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East Texas Historical Journal Volume 55 Issue 2 Article 1 2017 ETHJ Vol-55 No-2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation (2017) "ETHJ Vol-55 No-2," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 55 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol55/iss2/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. L'S TJL\CE:..:sr I 1HE FIRST ROAD TO TEXAS FROM 1HE NORTH Oklahoma ,___..... ..,.__ _..- i,,..,.A _... -::::?.:·=:=- -- __.,..._ .... - ~-- • f:... .. t ��·-�;!- ..... ........... �I ...........i.r,-.---.­ ........... ..... ... ... -· ,._ •...... _.,,.1,_.._.._ ........ _...... - ....- -1,j)a,_ ...... ••-::::.....T;:;1- - - :��- G.. ,._,._ - ...... -­ __........... _,.._4_,.,._.,. 1_ .... .__,_,_Moo, .... .....,........._. ......... .. .....____,,, ... ..... ..............___ ..--.........-- ........__.,.... ._.oi_ ----­-- .. -.. ...,- ..__.., __.._ ....... _ ... ........,..,__,....._..............,... .._ ..... .......-------.. J. ..._.""-1·,,-·- ........ ......_ ........ "-"" --n.- .. ._._ _.. "-­ TEXAS V('a,,c,d~: c-_ ... ___ .. _ 0 Lopn Hopo,Jamuon ~ - ~ .......... f ...... '--7 .... ~ ~r .........._t........,............_n Gary -Pinkenon ..... ·~n.r Historical Journal EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 2017-2018 OFFICERS George Cooper President Heather Wooten First Vice President Gwendolyn Lawe Second Vice President Christal Gill Secretary /Treasurer DIRECTORS Robert Robertson Beaumont 2017 Yvonne Frear Houston 2017 Paul Sturdevant Greenville 2017 Monte Monroe Lubbock 2018 John Lundberg Arlington 2018 Victoria Cummins Sherman 2018 Debbie Liles Weatherford 2019 Gary Borders Marshall 2019 Eddie Weller Houston 2019 Mary Scheer Beaumont Past President Kyle Wilkison Plano Past President Cissy Lale Ft.Worth Life Director EDITORIAL BOARD Dan Utley Pluegerville Gary Pinkerton Silsbee Jeff Guinn Ft. Worth Brandon Jett Gainesville. FL John Caraway Clyde Perky Beisel Nacogdoches Leland Turner Wichita Falls EAST TEXAS HISTORICALASSOCIATION MEMBERSHIP INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS pay $100 annually NON-PROFIT INSTITUTIONALpay $50 annually LIFE MEMBERS pay $400 or more PATRONSpay $90 annually BENEFACTORSpay $75 annually FAMILY MEMBERS pay $55 annually REGULAR MEMBERS pay $45 annually K-12 EDUCATORSpay $20 annually STUDENT MEMBERS pay $15 annually Journals $7.50 per copy Address: P.O. Box 6223 Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches, TX 75962-6223 936-468-2407 [email protected] EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL JOURNAL www.easttexashistorical.org EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND EDITOR M. Scott Sosebee VOLUME 55 NUMBER 2 FALL2017 Copyright ©2017 by East Texas Historical Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction, whether in whole or part, without permission is strictly prohibited. Vol. 55 Fall 2017 Number2 The East Texas Historit-alJournal is published biannually by Stephen F. Austin State University Press .. \ddress correspondence, unsolicited material, membership I queries to The East Texas Historical Association, Scott Sosebee Executive Director and Editor, P.O. Box 6223, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 Telephone 936-468-2407; e-mail: [email protected]; I Internet http:/ / www.easttexashistorical.org. l\fanuscripts are read year-round and will not be returned unless accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Printed in the United States of .\merica Cover .\rt: "Trammel's Trace" created by Logan Hope and Jamison Brandenburg Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture Stephen F. .\ustin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas For more information: Stephen F. .\ustin State University Press P.O. Box 13007 SE-\ Station Nacogdoches, Texas 75962 [email protected] www.sfasu.edu/ sfapress CONTENTS SER.VICEABLEVI LLAIN: EUGNENICS,THE FEAR.OF THE "UNDER.MAN,' AND ANTI-DEMOCR.ATICD ISCOUR.SEIN TEXAS THOUGHT AND CULTUR.E,1900-1940 Bet{)'Friauf andMichael Phillips ~ 7 AN 1821TR.IP DOWN TR.AMMEL'STR.ACE GaryL Pinkerton ~ 4 7 HOW TEXANSOPPOSED CIV IL R.IGHTS LEGISLATION IN THE 1960S:EVIDENCE LETIER.STO FUTUR.EHOUSE SPEAKER. JIM WR.IGHT Neil Allen ~ 68 HISTOR.ICSUR.VEY OF WASKOM, HAR.R.ISONCOUNTY, TEXAS ThomasSpeir ~ 89 Books Reviewed CaptainJames A. Bakerof Houston, 1857 -1941,by Kate Kirkland. Reviewed by George Cooper ~ 120 Fort Worth:Outpost, Cowtown, Boomtown by Harold Rich. Reviewed by Charles Porter ~ 123 Black-BrownSolidari!J: Racial Politics in theNew Gulf South, by John D. Marquez. Reviewed by Carlos K Blanton ~ 125 \'ol. 55 F:\LI 2017 umber2 A Serviceable Villain: Eugenics, The Fear of the "Underman," and Anti-Democratic Discourse in Texas Thought and Culture, 1900-1940 BY BETSY FR1 ,u, . ,\ND M1c1 L\EI.P1111.1.1Ps In the first four decades of the twentieth century, Texas eugeni­ cists repeatedly sounded an alarm about an enemy within: the poor, the mentally ill, the intellectually deficient, sexual deviants, and con­ genital criminals. They warned that this biologically unfit mob might soon outnumber the intelligent and gifted within the state and bring civilization crashing down. Eugenicists were not successful in their campaign for sterilization laws they thought would improve the hu­ man stock in the state, but that doe s not mean they were ignored. The years 1900-1940 marked the high point of the eugenics move­ ment in Texas. State legislators considered four bills that called for the coerced sterilization of the "unfit" in 1913, 1932, 1935, and 1937. They also debated a prop osed law in 1923 that would have required engaged coup les to receive a certificate of health from "a reputable physician" before they could receive a marriage license. All five eu­ genics-inspire d laws failed. Although Texas legislators would not go so far as to deny the unfit the right to reproduce, they did not hesitate to curtail their right to vote . The push for eugenics laws and to reduce voting stemmed from similar anxieties and became mutually reinforcing. Eugenicists de­ clared repeatedly that democracy was dysgenic, not only a barrier to biologically improving the species but a threat to the very survival of the human race. If they could not prevent the unfit from repro­ ducing through sterilization laws, eugenicists claimed that by denying the ballot to millions, they could at least prevent the state from be­ ing taken over politically by what one advocate of sterilization called "Undermen." Betsy Friaef is an editor at the FortWorth Star-Telegram. Michael Phillips Is a Prefessoref History at Collin Colle9e. 7 E •.\ST TEXAS HISTORICAL JOURNAL Hostility to democracy formed an essential part of the eugenics belief system. Eugenicists believed that biologically inferior voters -- identified by their poverty, their working-class jobs, their minority religion, culture, and language, and/ or their skin color -- would de­ mand a redistribution of the wealth created by their superiors and would impose their impulsive, ill-conceived priorities on the political process. Madison Grant, one of the nationally pre-eminent voices for eugenics, lamented that the advance of democracy led to "the transfer of power from the higher to the lower races, from the intel­ lectual to the plebeian class ... ," with the universal franchise result­ ing in electoral triumphs for foolish mediocrities. One promoter of eugenics read widely across the United States, Paul Popenoe, pro­ claimed democracy "dangerous," while S.J. Holmes, a biologist at the University of California at Berkeley, dismissed it as a "fetish." The eugenicist idea that democracy might be a highway to hell gained traction in Texas. A nightmare vision of a maddened proletar­ iat breeding a race of degenerates, and ushering in an historical ep­ och of crime, anarchy, and bloodthirsty revolution, echoed through political speeches, novels, school textbooks, and even fairground ex­ hibits across Texas in the forty years before the United States' entry in World War II. In response to the discontents produced by immi­ gration and slowly increasing urbanization and industrialization, elites disdained the ballot, dehumanized the impoverished, and supported anti-immigration laws. Eugenicists despised democracy, they said, because they loved freedom. To them, freedom meant survival and improvement of the species, breeding a better human race uninjured by biological defect, and the protection of the property accumulat­ ed by the biologically superior men and women of wealth from the grasping hands of the unworthy masses. To men like Dallas attorney Meriwether Dabney, the crawl toward a more democratic republic, begun with the abolition of slavery in 1865 and continuing with the women's suffrage campaign in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, did not represent progress but a frightening march to the abyss. Dabney learned bis blunt elitism and white supremacist ideology at the knees of his father, the Presby­ terian minister Dr. Robert Dabney, a professor at Union Theological Seminary in Virginia who once served as Confederate Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's chaplain during the Civil War. In 1867, the el­ der Dabney bitterly denounced the recent emancipation of slaves in 8 Vol. 55 FAll 2017 Number 2 his book A Defence[sic.] of Virginia (and Thro11ghHer, of the 5011th).Rev. Dabney condemned abolitionism as "anti-scriptural"
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