2.3-8 Tribeam Structure Composition 2-45 2.3-9 Basic Module Temperatures 2-48 2.3-10 Antenna and Rotating Ring Temperatures 2-49 2.3-11 Mechanical Loading • . 2-49 2.3-12 Nomenclature of Bar Element Forces and Fixed End Actions 2-51 2.3-13 Deflections - SPS Unit . 2-52 2.3-14 Deflections - End Mounted . 2-53 2.3-15 Deflections - Center Structure . 2-54 2.3-16 Deflections - Antenna and Rotating Ring 2-55 2.3-17 Results - Stress . ... 2-56 2.4-1 Photovoltaic Structural Configuration Temperatures - Beginning of Life . - -- - - 2-58 2.4-2 Photovoltaic Structural Configuration Temperatures - Intermediate Life .. .. 2-59 2.4-3 Photovoltaic Structural Configuration Temperatures - End of Life-- 2-59 2.4-4 Power Distribution Component Thermal Control . 2-60 2.4-5 Klystron Design Concepts . 2-61 2.5-1 ACSS Equipment Locations . 2-64 2.5-2 Solar Pressure Force Model . 2-65 2.5-3 Attitude Control RCS Requirements 2-66 2.5-4 Solar Pressure Stationkeeping Perturbation and Correction Policies . 2-67 2.5-5 RCS Requirements for Alternative Control Approaches 2-68 2.5-6 Maximum Bank Angle . 2-70 2.6-1 Pattern Efficiency for Uniform Illumination (0 dB Taper) . 2-72 2.6-2 Pattern Efficiency for Uniform Illumination (5 dB Taper) . 2-72 2.6-3 Pattern Efficiency for Uniform Illumination (10 dB Taper). 2-73 2.6-4 Pattern Efficiency for Uniform Illumination (15 dB Taper).
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  • Building the Largest Cantenna in Kansas: an Interdisciplinary Collaboration Between Engineering Technology Programs

    Building the Largest Cantenna in Kansas: an Interdisciplinary Collaboration Between Engineering Technology Programs

    AC 2008-820: BUILDING THE LARGEST CANTENNA IN KANSAS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION BETWEEN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina SAEED KHAN is an Associate Professor with the Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology program at Kansas State University at Salina. Dr. Khan received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut, in 1989 and 1994 respectively and his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1984. Khan, who joined KSU in 1998, teaches courses in telecommunications and digital systems. His research interests and areas of expertise include antennas and propagation, novel materials for microwave application, and electromagnetic scattering. Greory Spaulding, Kansas State University-Salina GREG SPAULDING in an Professor of mechanical engineering technology joined Kansas State University at Salina in 1996. Spaulding, a licensed professional engineer, also is the faculty adviser for the Mini Baja club, which simulates a real-world engineering design project. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in mechanical engineering from Kansas State University. Spaulding holds a patent for a belt drive tensioning system and for an automatic dispensing system for prescriptions. Page 13.270.1 Page © American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 “Building the Largest Cantenna in Kansas: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration between Engineering Technology Programs” Abstract: This paper describes the design and development of a large 20 dBi (decibels isotropic) Wi-Fi antenna for a class project in the Communication Circuit Design course. This large antenna is based on smaller Wi-Fi antennas commonly referred to as cantennas (gain of about 10 dBi).