DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-20-2012 12:00 AM Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations Christine E. Boston The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Andrew Nelson The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Christine E. Boston 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Boston, Christine E., "Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 665. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/665 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations (Spine title: Artificial Cranial Modification in Northern Chile) (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Christine Elisabeth Boston Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Christine Elisabeth Boston 2012 i THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Andrew Nelson Dr. Christine White Supervisory Committee ______________________________ Dr. Alexis Dolphin ______________________________ Dr. Christine White ______________________________ Dr. Sonia Guillen ______________________________ Dr. Alexis Dolphin ______________________________ Dr. Drew Smith The thesis by Christine Elisabeth Boston entitled: Investigations of the Biological Consequences and Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean Populations is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy ______________________ _______________________________ Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii Abstract The purpose of this study is to build on existing normative models of craniofacial growth and previous craniofacial studies of artificial cranial modification (ACM) in order to deepen the cultural and biological understanding of the this practice. Areas of concentration include a study of the biological changes to cranial epigenetic traits and facial metrics related to ACM, an examination of the biological effects of ACM in order to assess their implications on morbidity and mortality, and an investigation into the cultural motivations for ACM. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) ACM did not affect epigenetic trait incidence or facial metrics; 2) ACM increased morbidity and mortality of modified individuals; and 3) ACM was a marker of either social status or ethnicity. These hypotheses were addressed using quantitative and qualitative analyses of the craniofacial skeleton of ancient northern Chilean groups, including cephalometrics, craniometrics, various statistical analyses, and survey of specific epigenetic traits, pathological conditions, and grave goods. As well, these hypotheses were also addressed using various ACM typologies placed within the context of a “nested typology”. It was concluded that when ACM styles are pooled the effects of ACM are not discernable, but the results did demonstrate that the various ACM styles do affect epigenetic traits and some facial metrics. ACM did minimally affect morbidity and mortality within these samples. As well, ACM was not practiced solely as a marker of social status or ethnicity, and it was ultimately determined that motivations for practicing ACM were multifactorial. Keywords Artificial cranial modification, Azapa Valley, Lluta Valley, Camarones Valley, cephalometry, epigenetic traits, status, ethnicity, Chile iii Acknowledgements This research was funded in part by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship (2009-2010), GTA Union Scholarships, and the Mason’s Student Scholarship. I would like to extend a special thanks to my Chilean colleagues, Dr. Bernardo Arriaza, Vivien Standen, Octavio Lagos Flores, Dr. Carlos Ubceda, Mayorie Chandia, Mariel Gonzalez, Dr. Marietta Ortega, Natalia Escobar, Osvaldo San Juan, and the many others who aided me in research. Some of my research may not have been completed without their help and I will be forever grateful. Muchas gracias! I would also like to extend a special thanks to my North American colleagues, Dr. Vicki Cassman, for generously donating her data for the completion of part of this research, and Dr. Richard Sutter, for his insights into the Chilean collections. I would also like to thank my PhD Committee, Dr. Christine White, Dr. Jean-Francois Millaire, Dr. Alexis Dolphin, Dr. Sonia Guillen, and Dr. Drew Smith, for their constructive feedback. I must add further thanks to Drs. Smith and Millaire for providing me use of facilities, books, and assistance in completing this doctoral research and written dissertation. Along these lines, I would be remiss in not thanking Dr. Lesley Short for training me in cephalometric methods and inspiring some of these research methods. I would not be here at this time without the supervision of Dr. Andrew Nelson. I must thank him for suggesting this project and his assistance along the way. I also want to thank his wife, Christine, for her words of encouragement and eating my cookies. My family, friends, and fur babies have been great supports over the last few years- always being there during the good and bad times. I could not have done this without you and will never forget your assistance. Thank you. I apologize to any one I may have forgotten to acknowledge here. It’s been a long road. You will be remembered and thanked in person (and probably with an apology beer). iv Table of Contents CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION ........................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments……...................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review: Artificial Cranial Modification ................................................ 1 1.2 Outline of Doctoral Research ……………………………………………………..4 1.3 Artificial Cranial Modification & Cranial Morphological Change……………….4 1.3.1 Hypothesis Testing ……...………………………………………………………5 1.4 Artificial Cranial Modification & Morbidity and Mortality…..……………...…..6 1.4.1 Hypothesis Testing ……………………………………………………………...6 1.5 Artificial Cranial Modification & Social Motivations…...……........................…..8 1.5.1 Artificial Cranial Modification and Ethnicity...…………….…………………...9 1.5.2 Artificial Cranial Modification and Social Status….…………………...……...10 1.5.3 Hypothesis Testing……………………………………………………………..10 1.6 Format of Dissertation…………………………………………………………...11 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….12 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 20 2 Literature Review of Cranial Modification and Nested Typology.......................... 20 2.1 Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification ...................................... 21 v 2.2 Artificial Cranial Modification-Related Growth Changes……………………….25 2.2.1 Artificial Cranial Modification and Craniofacial Growth Studies…..................25 2.2.2 Artificial Cranial Modification and Epigenetic Traits Studies ………………..29 2.3 Typological Designations of Artificial Cranial Modification Styles…………....32 2.4 Nested Typology: New Method, Possible Solution.……………………………..36 2.5 Solution 2: Distinguishing Artificial Cranial Modification Styles Through Geometric Morphometric Analyses …………………………………………..…41 2.6 Conclusion ……………………………………………….……………………...44 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….45 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 53 3 Examining the Effects of Artificial Cranial Modification on Craniofacial Epigenetic Traits and Facial Metrics …………………........................................53 3.1 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps University of California, Los Angeles, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Centre for Textile Research Textiles PreColombinos VII 11-13-2017 Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps University of California, Los Angeles, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pct7 Part of the Art and Materials Conservation Commons, Chicana/o Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Latina/o Studies Commons, Museum Studies Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Phipps, Elena, "Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1" (2017). PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII. 10. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pct7/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Centre for Textile Research at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps In PreColumbian Textile Conference VII / Jornadas de Textiles PreColombinos VII, ed. Lena Bjerregaard and Ann Peters (Lincoln, NE: Zea Books, 2017), pp. 162–175 doi:10.13014/K2V40SCN Copyright © 2017 by the author. Compilation copyright © 2017 Centre for Textile Research, University of Copenhagen. 8 Andean Textile Traditions: Material Knowledge and Culture, Part 1 Elena Phipps Abstract The development of rich and complex Andean textile traditions spanned millennia, in concert with the development of cul- tures that utilized textiles as a primary form of expression and communication.
    [Show full text]
  • ESJOA Spring 2011
    Volume 6 Issue 1 C.S.U.D.H. ELECTRONIC STUDENT JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY Spring 2011 V O L U M E 6 ( 1 ) : S P R I N G 2 0 1 1 California State University Dominguez Hills Electronic Student Journal of Anthropology Editor In Chief Review Staff Scott Bigney Celso Jaquez Jessica Williams Maggie Slater Alex Salazar 2004 CSU Dominguez Hills Anthropology Club 1000 E Victoria Street, Carson CA 90747 Phone 310.243.3514 • Email [email protected] I Table of Contents THEORY CORNER Essay: Functionalism in Anthropological Theory By: Julie Wennstrom pp. 1-6 Abstract: Franz Boas, “Methods of Ethnology” By: Maggie Slater pp. 7 Abstract: Marvin Harris “Anthropology and the Theoretical and Paradigmatic Significance of the Collapse of Soviet and East European Communism By: Samantha Glover pp. 8 Abstract: Eleanor Burke Leacock “Women’s Status In Egalitarian Society: Implications For Social Evolution” By: Jessica Williams pp. 9 STUDENT RESEARCH Chinchorro Culture By: Kassie Sugimoto pp. 10-22 Reconstructing Ritual Change at Preceramic Asana By: Dylan Myers pp. 23-33 The Kogi (Kaggaba) of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Kotosh Religious Tradition: Ethnographic Analysis of Religious Specialists and Religious Architecture of a Contemporary Indigenous Culture and Comparison to Three Preceramic Central Andean Highland Sites By: Celso Jaquez pp. 34-59 The Early Formative in Ecuador: The Curious Site of Real Alto By: Ana Cuellar pp. 60-70 II Ecstatic Shamanism or Canonist Religious Ideology? By: Samantha Glover pp. 71-83 Wari Plazas: An analysis of Proxemics and the Role of Public Ceremony By: Audrey Dollar pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranial Modification and the Shapes of Heads Across the Andes
    UC Merced UC Merced Previously Published Works Title Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xt318df Author Torres-Rouff, Christina Publication Date 2020-06-01 DOI 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.06.007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California International Journal of Paleopathology xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Paleopathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpp Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes ⁎ Christina Torres-Rouffa,b, a Department of Anthropology & Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, United States b Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This broad literature review considers advances in the study of cranial vault modification with an emphasis on Head shape classification investigations of Andean skeletal remains over the last two decades. I delimit three broad categories of research, Cranial morphology building on Verano’s synthesis of the state of Andean paleopathology in 1997. These are associations with Social identity skeletal pathological conditions, classification and morphology, and social identity. Progress is noted in eachof Bioarchaeology these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology as well as the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice. The article concludes with avenues for future research on head shapinginthe Andes specifically and paleopathology more broadly. The practice of shaping the head (Fig. 1) occupies a liminal space in turned his attention to it.
    [Show full text]
  • 0800,),&$7,21 ,1 7+
    Pregledni rad Acta med-hist Adriat 2014; 12(2);329-370 Review article UDK: 393.3(3) 0800,),&$7,21,17+( $1&,(17$1'1(::25/' MUMIFIKACIJA U STAROM I NOVOM SVIJETU $QD0DUtD5RVVR In memoriam of Dr. Guillermo Zanniello, expert support and qualified guide in my medicine works Summary In the Ancient and New World there was a custom to preserve the corpse in a natural and artificial way. Since Paleolithic man believed in an afterlife and even in Mesoamerica and the Andes cultures, care and ceremony were practiced to the burial of the dead in an ances- tral cult. Mortuary rituals were developed in Pre-dynastic Egypt (4500-3100 BC) but appar- ently they had begun before in America, c. 5000 BC. Mummies served for assisting the soul to survive and for preventing the dead from frighten- ing the livings. Incas arrived at a point of perfection in these practices after other Andean cultures but we should not forget their older predecessors, the Chinchorro culture on the arid coast of the Atacama Desert. Different steps in the technique can be distinguished in both worlds: natural desiccation covered by animal skins, methods to protect the body skin and flesh removal, replacement with clay; black, red or mud-coated corpses, evisceration, body cavity treatment, cleansing and anointing the interior, brain removal, mummified bodies, corpses covered with natron, before being washed and bandaged or wrapped. It will be necessary to carefully check dates, techniques and periods in the two zones to estab- lish exactly the evolution of the methods applied. .H\ZRUGV: Mummification; ancient and new world; methods and first intentional technique * University of Buenos Aires Argentina, vice President of the Internacional Society for the History of Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • High Resolution Computed Tomography of a Chinchorro Mummy
    Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. D, 45, pp. 1–8, December 21, 2019 High Resolution Computed Tomography of a Chinchorro Mummy Mario Castro1, 2, Ken-ichi Shinoda3, Hideyuki Takano4, Ryota Shimofusa5, Seiji Yamamoto6 and Kazuhiro Sakaue3 1 Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Av. Las Condes 12438, Santiago 7710162, Chile 2 Department of Museums, Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural, Av. Recoleta 683, Santiago 8420260, Chile 3 Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Pref. 305–0005, Tokyo, Japan 4 Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan 5 Department of Radiology, Sannou Hospital, Chiba, Japan 6 Autopsy Imaging Information Center (Ai Center), Tokyo, Japan Abstract The use of advanced medical imaging technology in the study of mummified bodies is becoming increasingly common, as it offers the possibility of obtaining a large quantity of informa- tion without affecting the conservation of the ancient remains. In March 2013, the mummy of a Chinchorro infant was examined at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Japan, using high-resolution computed tomography with a 16×0.5 mm detector configuration. The study was conducted while the mummy was on loan to the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo for a special exhibition, and sought to gather information on the mortuary technique employed and state of conservation of the mummified body. A whole-body scan was performed with a slice thick- ness of 1 mm and a peak voltage of 120 kVp. The data obtained was processed using different soft- ware programs and enabled the research team to better understand the mummification technique employed, as well as to identify anatomical structures of the face and neck that were hidden by a mask but were important for determining bioanthropological parameters such as age.
    [Show full text]
  • Bound by a Silver Chain: 1571 37 by Maggie Favretti, Scarsdale High School (NY)
    World History Bulletin Fall 2006 Vol. XXII No. 2 H. Micheal Tarver Editor [email protected] In This Issue Editor’s Note Inside Front Cover Letter from the President 1 Minutes of the June 2006 World History Association Executive Council Meeting 2 WHB Focus Issue & Teaching Forum, Guest Editor - Richard Weiner, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IN) 6 Cooking a Cuban Ajiaco: The Columbian Exchange in a Stewpot 8 by Gregory T. Cushman, University of Kansas (KS) Consider Panama 13 by Rick Warner, Wabash College (IN) Indigenous Peoples, the Chaco War, and State Formation in a World History Context 14 by René Harder Horst, Appalachian State University (NC) Caral and the Re-Envisioning of the Ancient Americas in World History 18 by Ben Leeming, The Rivers School (MA) Mini-Essays on Latin America 22 Chinchorro Mummies by Christine Boston The Panama Canal by Philippe R. Girard Terra Incognita: Latin America in World History 27 by Suzanne B. Pasztor, Humboldt State University (CA) The Caribbean as Crossroads of World History 30 by Gary Van Valen, University of West Georgia (GA) Reflections on the Importance of Teaching the Spanish Borderlands in the U. S. History Class 34 An Editorial by H. Micheal Tarver 2006 WHA Teaching Prize Lesson Plan - Bound by a Silver Chain: 1571 37 by Maggie Favretti, Scarsdale High School (NY) Book Reviews, Book Review Coordinator - Peter Dykema, Arkansas Tech University (AR) 43 Silver, Markets, and States: The Impact of Islamic Trade on Eastern Europe in the Ninth through Eleventh Centuries 47 by Dariusz Adamczyk, Universität Hannover (GER) Call For Papers - Sixteenth Annual Conference of the World History Association (Milwaukee, WI) 49 WHA at the AHA: 2007 51 November 2006 Greetings.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Tuesday, 1:55 Pm – 4:55 Pm, Rog 0110 Office Hours: Tuesday 10-12 Am and by Appointment Instructor: Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo, Ph.D
    ANT 4930 ANG 6186 Spring 2018 SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Tuesday, 1:55 pm – 4:55 pm, Rog 0110 Office Hours: Tuesday 10-12 am and by appointment Instructor: Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo, Ph.D. Associate Professor Email: [email protected] The objective of this course is to create a baseline of knowledge on the archaeological heritage found in South America. South America is comprised of environments of coastal deserts, tropical humid forest, and highlands with permanent glaciers even on the Equatorial line. These environments create a mosaic of diversity in which complex forms of indigenous organizations developed. These peoples practiced mummification (Chinchorro culture), collected trophy heads (Nazca), and built complex architectural mounds, temples and pyramids. In the Andes, ancient complex road systems cross from Chile to Colombia and theocratic chiefdoms, such as the Tairona, and state societies and kingdoms arose with exuberant mortuary architecture and temples. It is the place where the empire of the Incas is located and where the mythology of El Dorado was created (Muisca chiefdoms). The Andes is the location in the Americas where pottery and metallurgy were invented and along with the Orinoco and Amazonian Basins is where several plants such as peppers, beans, potatoes, peanuts, manioc, and cotton were domesticated in South America. In this course, we will examine the early peopling of South America, the collector strategies of the coast, lowlands and highlands, and the origins of pottery production, food production and agricultural technologies. Some of the objectives of the course are to explain the rise of ceremonial centers such as Chavín; the development of chiefdoms in the llanos of Venezuela, on Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon River, and the northern Andes and lowlands such as San Agustín, Muisca, and Sinú, and the formation process of Andean states such as Moche, Chimú, Huari, Tiawanaku and the Inka.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology of America
    2019/2020 Archaeology of America Code: 100731 ECTS Credits: 6 Degree Type Year Semester 2500241 Archaeology OT 3 0 2500241 Archaeology OT 4 0 Contact Use of Languages Name: Laura Mameli Iriarte Principal working language: spanish (spa) Email: [email protected] Some groups entirely in English: No Some groups entirely in Catalan: No Some groups entirely in Spanish: Yes Teachers Laura Mameli Iriarte Prerequisites Those that are considered in general procedure for the Grade in Archaeology Objectives and Contextualisation This course intends to provide knowledge of human history in the American continent, from the arrival of the first populations, millennia ago, to the emergence of state societies. It will emphasize the diversity that has characterized societies, as well as the processes of change, analyzing their causes and presenting the observable effects in the archaeological record, from which we know the dynamics of societies and their transformations. For this purpose, the course will be based on the presentation and discussion of archaeological evidence on the different hunting and gathering societies that inhabited extremely dissimilar environments with different economic and social strategies. Likewise, the economic, technological and social transformations that led to the sedentary lifestyle of some human groups will be discussed, documenting the origins of farming and herding. From the appearance of sedentary and life, new forms of social organization were established, becoming more complex until the appearance of ceremonial centers, kingdoms, States, and Empires, which co-existed in time with hunter-gatherer societies. In some cases, empires, complex societies, and hunter-gatherer societies coincided in time and space. A majority of sessions will be devoted to the study of complex societies of two areas: Mesoamerica and Central Andes, where highly complex societies developed until their end with the arrival of Europeans to the New World.
    [Show full text]
  • Pescadores De La Niebla. Los Changos Y Sus Ancestros 2008
    Pescadores de la niebla Los changos y sus ancestros Fishermen of the fog The Changos and their ancestors Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino Fundación Familia Larraín Echenique Ilustre Municipalidad de Santiago Auspicio: Ley de Donaciones Culturales 1 Pescadores de la niebla Los changos y sus ancestros Exposición noviembre 2008 - mayo 2009 2 3 Para la Fundación Familia Larraín Echenique y la Ilustre Municipalidad de Santiago es muy grato presentar la exposición Pescadores de la niebla: Los changos y sus ancestros, una singular muestra que pretende revalorizar la vida de las poco conocidas poblaciones de pescadores prehistóricos de la costa norte de Chile. En este esfuerzo colaboraron las siguientes instituciones: Museo Regional, Corporación Municipal de Desarrollo Social, Iquique; Museo Arqueológico, Municipalidad de Tocopilla; Museo Histórico Natural y Casa de la Cultura de Mejillones; Instituto de Investigación Antropológica, Universidad de Antofagasta; Museo Augusto Capdeville, Municipalidad de Taltal; Museo Arqueológico de La Serena; Corporación Museo de Arqueología e Historia Francisco Fonck, Viña del Mar; Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaíso; Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Museo de Artes Visuales, Santiago; Museo Andino, Buin. Agradecemos a Minera Escondida, que, con su generosa colaboración, hizo posible la realización de esta importante iniciativa cultural, patrocinada por la Ley de Donaciones Culturales. Cl a r a Bu d n i k Si n a y ra ú l al C a í n o li h n Presidenta Alcalde Fundación Familia
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Mummies from the Andes
    Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 2 (2004) 141–157 UCD 572:903:614.64(=98) Original scientific paper Artificial Mummies from the Andes Sonia E. Guillén Centro Mallqui, The Bioanthropology Foundation Peru, Lima, Peru ABSTRACT In 1997 agricultural workers, turned into looters, found an intact funerary site in the cloud forest in northeastern Peru. A prompt archaeological rescue project permitted the recovery of an important collection of mummies and artifacts that are providing impor- tant insights about the archaeology of the Chachapoya people that established in this area around 900 AD up to the Inca conquest of this territory around the year 1475. The mummies recovered showed evidence of cultural practices devised and used to assure the preservation of the human bodies. Such practices are also reported for among Chin- chorro and Chiribaya mummies in the Andes. A cultural interpretation of these funer- ary activities is discussed connecting the practice of the cult to the ancestors to the access and management of resources and territory. Key words: artificial mummies, embalming, Andes, Chachapoya, Chinchorro, Inca Introduction The two most ancient traditions for ar- time the soul left the body, immediately tificial mummification in the Old and after death, and when the sem priest New World occur in dry environmental breathed life into the mummy’s mouth settings. Here, however, similarities in and thus restored soul to body2,3. The in- ritual and significance end. The earliest dividual, once more complete, then trav- Egyptian examples date to the 4th Dy- eled west to the afterworld. There was no nasty (2613–2494 BC), including cases worldly reincarnation, no cycle of regen- where the internal organs of the deceased erated human life.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile: Travesías Culturales
    turismo cultural TRAVESÍAS CULTURALES Cultural Journeys TRaVESíaS CULTURaLES Cultural Journeys CHILE: TRAVESÍAS CULTURALES Chile: Cultural Journeys Publicación a cargo de Isidora Cabezón Papic (CNCA) Dirección editorial: Magdalena Aninat Sahli (CNCA) Edición general y corrección de estilo: Lucas Lecaros Calabacero (CNCA) Coordinación: Marcelo Varela Zúñiga (CNCA) Autores de los textos: Daniel Rojas, Lautaro Núñez, Raúl Mavrakis, Rodrigo Zalaquett, Gonzalo Ampuero, Sergio Paz, Michæ l Jones, Julio Hotus, Ramón Galaz, Pedro Gandolfo, Arnoldo Weber, Manuel Gedda, Bruno Bettati, Renato Cárdenas, Guillermo Rauld, Bárbara Saavedra, Paola Etchegaray, Alfredo Prieto Traducción y edición al inglés: Margaret Snook Dirección de Arte: Ignacio Poblete Castro (CNCA) Diseño y diagramación: Juan Carlos Berthelon Apoyo en diagramación: Valentina Silva Irarrázabal y María Francisca Maldonado Torres (CNCA) Fotografías: Universidad Austral, Claudia Campos, Corporación Cultural Teatro del Lago (Pedro Valenzuela), Alexis Díaz, Claudio Garrido, Javier Godoy, Tania Hernández, I. Municipalidad de Hualpén, MAC Valdivia, Jorge Marín, Francisco Manríquez, Fernando Meléndez, Sebastián Moreno, Milena Mollo, Muestra de Cine en la Patagonia, Gabriel Pérez (Ocho Libros), Nicolás Piwonka (Ocho Libros), Francisco Pereda (Ocho Libros), Claudio Pérez, Riolab, Lucía Rodríguez, Víctor Rojas, Paula Rossetti, Diario el Tipógrafo, Javier Tobar, Ariel Velásquez, Juan Pablo Zurita Retoque / Corrección de color: Eliana Arévalo / Paola Cifuentes En tapas, imágenes de Jorge Marín (máscara de La Tirana y ruka mapuche en lago Budi), Alexis Díaz (Salitrera de Santa Laura), Nicolás Piwonka (minga de tiradora en Chiloé) y Víctor Rojas (Ahu Tongariki) © Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes Registro de Propiedad Intelectual n0 215.574 ISBN: 978-956-8327-013-2 www.cultura.gob.cl Se autoriza la reproducción parcial citando la fuente correspondiente.
    [Show full text]
  • 512 BIBLIOGRAPHY Acevedo R., Jorge; Aguayo-Lobo, A. And
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Acevedo R., Jorge; Aguayo-Lobo, A. and Sielfeld, W. 2003 Eventos reproductivos del león marino común, Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800), en el norte de Chile (Pacífico Suroriental). Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 38: 69-75. Alvarez-Fernandez, E.; Chauvin, A.; Cubas, M., Arias, P. and Ontanon, R. 2011 Mollusc Shell Sizes in Archaeological Contexts in Northern Spain (13200 to 2600 Cal Bc): New Data from La Garma A and Los Gitanos (Cantabria). Archaeometry 53: 963-985. Adlerstein, S. 1987 Age and growth of Concholepas concholepas (Bruguiere, 1789) using microgrowth structure and spectral analysis. Master of Science, University of Washington (unpublished). Ames, Kenneth M. 1994 The Northwest Coast: Complex Hunter-Gatherers, Ecology, and Social Evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 209–229. Anderson, D. G.; K. A. Maasch and D. H. Sandweiss 2007 Climate and culture change: exploring Holocene transitions. In D.G. Anderson, K.A. Maasch, and D.H. Sandweiss (eds.), Climate change and cultural dynamics a global perspective on mid-Holocene transitions. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-23. Andrefsky, William. 1998 Lithics: macroscopic approaches to analysis. Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge: University Press. 128 pp. Andrus, C. Fred, T. 2011 Shell midden sclerochronology. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2892- 2905. 2012 Molluscs as oxygen-isotope season-of-capture proxies in southeastern United States archaeology. In: Elizabeth J. Reitz, Irvy R. Quitmyer, and David H. Thomas, (eds.), Seasonality and Human Mobility Along the Georgia Bight. New York: American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, 97: 123- 133. Andrus, C. Fred T. and Thompson, Victor D. 2012 Determining the habitats of mollusk collection at the Sapelo Island shell ring complex, Georgia, USA using oxygen isotope sclerochronology.
    [Show full text]