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Philippe Ricord – Prominent Venereologist of the XIX Century

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Philippe Ricord – Prominent Venereologist of the XIX Century CONTENTS GENERAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE Herophilus and vivisection: a re-appraisal . 5 J. Ganz HISTORY OF MEDICAL DISCIPLINES Philippe Ricord – prominent venereologist of the XIX century . 13 K.A. Pashkov, M.S. Betekhtin Development of national system of pharmaceutical education in 1920–1930: Moscow medico-pharmaceutical combine . 18 M.S. Sergeeva FROM THE HISTORY OF HEALTHCARE Zemstvo district medicine and charity in Russia . 29 L.E. Gorelova, T.I. Surovtseva The formation of factory legislation on health protection in Europe and Russia in the 19th to early 20th centuries . 35 I.V. Karpenko FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN MEDICINE Stages of formation and further development of domestic cardiology. Part 1 . 40 V.I. Borodulin, S.P. Glyantsev, A.V. Topolianskiy On the Biography of Professor and Psychiatrist Anatoly Kotsovsky (1864−1937) . 48 K.K. Vasylyev, Yu.K. Vasylyev Professor of surgery at the University of Moscow I.P. Aleksinsky: his life and work in Russia and in emigration . 55 O.A. Trefi lova, I.A. Rozanov INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Some evidence of the worship of Apollo Physician (Ietroos) in ancient Greece and the Black Sea Coast . 73 E.S. Naumova SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Physiological and pathophysiological aspects in Herophilos writings . 81 L.D. Maltseva SOURCE Continuity in the views of Hippocrates and Galen on the nature of the human body . 89 D.A. Balalykin 4 HISTORY OF MEDICAL DISCIPLINES Philippe Ricord – prominent venereologist of the XIX century K.A. Pashkov, M.S. Betekhtin A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, The Health Ministry of Russian Federation Philippe Ricord is an outstanding fi gure in the fi eld of scientifi c syphilology. His work has expanded the knowledge of clinical manifestations, staging, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis. Ricord's critical approach to existing knowledge and careful study of the outstanding issues of sexually transmitted diseases made him a prominent fi gure in 19th-century European venereology. His contribution to science, despite some mistakes, and his preeminence in the study of syphilis was recognized by his contemporaries. Ricord's work was continued by his students J.A. Fournier, C.-P. Diday and L. Bassereau (among others). Keywords: history of dermatology and venereology, Ricord, syphilis Prior to the discovery of most pathogens was allowed to complete his studies at l'Hopital of sexually transmitted diseases and the fi rst de la Pitie under the leadership of Jacques laboratory methods to diagnose these diseases at Lisfranc (1790-1847). In 1826, Ricord received the end of 19th to early 20th centuries, in carrying his doctorate. [3, 4] out their duties doctors could only rely on the Ricord had no fi xed place of work before works of their predecessors and their observations. 1831, when a vacancy in the Hospital of Venereal During this period, successful scientifi c and Diseases appeared. (Hôpital des Vénériens; from clinical work was performed by French doctors, 1836. – L'Hopital du Midi). By his own admission, who set the tone for the development of European he did not have suffi cient experience in this fi eld dermatovenerology for most of the 19th century – of medicine, but accepted the appointment and Philippe Ricord (10.09.1800-22.10.1889) was one as a result remained at the Midi hospital for such brilliant example. (Fig. 1) 30 years. [5] By the early 1830s, venereology was Ricord was born in 1800 in Baltimore (USA) in chaos; the most popular work of that time to a family of immigrants. He was 20 years old was that of John Hunter (1728–1793). Many when he fi rst set foot on French soil. In 1821, doctors, such as Hunter, believed that all genital Ricord became an extern1 at the Hospital du ulcers and abnormalities were caused by syphilis Val-de-Grâce but he soon left to join Guillaume ("unitarians") and should be treated with mercury Dupuytren, (1777-1835), a brilliant but short- ("mercurialists"). Others believed that mercury tempered surgeon from the hospital Hôtel-Dieu. was toxic and defended the ancient treatment of Ricord worked hard, and in 1822 he passed bloodletting and sweating ("anti-mercurialists"). the internship exams, continuing to work with Ricord did not have a deep knowledge of Dupuytren. [1, 2] However, he thought less of him dermatovenerology, but decided to carefully when he once noticed that his mentor claimed an evaluate all that he saw and carefully analyzed the operation carried out by US surgeons a few years results of his observations. earlier as his own. An acrid remark by Ricord2 An important achievement by Ricord was to concerning this fact infuriated Dupuytren and classify into three stages (1858): primary (chancre), Ricord was fi red. The future great venereologist secondary (between the third week and sixth © K.A. Pashkov, M.S. Betekhtin month after the chancre) and tertiary (six months 1 Externs, unlike interns, did not receive an allowance and after the chancre and congenital syphilis). This did not live in the hospitals. classifi cation was based on the work of Thierry de 2 "Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas" ("Plato is my friend, Héry (1505-1599) and Hunter. In his "Practical but the truth is more important"). work on venereal diseases" ("Traité pratique des HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2014, №4 (4) maladies vénériennes", 1838) convince; where science was Ricord demonstrated: only bound in the Gordian knot, syphilis is accompanied by he cut it rather more than constitutional lesions, which tried to untie it." [8] makes it not susceptible to a However, Ricord was new dose of poison ("poison" wrong in certain matters of being the name for all causes the pathogenesis of syphilis, of disease); progression assuming soft and syphilitic of the disease occurs in a chancre to be one disease specifi c chronology and and believing that secondary follows precise rules that "was syphilis never developed if the order and discipline in the chancre was destroyed which people have not seen by cauterization or excised in anything but trouble and the fi rst fi ve days. [9] Another complete chaos." confi rmation of Ricord's Ricord also popularized theory – the non-contagious the use of mirrors, outlined rash of second period, a clear distinction between which was derived from the venereal vegetations, balano- Fig. 1. Philippe Ricord axiom that only chancres posthitis, gonorrhea (divided (10.09.1800-22.10.1889) were were producible by into virulent infectious and inoculation. Ricord defended simple irritability) and syphi- his theory against many lis. [6] of his contemporaries (P. Bazin, A. Velpeau, Ricord was head of the "dualists" who believed G. Widal and J-A Auzias-Turenne) throughout that syphilis and gonorrhea were two diff erent most of his career. In 1858, the Committee of the diseases. His arguments were based on inoculation Medical Academy of France resolved to consider (experimental infection): syphilitic chancre could secondary syphilis infectious. Conclusive proof be produced by inoculation was the infection of healthy and gonorrhea could not. If people. The reason for syphilis occurred in a patient Ricord's misunderstanding inoculated with gonorrhea, was ethical principles: he it was believed that this was refused to inoculate healthy due to "hidden ulcers in the volunteers, unlike many of urethra, the deepest part his contemporaries. [4] of the vagina, out of sight, With regard to his but no less syphilitic and acceptance that syphilis' contagious because as a secondary period was result of it." [7] At that time contagious, Ricord said: "A there was an axiom that only man who never changes is chancres were producible by absurd." He said the same inoculation, and therefore thing when he acknowledged only it was syphilitic. the work of his pupil Leon Pierre Louis Alphée Bussereau (1810-1887), who Cazenave, (1795–1877), claimed that the hard and head of Dermatology and soft chancre were diff erent Venereology at St. Louis diseases. [10] Hospital, said: "Ricord readily An important aspect avoided the old axiom; he did of Ricord's work were his more than argue, he boldly Fig. 2. publications, which were asserted instead of trying to characterized by brilliant K.A. Pashkov, M.S. Betekhtin clinical descriptions. His most famous and you do not get the clap, it will be a miracle." [11] infl uential works include "A full treatise Behind such instructions was hidden what was on venereal diseases" ("Traite des maladies later called a provocation for the diagnosis of veneriennes," 1838) and "Lectures on chancre" gonorrhea. ("Leçons sur le chancre", 1858; Fig. 2), which Ricord, showered with honors, left his work were reprinted and translated into foreign at the hospital in 1860. The fi rst meeting of the languages, including Russian. They contained new French Dermatological Society ("Société delightful and clever descriptions of the clinical française de la dermatologie") in 1889 took place manifestations of sexually in his richly furnished house. transmitted diseases and He was also president of the most up-to-the-minute the Academy of Medicine treatments. Ricord's work in 1868, and honorary returned to favor mercury chairman of the International treatment, which was Congress of Dermatology rejected at the beginning of and Syphilology in 1889 – the 19th century. surrounded by many students. Ricord was a skilled Admittedly, after his clinician, as evidenced by founding works, he produced his thorough examination few original works, and over of the patient, the detection the years, like many people, of lesions undetected by he was impervious to new ide- other doctors and the as. But he laid the tradition of correct interpretation of the studying syphilis and found- findings. ed a scientifi c school, and his Ricord was known disciples, among them Al- as a wonderful teacher; fred Fournier (his favorite), his lectures combined Charles-Paul Diday and expertise and wit.
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