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Tradition and Sustainability in Vernacular Architecture of Southeast Morocco
sustainability Article Tradition and Sustainability in Vernacular Architecture of Southeast Morocco Teresa Gil-Piqueras * and Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestión para el Desarrollo Sostenible–PEGASO, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article is presented after ten years of research on the earthen architecture of southeast- ern Morocco, more specifically that of the natural axis connecting the cities of Midelt and Er-Rachidia, located North and South of the Moroccan northern High Atlas. The typology studied is called ksar (ksour, pl.). Throughout various research projects, we have been able to explore this territory, documenting in field sheets the characteristics of a total of 30 ksour in the Outat valley, 20 in the mountain range and 53 in the Mdagra oasis. The objective of the present work is to analyze, through qualitative and quantitative data, the main characteristics of this vernacular architecture as a perfect example of an environmentally respectful habitat, obtaining concrete data on its traditional character and its sustainability. The methodology followed is based on case studies and, as a result, we have obtained a typological classification of the ksour of this region and their relationship with the territory, as well as the social, functional, defensive, productive, and building characteristics that define them. Knowing and puttin in value this vernacular heritage is the first step towards protecting it and to show our commitment to future generations. Keywords: ksar; vernacular architecture; rammed earth; Morocco; typologies; oasis; High Atlas; sustainable traditional architecture Citation: Gil-Piqueras, T.; Rodríguez-Navarro, P. -
The Geology of England – Critical Examples of Earth History – an Overview
The Geology of England – critical examples of Earth history – an overview Mark A. Woods*, Jonathan R. Lee British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG *Corresponding Author: Mark A. Woods, email: [email protected] Abstract Over the past one billion years, England has experienced a remarkable geological journey. At times it has formed part of ancient volcanic island arcs, mountain ranges and arid deserts; lain beneath deep oceans, shallow tropical seas, extensive coal swamps and vast ice sheets; been inhabited by the earliest complex life forms, dinosaurs, and finally, witnessed the evolution of humans to a level where they now utilise and change the natural environment to meet their societal and economic needs. Evidence of this journey is recorded in the landscape and the rocks and sediments beneath our feet, and this article provides an overview of these events and the themed contributions to this Special Issue of Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, which focuses on ‘The Geology of England – critical examples of Earth History’. Rather than being a stratigraphic account of English geology, this paper and the Special Issue attempts to place the Geology of England within the broader context of key ‘shifts’ and ‘tipping points’ that have occurred during Earth History. 1. Introduction England, together with the wider British Isles, is blessed with huge diversity of geology, reflected by the variety of natural landscapes and abundant geological resources that have underpinned economic growth during and since the Industrial Revolution. Industrialisation provided a practical impetus for better understanding the nature and pattern of the geological record, reflected by the publication in 1815 of the first geological map of Britain by William Smith (Winchester, 2001), and in 1835 by the founding of a national geological survey. -
Le Sang & Le Sol Nomadisme Et Sédentarisation Au Maroc
Le Sang & le Sol Nomadisme et sédentarisation au Maroc Les Ayt Merghad du Haut-Atlas oriental Ahmed Skounti Le Sang & le Sol Nomadisme et sédentarisation au Maroc Les Ayt Merghad du Haut-Atlas oriental 2012 Publication de l’Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe Série : Etudes N° 33 Titre : Le Sang & le Sol Nomadisme et sédentarisation au Maroc Auteur : Ahmed Skounti Editeur : Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe Réalisation et suivi : Centre de la Traduction, de la Documentation, de l’Edition et de la Communication (CTDEC) Imprimerie : El Maârif Al Jadida - Rabat Dépôt légal : 2012 MO 1768 ISBN : 978-9954-28-127-7 Copyright : © IRCAM I Igellin n Bbwa A la mémoire de mon père Moha Ou Zaïd Ouskounti (1917-2002), et de ma mère Hennu Nbarch Ouhadda (1922-2012) Préface Ce livre est une brillante étude sur le nomadisme et la sédentarisation dans la région du sud-est marocain. Il restitue par la description et l’explication du phénomène du nomadisme une vision poétique du monde, une vision en rupture avec les paradigmes à l’œuvre dans l’évolution des sociétés et des communautés humaines. Le nomadisme représente plus qu’une modalité de la résilience face au processus de désenchantement du monde, il exprime la résistance consciente à ce processus. C’est une résistance fondée sur des modes culturels ancestraux, notamment un mode d’exploitation de l’environnement naturel, d’organisation sociale, de production culturelle et un mode de vie et de pensée. L’approche adoptée dans l’ouvrage est à la fois descriptive et interprétative. La description porte sur l’environnement des Ayt Merghad et sur le processus de sédentarisation qui affecte leur mode de vie. -
Wadden Sea Quality Status Report Geomorphology
Photo: Rijkswaterstaat, NL (https://beeldbank.rws.nl). Zuiderduin 2011. Wadden Sea Quality Status Report Geomorphology A. P. Oost, C. Winter, P. Vos, F. Bungenstock, R. Schrijvershof, B. Röbke, J. Bartholdy, J. Hofstede, A. Wurpts, A. Wehrmann This report downloaded: 2018-11-23. This report last updated: 2017-12-21. This report should be cited as: Oost A. P., Winter C., Vos P., Bungenstock F., Schrijvershof R., Röbke B., Bartholdy J., Hofstede J., Wurpts A. & Wehrmann A. (2017) Geomorphology. In: Wadden Sea Quality Status Report 2017. Eds.: Kloepper S. et al., Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Last updated 21.12.2017. Downloaded DD.MM.YYYY. qsr.waddensea-worldheritage.org/reports/geomorphology 1. Introduction The hydro- and morphodynamic processes of the Wadden Sea form the foundation for the ecological, cultural and economic development of the area. Its extraordinary ecosystems, its physical and geographical values and being an outstanding example of representing major stages of the earth’s history are factors why the Wadden Sea received a World Heritage area qualification (UNESCO, 2016). During its existence, the Wadden Sea has been a dynamic tidal system in which the geomorphology of the landscape continuously changed. Driving factors of the morphological changes have been: Holocene sea-level rise, geometry of the Pleistocene surface, development of accommodation space for sedimentation, sediment transport mechanisms (tides and wind) and, the relatively recent, strong human interference in the landscape. In this report new insights into the morphology of the trilateral Wadden Sea gained since the Quality Status Report (QSR) in 2009 (Wiersma et al., 2009) are discussed. After a summary of the Holocene development (sub-section 2.1), the sand-sharing inlet system approach as a building block for understanding the morhodynamic functioning of the system with a special emphasis on the backbarrier (sub-section 2.2) is discussed, followed by other parts of the inlet-system. -
Geology and Petroleum Systems of the Eastern Meseta and Atlas Domains of Morocco
258 Paper 22 Geology and petroleum systems of the Eastern Meseta and Atlas Domains of Morocco FATIMA CHARRAT\ MOHAMAD ELALTI\ MoHO HAMIDI M. NOR2, NG TONG SAN2, SUPIAN SUNTEK2 AND TJIA, H.D.2 10ttice National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolieres Rabat, Maghreb 2PETRONAS Carigali, Tower 1, Petronas Twin Towers 50088 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Morocco (Maghreb), located in Northwest Africa, has three main structural domains: The (a) RifDomain, the (b) Atlas Domain comprising two different structural regions, the relatively stable eastern and western Meseta, (characterized by mildly deformed Mesozoic strata) and the active Middle-High Atlas Belts, where the Meso Cenozoic section was highly folded during the Alpine orogeny; and finally, the (c) Sahara-Anti Atlas Domain at the south, marks the stable margin of the West African Craton. The eastern Meseta, with the Middle and the High Atlas chains (Atlas Domain ss.) is the objective of our study; it extends eastward through Algeria. The Middle Atlas and the High Atlas tectonic belts frame the Meseta. The Cambrian marine transgression over the northwestern African continental platform allowed deposition of shales, silts and sands over a faulted land surface. Folding at the Late Cambrian generated an irregular angular unconformity with the Ordovician sequence. This sequence, dominantly argillaceous at the beginning, ended with a regressive phase of glacio-marine sedimentation that developed coarse sandstones and micro-conglomerate. Volcanic eruptions caused localised metamorphism. The Ordovician ended with regression due to the emergence of the area (Taconic phase). Glacio-eustatism followed, leading to the widespread Silurian deposits of graptolite bearing black clays in shallow marine, confined (euxinic) troughs. -
Alpine Orogeny the Geologic Development of the Mediterranean
Alpine Orogeny The geologic development of the Mediterranean region is driven by the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny, a suturing of Gondwana-derived terranes with the Eurasion craton. In broad terms, this is a Mesozoic and Cenozoic convergent zone that extends from the Spain to Southeastern Asia and may extend along the southwest Pacific as far as New Zealand (Rosenbaum and Lister, 2002). The Alpine orogeny was caused by the convergence of the African and European plates (Frisch, 1979; Tricart, 1984; Haas et al., 1995) with peak collisional phases occurring at different times: Cretaceous in the Eastern Alps and Tertiary in the Western Alps (Schmid et al., 2004). Note: prior to the opening of the Paleotethys sea, the Variscan orogenic belt developed in central Europe then the Laurussian and Gondwana converged in the Devonian and Late Carboniferous. Although the location of the suture Extent of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt is not clear, the orogenic belt was extensive, (Rosenbaum and Lister, 2002). running from the Bohemian Massif to the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinarides belt (). The Paleotethys sea existed in the Triassic but closed in the early Mesozoic due to convergence along the Cimmerian (and Indosinian) suture zone. The Paleotethys (or Tethys I) has been described as a wedge- shaped ocean that opened to the east, separating Eurasia from Africa, India, and Australia (Laurasia and Gondwana). Very little evidence of the Paleotethys exists today which has caused some to question its existence (Meyerhoff and Eremenko, 1976) The Tethys opened as Pangea broke up in the Early Jurassic and Africa moved east relative to Europe. -
Große Exkursion Marokko 2013
Große Exkursion der Geographischen Gesellschaft München Marokko: Land zwischen Tradition und Moderne Leitung: Prof. Dr. Herbert Popp, Bayreuth (ehemals München) von Samstag, 23. März 2013 bis Samstag, 6. April 2013 Marokko als das sicherlich faszinierendste Land in Nordafrika hat eine lange Geschichte und Tradition: von den Berbern und Römern über das Sultanat und die europäischen Kolonialherren (insbesondere Frankreich von 1912-1956) zur Unabhängigkeit und Neukonstituierung als Königreich. Im Unterschied zu manchen seiner Nachbarn war Marokko in den letzten Jahr- zehnten politisch stabil und wirtschaftlich erfolgreich. Zahlreiche Modernisierungsprozesse haben in dem Land eine leistungsfähige Bewässerungslandwirtschaft, dynamisch expandierende, quirlige Städte und einen sehr vielgestaltigen und aktiven Tourismus entstehen lassen. Zugleich konnte das Land noch zahlreiche Traditionen bewahren, die insbesondere für die europäischen Besucher aufgrund der Photogenität ihrer sichtbaren Ausprägungen eine Art „lebender Orient“ vermitteln. Die Altstädte (Medinen) der „Königsstädte“, die ländlichen Wochenmärkte (Souks) mit ihren farbenfrohen und lebendigen Angeboten, die schnee- und zedernbedeckten Gebirge von Hohem bzw. Mittlerem Atlas mit ihren reizvollen Lehmdörfern und ihrer gastfreundlichen Berberbevölkerung, die Sandwüstenfelder saharischer Prägung und die in sattem Grün erscheinenden Flussoasen südlich des Atlasgebirges (vor allem entlang der sog. „Straße der Kasbahs“) sind nur einige, besondere bekannte Attraktionen, die dieses Land dem -
Stepwise Basin Evolution of the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Rift Phase in the Central Graben Area of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands
Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Stepwise basin evolution of the Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous rift phase in the Central Graben area of Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands R. M. C. H. VERREUSSEL1*, R. BOUROULLEC2, D. K. MUNSTERMAN1, K. DYBKJÆR3, C. R. GEEL2,A.J.P.HOUBEN1, P. N. JOHANNESSEN3 & S. J. KERSTHOLT-BOEGEHOLD2 1TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands 2TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Applied Geosciences, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands 3GEUS Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents the results of a cross-border study of the Middle Jurassic–Early Cre- taceous rift phase in the Danish–German–Dutch Central Graben area. Based on long-distance cor- relations of palynologically interpreted wells, a stepwise basin evolution pattern was determined. Four phases are defined and described as tectonostratigraphic mega-sequences (TMS). The TMS are governed by changes in the tectonic regime. TMS-1 reflects the onset of rifting, triggered by regional east–west extension. Rift climax was reached during TMS-1, reflected by thick mudstone accumulations. TMS-2 reflects a change in the tectonic regime from east–west to NE–SW extension. NW–SE-trending normal faults became active during this phase, switching the depocentres from the graben axis into adjacent basins. TMS-3 displays divergent basin development. In the Dutch Central Graben area, it is characterized by a basal unconformity and widespread sandstone deposition, indi- cating continued salt and fault activity. -
Routes Over De Waddenzee
5a 2020 Routes over de Waddenzee 7 5 6 8 DELFZIJL 4 G RONINGEN 3 LEEUWARDEN WINSCHOTEN 2 DRACHTEN SNEEK A SSEN 1 DEN HELDER E MMEN Inhoud Inleiding 3 Aanvullende informatie 4 5 1 Den Oever – Oudeschild – Den Helder 9 5 2 Kornwerderzand – Harlingen 13 5 3 Harlingen – Noordzee 15 5 4 Vlieland – Terschelling 17 5 5 Ameland 19 5 6 Lauwersoog – Noordzee 21 5 7 Lauwersoog – Schiermonnikoog – Eems 23 5 8 Delfzijl 25 Colofon 26 Het auteursrecht op het materiaal van ‘Varen doe je Samen!’ ligt bij de Convenantpartners die bij dit project betrokken zijn. Overname van illustraties en/of teksten is uitsluitend toegestaan na schriftelijke toestemming van de Stichting Waterrecreatie Nederland, www waterrecreatienederland nl 2 Voorwoord Het bevorderen van de veiligheid voor beroeps- en recreatievaart op dezelfde vaarweg. Dat is kortweg het doel van het project ‘Varen doe je Samen!’. In het kader van dit project zijn ‘knooppunten’ op vaarwegen beschreven. Plaatsen waar beroepsvaart en recreatievaart elkaar ontmoeten en waar een gevaarlijke situatie kan ontstaan. Per regio krijgt u aanbevelingen hoe u deze drukke punten op het vaarwater vlot en veilig kunt passeren. De weergegeven kaarten zijn niet geschikt voor navigatiedoeleinden. Dat klinkt wat tegenstrijdig voor aanbevolen routes, maar hiermee is bedoeld dat de kaarten een aanvulling zijn op de officiële waterkaarten. Gebruik aan boord altijd de meest recente kaarten uit de 1800-serie en de ANWB-Wateralmanak. Neem in dit vaargebied ook de getijtafels en stroomatlassen (HP 33 Waterstanden en stromen) van de Dienst der Hydrografie mee. Op getijdenwater is de meest actuele informatie onmisbaar voor veilige navigatie. -
La Surveillance Epidémiologique Du Trachome Cécitant
ROYAUME DU MAROC MINISTERE DE LA SANTE ELIMINATION DU TRACHOME CECITANT DANS LE SUD DU MAROC Système de Surveillance Epidémiologique du trachome DIRECTION DE L’EPIDEMIOLOGIE ET DE LUTTE CONTRE LES MALADIES DIVISION DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES SERVICE DES MALADIES OCULAIRES ET OTOLOGIQUES PROGRAMME NATIONAL DE LUTTE CONTRE LA CECITE AUTEURS : • DR JAOUAD HAMMOU • DR NOUREDDINE CHAOUKI AVEC L ’APPUI DU • DR SILVIO MARIOTTI PAOLO - OMS • DR IBRAHIM JABR - ITI SMOO -PNLC - 2006 PREFACE Le succès durable du processus d’élimination de la cécité occasionnée par le trachome ne devrait pas se limiter au traitement par les antibiotiques des cas de trachome folliculaire ou à prendre en charge les complications du trachome, mais leur associer, de façon prenne, des actions d’éducation sanitaire et de promotion de l’hygiène individuelle et collectives qui généreront des changements durables de l’environnement et du cadre de vie des populations qui en sont concernées. L’approvisionnement en eau et l’assainissement liquide et solides associés à la sensibilisation de la population se sont avérés au cours des phases ultérieures du projet comme étant des facteurs essentiels dans l’amélioration de l’hygiène individuelle et collective. Ces acquis seront entretenus et développés avec le concours de tous les partenaires et dans le cadre des comités de coordination à tout les niveaux : national, provincial et communautaire. 2 Table de matière Préface 2 Lexique 5 Introduction 6 Organisation du système de la surveillance épidémiologique au Maroc 8 1. Liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire 2. Circuit de l’information 3. Notification par messagerie électronique 4. Gestion des données 5. -
Pauvrete, Developpement Humain
ROYAUME DU MAROC HAUT COMMISSARIAT AU PLAN PAUVRETE, DEVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN ET DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL AU MAROC Données cartographiques et statistiques Septembre 2004 Remerciements La présente cartographie de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social est le résultat d’un travail d’équipe. Elle a été élaborée par un groupe de spécialistes du Haut Commissariat au Plan (Observatoire des conditions de vie de la population), formé de Mme Ikira D . (Statisticienne) et MM. Douidich M. (Statisticien-économiste), Ezzrari J. (Economiste), Nekrache H. (Statisticien- démographe) et Soudi K. (Statisticien-démographe). Qu’ils en soient vivement remerciés. Mes remerciements vont aussi à MM. Benkasmi M. et Teto A. d’avoir participé aux travaux préparatoires de cette étude, et à Mr Peter Lanjouw, fondateur de la cartographie de la pauvreté, d’avoir été en contact permanent avec l’ensemble de ces spécialistes. SOMMAIRE Ahmed LAHLIMI ALAMI Haut Commissaire au Plan 2 SOMMAIRE Page Partie I : PRESENTATION GENERALE I. Approche de la pauvreté, de la vulnérabilité et de l’inégalité 1.1. Concepts et mesures 1.2. Indicateurs de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité au Maroc II. Objectifs et consistance des indices communaux de développement humain et de développement social 2.1. Objectifs 2.2. Consistance et mesure de l’indice communal de développement humain 2.3. Consistance et mesure de l’indice communal de développement social III. Cartographie de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social IV. Niveaux et évolution de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social 4.1. Niveaux et évolution de la pauvreté 4.2. -
Proceedings of the Third International American Moroccan Agricultural Sciences Conference - AMAS Conference III, December 13-16, 2016, Ouarzazate, Morocco
Atlas Journal of Biology 2017, pp. 313–354 doi: 10.5147/ajb.2017.0148 Proceedings of the Third International American Moroccan Agricultural Sciences Conference - AMAS Conference III, December 13-16, 2016, Ouarzazate, Morocco My Abdelmajid Kassem1*, Alan Walters2, Karen Midden2, and Khalid Meksem2 1 Plant Genetics, Genomics, and Biotechnology Lab, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC 28301, USA; 2 Dept. of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Car- bondale, IL 62901-4415, USA Received: December 16, 2016 / Accepted: February 1, 2017 Abstract ORAL PRESENTATIONS ABSTRACTS The International American Moroccan Agricultural Sciences WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY Conference (AMAS Conference; www.amas-conference.org) is an international conference organized by the High Council DECEMBER 14 & 15, 2016 of Moroccan American Scholars and Academics (HC-MASA; www.hc-masa.org) in collaboration with various universities I. SESSION I. DATE PALM I: ECOSYSTEM’S PRESENT and research institutes in Morocco. The first edition (AMAS AND FUTURE, MAJOR DISEASES, AND PRODUC- Conference I) was organized on March 18-19, 2013 in Ra- TION SYSTEMS bat, Morocco; AMAS Conference II was organized on October 18-20, 2014 in Marrakech, Morocco; and AMAS III was or- Co-Chair: Mohamed Baaziz, Professor, Cadi Ayyad University, ganized on December 13-16, 2016 in Ouarzazate, Morocco. Marrakech, Morocco The current proceedings summarizes abstracts from 62 oral Co-Chair: Ikram Blilou, Professor, Wageningen University & Re- presentations and 100 posters that were presented during search, The Netherlands AMAS Conference III. 1. Date Palm Adaptative Strategies to Desert Conditions Keywords: AMAS Conference, HC-MASA, Agricultural Sciences. Alejandro Aragón Raygoza, Juan Caballero, Xiao, Ting Ting, Yanming Deng, Ramona Marasco, Daniele Daffonchio and Ikram Blilou*.