AP2 – EEA-32 Nitrogen Oxides Nox Emissions

AP2 – EEA-32 Nitrogen oxides NOx emissions

Key messages

• EEA-32 emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have decreased by 31% between 1990 and 2005. In 2005, the most significant sources of NOx emissions were the road transport sector (38%), combustion processes from within the energy industries sector (21%) and industrial energy use (15%) and the non-road transport sector (14%). • The largest reduction of emissions since 1990 has occurred in the road transport sector. These reductions have been achieved despite the general increase in activity within this sector since the early 1990s and have primarily been achieved as a result of fitting three- way catalysts to petrol fuelled vehicles. In the electricity/energy production sector reductions have also occurred, in these instances as a result of measures such as the introduction of combustion modification technologies (such as use of low NOx burners), implementation of flue-gas abatement techniques (e.g. NOx scrubbers and selective (SCR) and non-selective (SNCR) catalytic reduction techniques) and fuel-switching from coal to gas.

• The National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) specifies NOx emission ceilings for Member States that must be met by 2010. In general, the newer Member States have made substantially better progress towards meeting their respective NOx ceilings than the older Member States of the EU-15. Ten of the twelve post-2004 Member States have already reduced emissions beyond what is required under the NECD, or are very close to doing so (Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia). In contrast, only one EU-15 Member State (Greece) has emissions within its respective national ceiling. Many Member States therefore must make significant cuts to NOx emissions in the immediate coming years if they are to meet their obligations under the NECD.

• Environmental context: NOx contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. It is NO2 that is associated with adverse affects on human health, as at high concentrations it can cause inflammation of the airways. NO2 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols and tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere - both are important air pollutants due to their adverse impacts on human health.

Figure 1: Emission trends of NOx for a) EEA-32; b) EU-15; c) New EU-12; d) EFTA-4 and e) CC-3 Figure 1a) EEA-32

120

20000

100

15000 80

Index 10000 kt emission kt

5000 20

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Nitrogen Oxide

Notes: No data available for Iceland

Figure 1b) EU-15

120 16000

14000 100

12000

80 10000

60 8000 Index

NECD Target 6000 emission kt 40

4000

20 2000

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Nitrogen Oxide NECD Target path 2010 NECD Target

Figure 1c) New EU-12

120 4000

100 3500

3000 80

2500 NECD Target 60

Index 2000 kt emission 40 1500

1000 20 500

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Nitrogen Oxide NECD Target path 2010 NECD Target

Figure 1d) EFTA-4

120

400

100 350

80 300

250 60 Index 200 kt emission

40 150

100 20 50

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Nitrogen oxide

Notes: Data for Iceland not available

Figure 1e) CC-3

160

140 1000

120

800

100

80 600 Index kt emission kt 60 400

200 20

0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Nitrogen Oxide

1 Figure 2: The contribution made by main economic sectors ( ) to NOx emissions in 2005 (%) for a) EEA-32; b) EU-15; c) New EU-12; d) EFTA-4 and e) CC-3. Figure 2a) EEA-32

Road Transport 38.2%

Other Transport 14.3%

Other (Non Energy) 0.0% Waste Other (Energy) 0.9% 7.5% Agriculture 1.6% Industry (Processes) 2.0%

Energy Industries Industry (Energy) 20.7% 14.5% Fugitive Emissions 0.3%

Notes: No data available for Iceland

1 ‘Energy industry’: emissions from public heat and electricity generation, oil refining and production of solid fuels; ‘Fugitive emissions’: emissions from extraction and distribution of solid fossil fuels and geothermal energy; ‘Industry (Energy)’: emissions from combustion processes used in the manufacturing industry including boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines; ‘Industry (processes)’: emissions derived from non-combustion related processes such as the production of minerals, chemicals and metal production; ‘Other (Energy)’: emissions principally occurring from fuel combustion in the services and household sectors; ‘Other (non-energy): non-combustion related emissions mainly in the services and households sectors including activities such as paint application, dry-cleaning and other use of solvents; ‘Road transport’: combustion-related emissions from light and heavy duty vehicles, passenger cars and motorcycles and including tyre and brake-wear abrasion; ‘Off-road transport’: railways, domestic shipping, certain aircraft movements, and non-road mobile machinery used in agriculture and forestry; ‘Agriculture’: emissions derived from agriculture-related activities including manure management, fertiliser application and field-burning of agricultural wastes; ‘Waste’: incineration, waste-water management.

Figure 2b) EU-15

Road Transport 40.50%

Other Transport 14.25%

Other (Non Energy) 0% Waste 0.32% Other (Energy) 6.46% Agriculture 1.96% Industry (Processes) 1.93% Energy Industries Industry (Energy) 19.60% 14.68% Fugitive Emissions 0.28%

Figure 2c) New EU-12

Road Transport 35.31%

Other Transport 10.30%

Other (Non Energy) 0%

Other (Energy) 7.69% Waste 3.80% Industry (Processes) 2.51% Agriculture 0.40% Industry (Energy) 12.04% Energy Industries Fugitive Emissions 27.73% 0.20%

Figure 2d) EFTA-4

Other Transport Road Transport 38.8% 27.7%

Waste 0.2%

Agriculture Other (Non Energy) 1.6% 0.0%

Other (Energy) Energy Industries 4.8% 16.1% Industry (Processes) 3.0% Fugitive Emissions Industry (Energy) 2.5% 5.3%

Notes: Data for Iceland not available

Figure 2e) CC-3

Other Transport 16.6%

Road Transport Other (Non Energy) 29.4% 0.1%

Other (Energy) 15.4% Waste 0.0% Agriculture 0.9% Industry (Processes) 1.6% Energy Industries 17.1% Industry (Energy) Fugitive Emissions 18.8% 0.1%

Figure 3: Change (%) in NOx emissions in each sector 1990 – 2005, for a) EEA-32; b) EU-15; c) New EU-12; d) EFTA-4 and e) CC-3 (%).

Figure 3a) EEA-32

Waste -17%

Unallocated -44%

Road Transport -38%

Other Transport -10%

Other (Non Energy) 8%

Other (Energy) -4%

Industry (Processes) -30%

Industry (Energy) -31%

Fugitive Emissions -25%

Energy Industries -38%

Agriculture -22%

-50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10%

Notes: No data available for Iceland

Figure 3b) EU-15

Waste -0.6%

Unallocated -28.6%

Road Transport -42.0%

Other Transport -13.7%

Other (Non Energy) 18.0%

Other (Energy) 0.5%

Industry (Processes) 0.2%

Industry (Energy) -24.0%

Fugitive Emissions -31.5%

Energy Industries -36.9%

Agriculture -20.3%

-50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20%

Figure 3c) New EU-12

Waste -22%

Unallocated -83%

Road Transport -24%

Other Transport -44%

Other (Non Energy) 1%

Other (Energy) -30%

Industry (Processes) -65%

Industry (Energy) -65%

Fugitive Emissions 14%

Energy Industries -52%

Agriculture -50%

-90% -70% -50% -30% -10% 10%

Figure 3d) EFTA-4

Waste -56%

Unallocated -100%

Road Transport -53%

Other Transport 9%

Other (Non Energy) -1%

Other (Energy) -30%

Industry (Processes) -27%

Industry (Energy) -40%

Fugitive Emissions -17%

Energy Industries 48%

Agriculture -25%

-100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%

Notes: Data for Iceland not available

Figure 3e) CC-3

Waste -82%

Unallocated 315% ->

Road Transport 22%

Other Transport 346% ->

Other (Non Energy) 33%

Other (Energy) 23%

Industry (Processes) -18%

Industry (Energy) 77%

Fugitive Emissions -13%

Energy Industries 108%

Agriculture 1%

-100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Figure 4: The percentage contribution made by each sector with respect to the total change in NOx emissions 1990 – 2005, for a) EEA-32; b) EU-15; c) New EU-12; d) EFTA-4 and e) CC-3 (%)

Figure 4a) EEA-32

Waste -0.4%

Unallocated 4.1%

Road Transport -52.7%

Other Transport -3.7%

Other (Non Energy) 0.0%

Other (Energy) -0.7%

Industry (Processes) -2.0%

Industry (Energy) -14.7%

Fugitive Emissions -0.2%

Energy Industries -28.6%

Agriculture -1.0%

-60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10%

Notes: No data available for Iceland

Figure 4b) EU-15

Waste 0%

Unallocated -0.02%

Road Transport -60.74%

Other Transport -4.68%

Other (Non Energy) 0%

Other (Energy) 0.06%

Industry (Processes) 0.01%

Industry (Energy) -9.62%

Fugitive Emissions -0.27%

Energy Industries -23.70%

Agriculture -1.03%

-70% -60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10%

Figure 4c) New EU-12

Waste -1.64%

Unallocated 27.45%

Road Transport -17.76%

Other Transport -12.57%

Other (Non Energy) 0%

Other (Energy) -5.14%

Industry (Processes) -7.41%

Industry (Energy) -34.78%

Fugitive Emissions 0.04%

Energy Industries -47.56%

Agriculture -0.63%

-50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30%

Figure 4d) EFTA-4

Waste -0.77%

Unallocated 0.16%

Road Transport -101.85%

Other Transport 10.82%

Other (Non Energy) 0.00%

Other (Energy) -6.76%

Industry (Processes) -3.63%

Industry (Energy) -11.30%

Fugitive Emissions -1.66%

Energy Industries 16.79%

Agriculture -1.80%

-110% -90% -70% -50% -30% -10% 10%

Notes: Data for Iceland not available

Figure 4e) CC-3

Waste 0%

Unallocated 49%

Road Transport -21%

Other Transport -51%

Other (Non Energy) 0%

Other (Energy) -11%

Industry (Processes) 1%

Industry (Energy) -32%

Fugitive Emissions 0%

Energy Industries -35%

Agriculture 0%

-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40%

Environmental context

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are together referred to as nitrogen oxides (NOx). Combustion of fossil fuels is by far the dominant source of NOx emissions. The emissions are not dependent solely on the amount of nitrogen in the fuel but also on the air – fuel mix ratio. High temperatures and oxidation-rich conditions generally favour NOx formation in combustion.

NOx contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication which in turn can lead to potential changes occurring in soil and water quality. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. In many cases, the deposition of acidifying and eutrophying substances still exceeds the critical loads of the ecosystems (see EEA indicator CSI 005 ‘Exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone’). Further details concerning emissions of acidifying pollutants are provided in EEA’s Core Set Indicator CSI 001 ‘Emissions of acidifying substances’.

It is NO2 that is associated with adverse affects on human health, as at high concentrations it can cause inflammation of the airways. NO2 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols and tropospheric ozone (O3) in the atmosphere - both are important air pollutants due to their adverse impacts on human health. NOx is therefore linked both directly and indirectly to effects on human health. Further details concerning the contribution of NOx to emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and particulate matter are contained in EEA’s Core Set Indicators CSI 002 ‘Emissions of ozone precursors’ and CSI 003 ‘Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate precursors’.

Policy objectives and measures A number of policies have been implemented that directly or indirectly reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides. These include: • The National Emission Ceilings Directive 2001/81/EC (NECD) which entered into force in the European Community in 2001. The NECD sets emission ceilings for four important air pollutants (NOx, sulphur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs)) to be achieved from 2010 onwards for each Member State. The ceilings are designed to improve the protection in the Community of the environment and human health against risks of adverse effects arising from acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone. The NECD is presently under review, the European Commission anticipates adopting a proposal for a revised Directive mid-2008. • The Gothenburg Protocol (1999) to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone. A key objective of the protocol is to regulate emissions on a regional basis within Europe and to protect eco-systems from transboundary pollution by setting emission reduction ceilings to be reached by 2010 for the same 4 pollutants as addressed in the NECD (i.e. SO2, NOx, NH3 and NMVOCs). Overall for the EU Member States, the ceilings set within the Gothenburg protocol are generally either slightly less strict or the same as the emission ceilings specified in the NECD.

• The Large Combustion Plant Directive (2001/80/EC) is important in reducing emissions of NOx, SO2 and dust from combustion plants having a thermal capacity equal to or greater than 50 MW. Installations within the scope of this Directive include power stations, petroleum refineries, steelworks and other industrial processes running on solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. “New” plant must meet the emission limit values (ELVs) given in the LCPD. However Member States can choose to meet obligations for existing plant (i.e. those in operation per-1987) by either complying with the ELVs or they can operate within a national emission reduction plan (NERP) that sets a ceiling for each pollutant. The interaction of the LCPD and the IPPC Directive (see below) is currently being examined as part of a review of the IPPC Directive.

• The Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (96/61/EC) entered into force in 1999. It aims to prevent or minimise pollution to air, water or land from various industrial sources throughout the European Union. Those installations covered by Annex I of the IPPC Directive are required to obtain authorisation from the authorities to operate. New installations and existing installations, which are subject to ‘substantial changes’ have been required to meet the requirements of the IPPC Directive since 30th October 1999. Other existing installations must have been brought into compliance by the 30th October 2007. The emission limit values outlined in the permit conditions must be based on the best available techniques (BAT). The Commission has been undertaking a review of the IPPC Directive and related legislation on industrial emissions and on the 21st December 2007 adopted a proposal for a Directive on industrial emissions. The proposal recasts seven existing Directives relating to industrial emissions (including IPCC and the LCPD) into a single legislative instrument. • The aim of the Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management (the ‘Air Quality Framework Directive’) is to maintain and improve air quality within the European Community by establishing objectives for ambient air, drawing up common methods and criteria for assessing air quality and obtaining and disseminating information. The first “Daughter” Directive 99/30/EC entered into force in 1999 and set limit values for hourly and annual average nitrogen dioxide concentrations to be achieved throughout the community by 1st January 2010.

• Since the early 1990s standards on NOx emissions from new cars sold in Europe have been in place. This first came about with EU Directive 91/441/EC, which effectively mandated the fitting of three-way catalysts to all new petrol cars to significantly reduce emissions of CO, hydrocarbons and NOx. Standards for this Directive, frequently referred to as Euro 1, were followed by Euro 2 standards implemented by Directive 94/12/EC during the mid 1990s. Yet more stringent EU Directives have been put in place to reduce NOx emissions further, the most recent being (98/69/EC) setting emission limits for petrol cars sold after 2000 and then after 2005 (Euro 3 and 4 standards respectively).

• NOx emissions from diesel vehicles have also been regulated since the early 1990s (since 1988 for heavy duty vehicles) with a succession of more stringent EU Directives. The legislation currently in force for heavy duty vehicles is 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC (implementing provisions) which define the emission standard currently in force, Euro IV, as well as the next stage (Euro V) which will enter into force in October 2008. • In parallel with vehicle technology developments, improvements in the quality of petrol and diesel fuels have been made as a result of the EU Directive on fuel quality (98/70/EC as amended by 2003/17/EC). Fuel quality has little effect on NOx emissions directly, but improvements in fuel quality have allowed the fitting of exhaust after-treatment technologies and provided better catalyst performance, hence helping to reduce NOx emissions further. • Directive 97/68/EC on the emissions of pollutants from internal combustion engines installed in non road mobile machinery sets emission standards and type approval procedures for engines fitted to non road mobile machinery.

Assessment

- EEA-32 NOx emissions have decreased by 31% between 1990 and 2005. Reductions have occurred in all economic sectors apart from the other (non-energy) sector, where emissions have increased by 8% during this period. The three sectors responsible for the vast majority of the decline in NOx emissions are ‘road transport’ (contributing 53% of the total reduction in NOx emissions reported by countries), ‘energy industries’ (contributing 29%), and ‘industry (energy)’ (contributing 15%). - Significant reductions have occurred in the ‘road transport’ sector since the early 1990s (38% reduction between 1990 and 2005). This has been achieved despite the general increase in activity within this sector over the period. The emission reductions have primarily been achieved as a result of fitting catalysts to vehicles (driven by the legislative ‘Euro’ standards). However, across Europe there is also an increasing awareness of the contribution made to NOx pollutant emissions by national and international ship traffic (a more detailed discussion of this issue is contained in the TERM indicator fact sheet TERM03 - Transport emissions of air pollutants).

- Emissions of NOx have also declined in the ‘energy industries’ (38% reduction between 1990 and 2005). In the electricity/energy production sector this has been achieved through the implementation of measures such as combustion modification, introduction of flue-gas abatement techniques and a fuel-switching from coal to gas. One of the most common forms of combustion modification is to use low NOx burners, which typically can reduce NOx emissions by up to 40%. Flue gas treatment techniques (e.g. NOx scrubbers and selective (SCR) and non-selective (SNCR) catalytic reduction techniques) can also be used to remove NOx from the flue gases. Emissions of NOx are higher from coal-fired power plants than from gas-fired plants as a result of coal containing significant amounts of nitrogen (unlike gas) and their less efficient combustion processes. - The newer Member States of the European Union have in a number of cases also undergone significant economic structural changes since the early 1990s which has led to a general decline in certain activities which previously contributed to high levels of NOx emissions e.g. heavy industry and the closure of older inefficient power plants.

- The majority of EEA-32 countries have reported lower emissions of NOx in 2005 compared to 1990. The exceptions to this are Austria (7% increase between 1990 and 2005), Cyprus (19%), Greece (6%), Portugal (13%) and Spain (26%).

Figure 5a: Change in EU-15 national NOx emissions since 1990 compared with the 2010 NECD ceilings (%).

Spain

Portugal

Austria

Greece

Ireland

Belgium

Denmark

France

Sweden

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Italy

Finland

United Kingdom

Germany

-70% -60% -50% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 1990-2005 1990 - 2010 NECD Target

Figure 5b: Change in new EU-12 national NOx emissions since 1990 compared with the 2010 NECD ceilings (%).

Cyprus

Malta

Slovenia

Hungary

Bulgaria

Poland

Latvia

Romania

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Estonia

Lithuania

-70% -50% -30% -10% 10% 30% 50%

1990-2005 1990 - 2010 NECD Target

Figure 5c: Change in national NOx emissions since 1990 compared with the 2010 Gothenburg protocol ceilings (%), EFTA-4 and CC-3.

FYR of Macedonia 474% ->

Turkey

Norway

Croatia

Liechtenstein

Switzerland

-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40%

1990-2005 1990 - 2010: CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol

Notes: Data for Iceland not available. Turkey and FYR of Macedonia have not signed the Gothenburg Protocol and hence do not have ceilings assigned.

Figure 6a: Distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 2010 ceilings of the NECD, EU-15.

Spain 49

Austria 45

Ireland 32

Belgium 17

Portugal 11

Denmark 8

France 8

EU15 6

Sweden 5

Luxembourg 4

Netherlands 2

United Kingdom 0

Germany -2

Italy -3

Greece -5

Finland -8

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Figure 6b: Distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 2010 NECD ceilings, new EU- 12.

Malta 23

Slovenia 13

Hungary -2

Bulgaria -12

Poland -13

Czech Republic -13

NewEU12 -17

Cyprus -25

Slovakia -25

Romania -28

Latvia -31

Lithuania -41

Estonia -43

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Figure 6c: Distance-to-target indicators (in index points) to the 2010 Gothenburg ceilings, EFTA-4 and CC-3.

Norway 13

Switzerland -8

Liechtenstein -20

Croatia -21

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Notes: The distance-to-target indicator is a measure of how close the current emissions (2005) are to a linear path of emissions reductions from 1990 to the ceiling set in 2010. Data for Iceland not available.

Assessment - In general, the newer Member States have made substantially better progress towards meeting their respective NOx ceilings than the older Member States of the EU-15. Ten of the twelve post- 2004 Member States have already reduced emissions beyond what is required under the NECD, or are very close to doing so (Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia). In contrast, only one EU-15 Member State (Greece) has emissions within its respective national ceiling. - Many Member States are not considered to be on track towards meeting their obligations under the NECD. In particular Austria, Belgium Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and Slovenia and Malta must make significant cuts to NOx emissions in the immediate coming years if they are to meet their obligations under the NECD. Emissions have actually increased in both Austria and Spain during the period 1990 to 2005, despite both countries having obligations to reduce emissions under the NECD and Gothenburg Protocol. - The EFTA-4 and CC-3 countries are not members of the European Union and hence have no emission ceilings set under the NECD. However, Switzerland and Norway have ratified the Gothenburg Protocol, requiring them to reduce their emissions to the agreed ceiling specified in the protocol by 2010. Switzerland is close to meeting its Gothenburg Protocol ceiling, whilst Norway, which has not yet met its national ceiling still must make a significant reduction to NOx emissions.

References

EEA (2007). EMEP / CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007. European Environment Agency, 2007. http://reports.eea.europa.eu/EMEPCORINAIR5/ EMEP (2007). "Transboundary acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe in 2005". EMEP August 2007, ISSN 1504-6192. http://www.emep.int/publ/reports/2007/status_report_1_2007.pdf

Data

Table 1: EEA-32 NOx emissions by sector (ktonnes)

Change 1990- % Change % contribution 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 1990-2005 to total change Energy Industries 4256 4025 3779 3423 3214 3169 3058 2850 2723 2590 2638 2651 2674 2704 2650 2648 -1608 -38% -29% Fugitive Emissions 52 48 47 59 50 49 46 38 40 44 38 37 41 40 40 39 -13 -25% 0% Industry (Energy) 2679 2582 2408 2158 2084 2067 2052 2065 1969 1924 1854 1781 1761 1819 1836 1852 -827 -31% -15% Industry (Processes)370 315 278 251 275 258 216 205 241 228 303 277 263 255 267 259 -111 -30% -2% Other (Energy) 1006 1030 992 1082 994 989 1072 1017 992 997 962 1002 940 996 975 964 -41 -4% -1% Other (Non Energy) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8% 0% Road Transport 7861 7714 7693 7547 7390 7169 7009 6712 6576 6395 6036 5712 5440 5267 5071 4901 -2960 -38% -53% Other Transport 2043 2017 1903 1874 1860 1850 1870 1897 1877 1845 1740 1784 1858 1951 1933 1833 -210 -10% -4% Agriculture 259 231 229 213 207 212 217 218 221 220 223 209 207 204 204 203 -56 -22% -1% Waste 139 146 136 135 132 130 126 123 118 119 113 114 113 113 116 115 -24 -17% 0% Unallocated -515 -439 -441 -349 -282 -155 -179 -185 -205 -193 -187 -29 -137 -292 -288 -286 229 -44% 4% EEA-32 18151 17669 17025 16392 15925 15738 15486 14942 14553 14169 13720 13539 13158 13058 12804 12528 -5623 -31% -100% Notes: Data for Iceland not available.

Table 2: EU-15 NOx emissions by sector (ktonnes)

Change 1990- % Change % contribution 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 1990-2005 to total change Energy Industries 2838 2752 2588 2321 2220 2137 2031 1870 1786 1696 1749 1736 1789 1819 1784 1791 -1047 -37% -24% Fugitive Emissions 38 37 36 47 38 37 33 26 28 29 23 23 26 27 27 26 -12 -31% 0% Industry (Energy) 1766 1726 1654 1558 1560 1511 1481 1482 1430 1419 1326 1333 1300 1332 1348 1342 -425 -24% -10% Industry (Processes)176 162 148 129 128 140 100 100 144 135 207 191 181 174 181 176 0 0.2% 0% Other (Energy) 588 620 596 599 570 572 621 588 593 589 580 620 587 621 603 591 3 0.5% 0% Other (Non Energy) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.02 18% 0% Road Transport 6383 6400 6433 6220 6037 5854 5671 5432 5298 5100 4855 4603 4303 4098 3882 3701 -2682 -42% -61% Other Transport 1509 1489 1454 1450 1440 1446 1424 1415 1412 1424 1345 1362 1336 1363 1353 1302 -207 -14% -5% Agriculture 225 207 201 185 182 186 192 192 194 196 198 185 182 180 180 179 -46 -20% -1% Waste 30 37 34 34 32 32 32 32 30 32 27 28 26 27 30 30 0 -1% 0% Unallocated 4 3 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 3 3 5 26 2 2 3 -1 -29% 0% Total 13557 13433 13149 12547 12211 11918 11589 11143 10919 10623 10312 10086 9756 9645 9391 9141 -4416 -33% -100%

Table 3: New EU-12 NOx emissions by sector (ktonnes)

Change 1990- % Change % contribution to 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 1990-2005 total change Energy Industries 1298 1143 1045 960 831 866 846 780 721 667 646 655 639 650 630 619 -678 -52% -48% Fugitive Emissions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 5 5 4 1 14% 0% Industry (Energy) 765 701 605 442 377 400 380 378 339 314 305 264 248 244 246 269 -496 -65% -35% Industry (Processes)162 123 101 92 116 87 85 75 64 61 61 58 54 54 58 56 -106 -65% -7% Other (Energy) 245 234 219 286 232 217 243 217 193 200 176 180 151 172 170 172 -73 -30% -5% Other (Non Energy) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1% 0% Road Transport 1042 901 850 866 921 861 871 855 884 822 773 742 745 750 773 788 -253 -24% -18% Other Transport 409 406 325 296 293 274 307 338 317 265 253 283 303 287 278 230 -179 -44% -13% Agriculture 18 7 12 11 11 11 9 11 10 9 10 10 10 9 9 9 -9 -50% -1% Waste 108 107 101 100 99 97 93 90 87 86 86 86 86 86 85 85 -23 -22% -2% Unallocated -472 -395 -397 -305 -239 -131 -155 -163 -182 -171 -173 -91 -87 -86 -83 -80 391 -83% 27% Total 3579 3231 2864 2753 2645 2684 2682 2583 2436 2257 2141 2192 2155 2169 2171 2153 -1426 -40% -100%

Table 4: EFTA-4 NOx emissions by sector (ktonnes)

Change 1990- % Change % contribution 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 1990-2005 to total change Energy Industries 31 32 34 35 37 37 41 43 43 39 41 44 43 44 46 46 15 48% 17% Fugitive Emissions 8 6 6 6 6 7 8 7 7 9 10 8 7 7 7 7 -1 -17% -2% Industry (Energy) 25 24 21 21 22 21 20 18 17 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 -10 -40% -11% Industry (Processes)12 10 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 10 9 -3 -27% -4% Other (Energy) 20 20 19 18 17 18 19 17 16 16 14 14 14 15 14 14 -6 -30% -7% Other (Non Energy) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1% 0% Road Transport 168 159 150 146 136 130 124 115 110 105 100 97 91 87 84 79 -89 -53% -102% Other Transport 101 98 99 103 102 106 114 120 123 132 118 115 112 110 110 110 10 9% 11% Agriculture 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -2 -25% -2% Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -56% -1% Unallocated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100% 0% Total 371 356 345 345 338 335 341 337 335 336 316 310 296 292 290 284 -88 -24% -100%

Notes: Data for Iceland not available.

Table 5: CC-3 NOx emissions by sector (ktonnes)

Change 1990- % Change % contribution 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 1990-2005 to Change Energy Industries 104 109 126 121 137 140 152 170 200 217 227 242 232 220 216 215 112 108% -35% Fugitive Emissions 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 -13% 0% Industry (Energy) 134 140 136 144 131 142 178 194 191 180 214 174 204 235 236 237 103 77% -32% Industry (Processes)25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 24 26 22 27 27 25 20 -4 -18% 1% Other (Energy) 158 159 160 182 178 185 193 199 195 197 196 193 193 193 194 194 36 23% -11% Other (Non Energy) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.3 33% 0% Road Transport 304 282 286 342 325 354 375 344 319 407 351 311 340 382 369 370 66 22% -21% Other Transport 47 41 34 34 37 36 37 36 39 39 41 42 125 209 209 209 162 346% -51% Agriculture 11 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 12 10 12 11 11 11 11 11 0.2 1% 0% Waste 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -82% 0% Unallocated -49 -49 -49 -49 -49 -29 -29 -29 -34 -30 -17 56 -77 -208 -209 -205 -155 315% 49% Total 736 720 731 812 798 867 944 953 949 1049 1053 1054 1058 1072 1054 1054 318 43% -100%

Table 6: NOx emissions by country 1990-2005 (ktonnes)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Austria 211 222 209 202 194 192 212 199 212 200 205 214 220 229 225 225 Belgium 382 386 383 373 379 372 315 306 312 289 330 316 300 297 299 293 Bulgaria 361 256 230 242 230 266 259 225 223 202 185 188 197 209 216 233 Cyprus 14 15 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 22 21 22 21 18 17

Czech Republic 544 521 496 454 375 368 366 349 321 313 321 332 318 324 328 278

Denmark 274 324 281 279 279 264 303 259 238 223 207 204 202 210 195 186

Estonia 74 69 43 40 43 38 41 40 39 35 35 38 40 39 37 32

Finland 300 290 284 282 282 258 268 260 252 247 236 222 208 219 205 177 France 1841 1901 1865 1751 1706 1655 1629 1563 1545 1473 1407 1350 1298 1257 1234 1207 Germany 2861 2633 2476 2367 2225 2170 2057 1982 1937 1914 1817 1774 1683 1626 1578 1443

Greece 299 312 314 313 320 320 325 332 348 337 328 343 341 343 317 317 Hungary 238 203 183 184 187 190 196 200 203 201 185 185 180 180 185 203 Iceland * NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA NO/NA

Ireland 124 127 136 124 123 125 129 129 134 132 133 135 126 120 119 119

Italy 1943 2001 2020 1921 1841 1808 1732 1654 1554 1453 1373 1352 1258 1245 1173 1173

Latvia 67 61 51 45 42 40 40 40 40 39 38 38 39 40 40 41

Lithuania 158 166 98 78 77 65 65 57 60 54 48 55 51 53 55 58

Liechtenstein 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Luxembourg 23 24 24 25 23 21 22 18 17 16 17 17 18 17 15 15 Malta 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Netherlands 558 548 531 510 491 468 455 415 403 410 394 383 375 373 355 344

Norway 213 203 202 212 210 212 222 225 225 229 212 209 200 199 200 197

Poland 1280 1205 1130 1120 1105 1120 1154 1114 991 951 838 805 796 808 804 811

Portugal 243 257 277 266 265 274 268 267 277 286 284 285 293 271 271 275 Romania 546 464 357 318 319 322 325 328 331 251 289 349 340 330 321 311 Slovakia 222 201 189 180 170 178 135 128 133 121 109 109 101 98 98 98

Slovenia 63 58 58 63 66 67 70 71 64 58 59 59 58 55 58 58

Spain 1217 1255 1290 1268 1301 1326 1294 1340 1355 1431 1453 1440 1496 1493 1535 1535

Sweden 314 316 307 287 296 280 271 261 253 242 231 223 219 215 209 205

Switzerland 158 152 142 132 128 122 119 112 109 107 104 101 96 92 90 86

Turkey 644 649 667 748 731 800 873 879 863 952 951 951 951 951 951 951 United Kingdom 2966 2837 2753 2578 2487 2384 2309 2157 2083 1969 1897 1828 1721 1728 1664 1627 EEA-32 18151 17669 17025 16392 15925 15738 15486 14942 14553 14169 13720 13539 13158 13058 12804 12528

EU-27 17136 16664 16013 15300 14856 14602 14272 13726 13356 12881 12453 12278 11911 11815 11563 11294 Croatia 86 65 58 59 61 60 65 67 71 74 72 71 70 71 69 69 FYR of Macedonia 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 23 30 32 37 50 34 34

* Data for Iceland not available.

Table 7: Absolute and percentage change in NOx emissions since 1990 and the percentage reductions required (2) to meet the 2010 NECD and CLRTAP emission ceilings for EEA-32 countries.

1990 - 2010: CLRTAP Change 1990-2005 1990 - 2010: NECD % Change 1990-2005 Gothenburg Protocol (ktonnes) ceilings (%) ceilings (%) Austria 14 7% -51% -49% Belgium -89 -23% -54% -53% Bulgaria -128 -35% -32% -26% Cyprus 3 19% 59% - Czech Republic -266 -49% -47% -47% Denmark -88 -32% -54% -54% Estonia -42 -56% -19% - Finland -123 -41% -43% -43% France -634 -34% -56% -53% Germany -1418 -50% -63% -62% Greece 18 6% 15% 15% Hungary -35 -15% -17% -17% Iceland * - - - - Ireland -5 -4% -48% -48% Italy -770 -40% -49% -49% Latvia -25 -38% -8% 26% Liechtenstein 0 -42% - -30% Lithuania -100 -64% -30% -30% Luxembourg -8 -35% -52% -52% Malta -0.27 -2% -34% - Netherlands -214 -38% -53% -52% Norway -16 -7% - -27% Poland -469 -37% -31% -31% Portugal 32 13% 3% 7% Romania -235 -43% -20% -20% Slovakia -124 -56% -41% -41% Slovenia -5 -8% -29% -29% Spain 318 26% -30% -30% Switzerland -72 -45% - -50% Sweden -109 -35% -53% -53% Turkey 307 48% - - United Kingdom -1339 -45% -61% -60%

* Data for Iceland not available.

2 The actual 2010 emission ceilings specified in the NECD and Gothenburg Protocol are expressed as absolute emissions of NOx, SO2, NH3 and NMVOC (in ktonnes). For the purposes of this indicator 1990 is considered as a ‘base year’ and the percentage change to emissions to meet the ceilings is calculated. Reported emissions for past years may change reflecting e.g. updated and revised emission inventory guidance, and so the % reduction required to meet the CLRTAP and NECD ceilings as shown here may change slightly in the future.

Meta Data Technical Information 1. Data source: Based on officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE/EMEP (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe) Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention), submission 2007. Base data are available from the EEA Data Service (http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1013) and the EMEP web site (http://webdab.emep.int/). Where necessary, gaps in reported data are filled by ETC/ACC using simple interpolation techniques (see 6). The final gap-filled data used in this indicator is available from the EEA Data Service (http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1006)

2. Description of the data: Emissions (national totals and sectoral data) of NOx in 1000 tonnes (ktonnes). 3. Geographical coverage: EEA-32. The EEA-32 country grouping includes countries of the EU-27 (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) EFTA-4 (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Norway) and Turkey. Certain analyses also include data for the FYR of Macedonia and Croatia. 4. Temporal coverage: 1990-2005 5. Methodology and frequency of data collection: Annual country emission inventory submissions to UNECE/LRTAP Convention/EMEP. Recommended methodologies for emission inventory estimation are compiled in the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook 3rd edition, EEA, Copenhagen EEA (2007). 6. Methodology of data manipulation: EEA/ETC-ACC gap-filling methodology. To allow trend analysis where countries have not reported data for one or several years, data has been interpolated to derive annual emissions. If the reported data is missing either at the beginning or at the end of the time series period, the emission value has been considered to equal the first (or last) reported emission value. It is recognised that the use of gap-filling can potentially lead to artificial trends, but it is considered unavoidable if a comprehensive and comparable set of emissions data for European countries is required for policy analysis purposes. Base data, reported in SNAP, draft NFR or NFR are aggregated into the following EEA sector codes to obtain a common reporting format across all countries and pollutants:

- ‘Energy industries’: emissions from public heat and electricity generation, oil refining and production of solid fuels; - ‘Fugitive emissions’: Emissions from extraction and distribution of solid fossil fuels and geothermal energy; - ‘Industry (Energy)’: emissions from combustion processes used in the manufacturing industry including boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines; - ‘Industry (Processes)’: emissions derived from non-combustion related processes such as the production of minerals, chemicals and metal production; - ‘Road transport’: light and heavy duty vehicles, passenger cars and motorcycles; - ‘Off-road transport’: railways, domestic shipping, certain aircraft movements, and non-road mobile machinery used in agriculture & forestry; - ‘Other (energy-related)’ emissions principally occurring from fuel combustion in the services and household sectors; - ‘Other (Non Energy)’: non-combustion related emissions mainly in the services and households sectors including activities such as paint application, dry-cleaning and other use of solvents; - ‘Agriculture’: manure management, fertiliser application, field-burning of agricultural wastes - ‘Waste’: incineration, waste-water management; - ‘Unallocated’: The difference between the reported national total and the sum of the sectors reported by a country.

The ‘unallocated’ sector corresponds to the difference between the reported national total and the sum of the reported sectors for a given pollutant / country / year combination. It can be either negative or positive. Inclusion of this additional sector means that the officially reported national totals do not require adjustment to ensure that they are consistent with the sum of the individual sectors reported by countries. The following table shows the conversion of Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) sector codes used for reporting by countries into EEA sector codes:

EEA classification Non-GHGs (NFR) GHG (CRF) 0 National totals National total National totals without LUCF 1 Energy Industries 1A1 1A1 3 Industry (energy) 1A2 1A2

2 Fugitive emissions 1B 1B 7 Road transport 1A3b 1A3b 8 Other transport (non-road mobile 1A3 (exl 1A3b) 1A3a, 1A3c, 1A3d, 1A3e machinery) 9 Industry processes 2 2 4 Agriculture 4 + 5B 4 5 Waste 6 6 6 Other (energy) 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4b(i), 1A4c(i), 1A5a 1A4, 1A5 10 Other (non-energy) 3 + 7 3 + 7 12 Energy industries (power 1A1a 1A1a production) 14 Unallocated Difference between national total and sum of sectors (1 – 10)

Quality information

7. Strengths and weaknesses (at data level): Strength: officially reported data following agreed procedures and EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA 2007), e.g. regarding source sector split. Weakness: The incomplete reporting and resultant extrapolation may obscure some trends. 8. Reliability, accuracy, robustness, uncertainty: NOx emission estimates in Europe are thought to have an uncertainty of about ±20% (EMEP, 2007), as the NOx emitted comes both from the fuel burnt and the combustion air and so cannot be estimated accurately from fuel nitrogen alone. However, because of the need for interpolation to account for missing data, the complete dataset used will have higher uncertainty. The trend is likely to be more accurate than the individual absolute annual values – the annual values are not independent of each other. 9. Overall scoring: (1-3, 1=no major problems, 3=major reservations) Relevancy: 1 Accuracy: 2 Comparability over time: 2 Comparability over space: 2

Further work required Countries should improve the completeness of the time series of their estimates (filling gaps) and reduce the amount of unallocated emissions. Further validation and checking is the responsibility of the country and needs especially to lead to improved detailed sectoral time series of emissions. There is also a need for further validation and checking of emission estimates within the framework of CLRTAP/EMEP and EEA/ETC-ACC activities.