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Report on Potential Heasures to Alleviate

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Report on Potential Heasures to Alleviate REPORT ON POTENTIAL HEASURES TO ALLEVIATE PROBLEMS CREATED BY CURRENT HIGH LAKE LEVELS TASK S ST. CLAIR/DETRQIT RIVERS TO THE .- INTERNATIONAL JOINT CQMHISS9QN FROM TASK GROUP MEMBERS REG- GOLDING RONALD W ILSHAW DAVE SHlTH FRANK QUINN BENJAHIN DE C06)KE TQH HARTIN OCTOBER 1987 As a result of record high Great Lakes water levels in 1985 and 1986, the Governments of Canada and the United States issued in August, 1986, a Reference to the International Joint Commission for a comprehensive multi-year study of methods to alleviate the adverse consequences of fluctuating Great Lakes water levels. The Governments asked for an - interim report in one year and a final report by Hay 1, 1969. This report on the 'St. Clair/Detroit Rivers' forms part of the documentation which may be used in the preparation of the Commission's Interim Report and deals with measures which can be taken in the short-term to alleviate some of the high water problems. The work reported on herein, has been divided into three areas; the first objective denls with an analysis and review of historic information to determine the effect of the dredging and compensation that has been placed in the St. Clair/Detroit Rivers; the second section deals with the physical and environmental impacts and the cost of removal of the compensation, which has been placed in the Detroit River; the third section deals with the physical and environmental impacts and cost of placing additional compensation to offset the effect of dredging in the St. Clair River. In its natural state, the Detroit River had limited navigation due to a rock ledge located in the lower river. This ledge, known as the Limekiln Crossing, was partially removed to a depth of 13 feet in 1876. Since that date, there have been numerous projects of both dredging and the placing of compensetion to offset the effect of deepening the river. The last project (known as the 27 foot navigation project) was completed in 1962. This project provides for depths that would allow 25.5 foot safe draft for vessels navigating the river. It also included the placing of compensation to offset the effect of this and post projects. The work on placement of these works was completed in 1959. The net impact on lake levels of this work is to raise Lake Michigan-Huron levels 0.0 1 foot and Lake St. Clair 0.02 foot. Work on deepening the St. Clair River began in 1855 and provided minimum navigation depths throughout the river of 20 feet. As in the case of the Detroit River, navigation improvements have continued over the years (1 920- 1922; 1930; 1956). The last project provided for a safe draft for navigation of 25.5 feet. In addition to that dredging, there has been periodic dredging for the removal of sand and gravel from the river bed (1908; 1925). In general, no compensation was provided in connection wlth this work, except to dump spoil material in the deeper sections of the river. Some compensation, however, resulted from the sinking of the Steamers Fontana and Martin in 1900, which raised the levels of Lake Huron by 0.1 1 foot. The net effect of the dredging and compensation for the 25 and 27 foot navigation projects was a lowering of Lake Michigan- Huron by 0.59 foot. Work prior to the dredging for the 25 foot project lowered Lake Hichigan-Huron an additional 0.69 foot, which was partially offset by the sinking of the two steamlers. The net effect of all dredging and compensation placed to date, is a lowering of Lake Huron and Lake Hichigan by approximately 1.17 feet and Lake St. Clair by 0.15 foot. The work in these two rivers over the years has also affected the ice retardation of the flow. This subject was dealt with in the report'on 'Ice Hanagement.' The net effect on lake levels resulting from the change in retardation is to lower the mean levels of Lake Michigan-Huron, St. Clalr and Erie by 0.10 foot, 0.07 foot and 0.05 foot respectively. Removal of the compensation placed in the Detroit River to offset the effect of the 27 foot navigation project would cost in excess of sixty million dollars. Such a project would take approximately five gears to complete and result in a lowering of Lakes Michigan-Huron and St. Clair by 0.15 foot and 0.10 foot respectively. The effect on Lake Erie would be substantially dissipated inless than three years. A lowering of this magnitude would be beneficial to shoreline interests on Lakes Superior and Michigan-Huron by reducing erosion and inundation. There would also be a benefit to recreational users of these lakes. However, during the transition period, Lake Erie would experience a higher rate of erosion, inundation of low lying areas and loss of beach area. The removal of the Detroit River compensation works would have little effect on power productian on the Welland Canal or the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers. Some benefit to power would accrue to the plants located on the St. Glary's River. The removal of the compensating works would disrupt the Detroit River navigation profile and have a negative impact on commercial navigation users throughout the system. The environmental effect can be classified into two periods; the construction phase and; second, the long-term effect of lower levels. During the construction phase there would be a stirring of the bottom material and sediments col~ldcause the covering of spawning areas and disrupt growing vegetation. The Detroit River bottom material is known to contain excessive pollutants which will require special handling. The removal of the compensation works would change flow patterns and could interfere with the migration af fish. The Detroit River receives industrial discharge and municipal sewage. The current structure tends to pool water and promote Increases in fecal coliforms. Removal of the existing structures would tend to improve this situation. Several methods of compensating in the St. Clair River to offset the lowering of Lake Hichigan-Huron, caused by the 25 and 27 foot navigation projects, have been studied over the years. These studies Indicete thet it is technically possible to place sills in the river to raise Lake Michigan- Huron levels by 0.59 foot (the effect of these two projects). The cost would be approximately 25 million dollars with e construction period of from 3 to 10 years. The placing of sills would also raise the levels of Lake Superior and have a lowering effect on Lake Erie. The raising of Lake Superior is caused by use of Plan 1977 for determining the release of water from Lake Superior. Plan 1977 atterrlpts to balance the levels on Lakes Superior and Michigan-Huron about their long-tern mean levels. Hence, higher levels on Lake Michigan-Huron will reduce the outflow from Lake Superior, causing higher levels on that lake. The increase in levels would have a negative effect on shoreline interests by increasing erosion and inundation of low lying areas. Loss would also occur to users of recreational beaches. A small benefit would result to cities which have lake water intakes through a reduction in pumping requirements. The raising of the Lake Michigan-Huron level would provide some benefits to commerical navigation, with little impact on power developments in the lower Great Lakes. However, the raising of the Lake Michigan-Huron levels would have e negetive impact on St. Mey's River power production. Environmegtly, the long-term etfect of the higher regime of levels on fishey and wildlife would be transitoy during the period of habitat adjustment. However, there would be further loss of wetland due to I inundation. I POTENTIAL HEASURES TO ALLEVIATE PROBLEtlS CREATED BY CURRENT H16H LAKE LEVELS ST. CLAIRIDETROIT RIVER Executive Summary introduction Objective A - Physical Effect of Works of Hen on the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers Detroit River St. Clair River Detroit/St. Clair River Ice Objective B - Removal of Compensating Works Detroit River Impact on Users of System of Removal of Compensating Works Construction Procedure and Cost Objective C - Navigation Improvements St. Clair River Compensation. Impact and Cost to Users of the System of Placing Compensation in the St. Clair River FIGURES Figure Wo. Title Page Map of Detroit River 4 Flow Velocities - Detroit River 5 Map of St. Clair River 1 I Flow Velocities - St. Clair River 12 Location of St. Clair 23 Cowrpensation (Sills) Works TABLES Table No. Title Page Physical Effect of Regime 9 Changes in the Detroit River *Physical Effect of Regime 14 Changes in the St. Clair River REFERENCES References REPORT OH POTENTIAL HEASURES TO ALLEVIATE PROBLEHS CREATED BV CURRENT H16H WAfER LEVELS TASK 5 ST. CLAIR/DETROIT RIVERS troduction As a result of record high Great Lakes levels in 1985 and 1906, the Governments of Canada and the United States issued, in August 1986, a new reference to the lnternationa,doint Commission for a comprehensive mu1ti-year study of methods to alleviate the adverse consequences of fluctuating Great Lakes water levels. The Governments asked for an interim report in one year and a final report by May 1, 1989. This report en 'St. Clair/Detrei t Rivers' forms part of the documentation which may be used in the preparatian of the Commissions's Interim Report. The work under this task has been subdivided into three objectives. -Objective A 1. Determine, based on existing studies and analysis, the physical effects of channel dredging and subsequent compensating works in the Detroit River since 1900. 2. Determine, based on existing studies and analysis, the physical effects of sand and gravel removal and navigation dredging in the St.
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