The Historic Landscape of Rockingham Forest
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CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Huddersfield Repository The Historic Landscape of Rockingham Forest Glenn Foard David Hall Tracey Britnell 2003 The Historic Landscape of Rockingham Forest its character and evolution from the 10th to the 20th centuries ‘The Forest of Rokingham after the olde perambulation is about a 20 miles yn length, and in bredthe 5 or 4 miles in sum places, and in sum lesse. There be dyvers lodges for keepers of the fallow dere yn it. And withyn the precincte of it is good corne and pasture and a plentie of woodde.’ John Leland 1546 Glenn Foard David Hall Tracey Britnell 2 Produced on behalf of The Rockingham Forest Trust and Northamptonshire County Council supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund and English Heritage Text & Illustrations Copyright 2003 © D Hall, G Foard, T Britnell, Rockingham Forest Trust & Northamptonshire County Council Cover picture: Rockingham Forest as depicted on John Speed’s map of Northamptonshire of 1610 3 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................... 4 List of Illustrations.......................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... 7 Copyright ........................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations.................................................................................................................. 7 SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 9 Project Area ....................................................................................................................9 Historic Landscape Characterisation ............................................................................ 10 Project Objectives and Methodology............................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2: THE NATURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT....................... 14 Physical geography ....................................................................................................... 14 Physiographic zones and their land use potential ......................................................... 15 Boulder clay plateau ................................................................................................. 15 Limestone plateau ..................................................................................................... 16 Permeable valleys ..................................................................................................... 16 Clay valleys............................................................................................................... 16 Administrative Organisation......................................................................................... 16 Tribes, provinces and multiple estates...................................................................... 17 Townships................................................................................................................. 18 The Royal Forest....................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3: THE EVOLUTION OF THE FOREST LANDSCAPE............................ 21 Overview....................................................................................................................... 21 Landscape phases.......................................................................................................... 22 Prehistoric and Roman (to AD 410) ......................................................................... 23 Early-middle Saxon (circa 410- 850)........................................................................ 23 Late Saxon to early medieval (circa 850-1350)........................................................ 26 Late medieval to early modern (circa 1350 – 1850)................................................. 34 The Enclosure process: A detailed discussion.......................................................... 39 Modern (circa 1850 – 2000) ..................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 4: LANDSCAPE CHARACTER .................................................................. 47 Historic Landscape Types............................................................................................. 47 Woodland.................................................................................................................. 47 Open field.................................................................................................................. 49 Enclosed fields.......................................................................................................... 50 Heath......................................................................................................................... 52 Landscape parks........................................................................................................ 52 Settlement ................................................................................................................. 52 Communications ....................................................................................................... 56 Historic Landscape Zones............................................................................................. 57 Forest core................................................................................................................. 57 Ise valley and Navis brook champion....................................................................... 59 Welland valley and woodland................................................................................... 59 4 Welland valley champion ......................................................................................... 59 Nene valley ............................................................................................................... 60 Heath......................................................................................................................... 60 Landscape Character Areas........................................................................................... 60 High medieval open landscape ................................................................................. 61 Early modern enclosed landscape............................................................................. 61 Modern industrialised landscape............................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................... 64 Land use continuity or ‘time depth’.......................................................................... 64 Survival of plan form................................................................................................ 64 Key areas of pre Industrial landscape survival ......................................................... 65 CHAPTER 6: CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH PROPOSALS ........................ 66 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 70 APPENDIX 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES RECORDED........................................... 72 Summary by period................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX 2 : METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 74 APPENDIX 3: GAZETTEER........................................................................................... 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 137 5 List of Illustrations Figure 1: Rockingham Forest Project Area with pre 1895 county boundary, also showing major 17th century roads (after Ogilby 1675) ............................................................ 9 Figure 2: The Historic boundaries of Rockingham Forest.................................................. 9 Figure 3: Relief and drainage pattern................................................................................ 14 Figure 4: Simplified geology ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 5: Physiographic zones.......................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: Historic townships and forest bailiwicks........................................................... 18 Figure 7: Allocation of resources by township, showing conjectural area of late Saxon woodland and medieval clearance. ........................................................................... 18 Figure 8: Woodland clearance and planting from the late Saxon to 2000........................ 21 Figure 9: Changing patterns of land use from the high medieval to 2000........................ 21 Figure 10: The changing landscape of the Forest from the Saxon to the present............. 22 Figure 11: Roman, Saxon and Medieval settlement distribution related to geology........ 25 Figure 12: Land use within