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Ficha Técnica Nemátodo Dorado 2015 FICHA TÉCNICA Organismo Internacional Regional de Nematodo dorado Sanidad Agropecuaria Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) (Skarbilovich, 1959) Contenido 1. Identidad ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Nombre común ..................................................................................... 2 1.2. Nombre técnico ..................................................................................... 2 1.3. Sinónimos ............................................................................................. 2 1.4. Nombre Científico ................................................................................ 2 1.5. Nombre común ..................................................................................... 2 1.6. Clasificación taxonómica ...................................................................... 2 2. Importancia económica e impacto social .................................................. 3 3. Distribución geográfica (EPPO PQR, 2015). ............................................ 4 4. Hospedantes................................................................................................. 5 5. Aspectos biológicos ..................................................................................... 5 5.1. Ciclo de vida ......................................................................................... 5 5.2. Características morfológicas ................................................................. 6 5.2.1. Quiste ............................................................................................ 8 5.2.2. Juveniles ....................................................................................... 9 5.2.3. Machos ................................ ................................ .......................... 9 5.3. Síntomas ............................................................................................. 10 5.4. Sobrevivencia y dispersión ................................................................. 12 5.5. Muestreo ............................................................................................. 12 5.6. Diagnostico e identificación ............................................................... 13 5.6.1. Densidad de huevos por gr de suelo ........................................... 14 5.6.2. Técnicas bioquímicas y moleculares .......................................... 15 6. Medidas Fitosanitarias ............................................................................. 15 6.1. Protección ........................................................................................... 16 6.2. Control biológico ................................................................................ 17 6.3. Control químico .................................................................................. 17 6.4. Medidas de control ............................................................................. 18 6.5. Vigilancia ............................................................................................ 18 7. Bibliografía ................................................................................................ 19 2015 Elaboró: Dr. Ignacio Cid del Prado 1. Identidad 1.1.Nombre común Nematodo dorado de la papa y nematodo blanco de la papa 1.2.Nombre técnico Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 1.3.Sinónimos Heterodera rostochiensis Woollenweber, 1923 Heterodera schachtii solani Zimmermann, 1927 Heterodera solani Zimmermann, 1927 Heterodera pseudorsostochienesis Kirjanova, 1963 Globodera seudorsostochienesis (Kirjanova, 1963) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 Globodera arenaria Udalova& Nasonova, 2008 (Subbotin y Col. 2010) 1.4.Nombre Científico Globodera pallida Stone, 1973 1.5.Nombre común Nematodo blanco del quiste de la papa (NBQP) (Subbotin y Col. 2010) 1.6.Clasificación taxonómica Reino Animal Phylum Nematoda Clase Secernentia Subclase Diplogasteria Orden Tylenchida Suborden Tylenchina Superfamilia Tylenchoidea Familia Heteroderidae Subfamilia Heteroderinae Genero Globodera Especies G. rostochiensis; G. pallida (Subbotin y Col. 2010) CODIGO EPPO: HETDRO 2. Importancia económica e impacto social El nematodo dorado de la papa (PCN Globodera spp.) Es considerado una plaga de importancia económica principalmente en las regiones templadas en todo el mundo. Por lo que varios países mantienen medidas cuarentenarias o regulatorias en contra de los países donde se encuentra presente, en estos países se aplican medidas como el no cultivar papa en los terrenos donde se produce la papa o sistemas y estrategias de maneo integrado del nematodo. Existen dos especies del nematodo formador de quiste de la papa: G. rostochiensis conocido como el nematodo dorado de la papa y G. pallida cuyas hembras son blancas o cremosas; ambas especies tienen como hospedante preferencial a la papa. A bajas densidades poblacionales las plantas y tubérculos que se producen son de tamaño pequeño, mientras que a densidades poblacionales altas el tamaño de los tubérculos se reduce severamente. Cuando en suelo se tiene de 8 a 64 huevos por gramo las pérdidas de la producción varían del 20 al 70%. El límite máximo de huevos /gr de suelo para G. rostochiensis y G. pallida es de 1.2 a 2.1. Los daños no son ocasionados únicamente densidad de población de las especies presentes, también influyen otros factores como el cultivar, el tipo de suelo, la humedad, y los factores ambientales y la susceptibilidad a la marchitez por Verticilium albo atrum y a la bacteria Pseudomonas solanacearum (Mai et al, 1980). En Bolivia y Perú se ha estimado que las perdidas van de 13 000 000 a 128 000000 millones de dólares. Las pérdidas de cultivo están relacionadas con el nivel de huevos /g de suelo, la continua siembra de papa en suelos infestados, la falta de rotación de cultivos, la susceptibilidad de las variedades, teniéndose pérdidas que van de un 9 a un 75% (Gonet & Gonet, 1982). La falta de variedades comerciales resistentes a los nematodos del quiste de la papa y la variación constante de los patotipos del nematodos, se dificulta su control; en el caso de G. pallida, está mejor adaptada a temperaturas frías entre 10 a 18˚C, mientras que G. rostochiensis se desarrolla mejor a 15-25 ˚C (Franco y Evans, 1979). Las consecuencias en los países donde se encuentra Globodera spp. es la pérdida de la rentabilidad, restricciones y perdida de mercados, y restricciones cuarentenarias (Brodie at all. 1993). 3. Distribución geográfica (EPPO PQR, 2015). Se considera que el centro de origen del nematodo dorado de la papa (PCN Globodera spp.) son las montañas de los Andes como Perú, Chile y Bolivia, donde se cultiva papa y es posible que a partir de este sitio haya sido dispersado a Europa y América. La primera vez que se detectó a G. rostochiensis fue en Rostock Alemania en 1881 por Kühn, posteriormente fue descrito por Wollenweber en 1923. En los Estados Unidos se detectó a G. rostochiensis en Long Island, Nueva York en 1983. De acuerdo con EPPO (2010), CABO 2000 Y Smith 1997, actualmente el nematodo dorado se encuentra distribuido ampliamente tiene en todo el mundo; en los siguientes países: África: Argelia, Kenia, Libia, Sierra Leona, Sudáfrica, Túnez América: Bolivia, Canadá (Alberta, British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Perú, Estados Unidos de América (Delaware, New York), Venezuela. Asía: India, (Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Indonesia (Java), Irán, Israel, Japón (Hokkaido, Kyushu), Líbano, Malasia, Omán, Pakistán, Filipinas, Sri Lanka, Tayikistán. Europa: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bélgica, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croacia, Chipre, República Checa, Dinamarca, Estonia, Islas Feroe, Finlandia, Francia, Alemania, Grecia (Kriti), Hungría, Islandia, Irlanda, Italia, Letonia, Lituania, Luxemburgo, Malta, Países Bajos, Noruega, Polonia, Portugal (Azores, Medeira), Rumania, Rusia, Serbia, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, España, Suecia, Turquía, Ucrania, Reino Unido. Oceanía: Australia, Nueva Zelanda. 4. Hospedantes El cultivo de papa es el hospedante principal; el jitomate y la berenjena son los otros únicos cultivos comerciales que son parasitados por el nematodo G. rostochiensis (PCN). Algunos hidridos de Solanum spp. y especies silvestres del género Solanum son hospedantes como. S. aviculare, S. gilo, S. indicum, S. marginatum, S. nigrum, S. quitoense, S. dulcamara, S. rostratum, S. triflorum, S. elaeagnifolium, S. xantii, S. integrifolium y S. sarachoides y cuatro especies del genero Lycopersicum y en Datura stramonium, se conocen y donde se ha comprobado que el nematodo se multiplica. (Mai and Lownsbery,1948, Mai, 1952 and EPPO, 2012, Evans y col. 1993). Cinco patotipos de G. rostochiensis (Ro1 –Ro5) y tres para G. pallida, son reconocidos internacionalmente y son incapaces de multiplicarse en algunos cultivares híbridos; el cultivar resistente con el gen H1, se deriva del S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum, resistente al patotipo Ro1.Entre los hospedantes de G. pallida se reportan a Solanum melongena, S. lycopersicum, varias especies de Solanum y Hyoscyamus niger. 5. Aspectos biológicos 5.1.Ciclo de vida Ambas especies de nematodos son endoparásitos sedentarios, con marcado dimorfismo sexual. Las hembras maduras son esféricas, mientras que los machos son vermiformes. Al alcanzar la madurez la cutícula de las hembras se obscurece por los taninos, formando lo que se conoce como quiste, el cual contiene más de 400 huevos, los cuales en presencia de exudados del hospedante,
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