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Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Anesthesiology Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Dentistry Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Geriatric Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Oxford American Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oxford American Handbook of Oncology Oxford American Handbook of Otolaryngology Oxford American Handbook of Pediatrics Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Oxford American Handbook of Psychiatry Oxford American Handbook of Pulmonary Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Rheumatology Oxford American Handbook of Sports Medicine Oxford American Handbook of Surgery Oxford American Handbook of Neurology Edited by Sid Gilman William J. Herdman Distinguished University Professor of Neurology University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan with Hadi Manji Sean Connolly Neil Dorward Neil Kitchen Amrish Mehta Adrian Wills 1 3 Oxford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oxford American handbook of neurology / edited by Sid Gilman ; with Hadi Manji ... [et al.]. p. ; cm.—(Oxford American handbooks) Adapted from: Oxford handbook of neurology / Hadi Manji ... [et al.]. 2007. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-536979-3 1. Neurology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Nervous system—Diseases— Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Gilman, Sid. II. Manji, Hadi. III. Oxford handbook of neurology. IV. Title: Handbook of neurology. V. Series: Oxford American handbooks. [DNLM: 1. Nervous System Diseases—Handbooks. 2. Neurology—Handbooks. WL 39 O978 2010] RC355.O94 2010 616.8--dc22 2009035334 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China on acid-free paper This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the indi- vidual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continua lly, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product informa- tion and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. Oxford University Press and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material, including without limitation that they make no representation or warranties as to the accuracy or effi cacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. This page intentionally left blank vii Preface The Oxford Handbooks have been an extremely valuable adjunct to the education of physicians in multiple areas of medicine in the United Kingdom and in many other countries, principally those with linkages to the educa- tional processes of medicine in the United Kingdom. These books have been less used in the United States, although they have been familiar to many in this country and greatly admired for their broad range of coverage, succinct presentations, easy accessibility, accuracy, and utility. The Oxford Handbook of Neurology has been one of these books, and it is widely used in the United Kingdom and other countries not only by medical students and trainees in neurology and neurosurgery, but also by internists, family physicians, and practitioners in many other fi elds of medicine. I have had the frequent experience of visiting hospitals in the United Kingdom and seeing house offi cers with an Oxford Handbook tucked into a pocket for easy, frequent access. When Oxford University Press fi rst approached me to ask whether I might consider serving as editor of the Oxford American Handbook of Neurology in an edition developed specifi cally for the United States, I was immediately interested because of my familiarity with the utility and widespread use of the book elsewhere. Having accepted this position, I recruited a group of my colleagues here at the University of Michigan to put together a volume that would refl ect modern neurology as practiced in the United States, with an approach that is up to date and modeled along the lines of the U.K. editions of the book. This book adheres to the brevity and style of the U.K. edition. Nevertheless, this is a new book with entirely new presentations. As the topics are important in understanding how to approach neurological diagnosis, we have chosen to retain the fi rst three sections of the U.K. edition, including the basics of the neurological history and examination; a succinct review of neuroanatomy; and common clinical presentations. After the third chapter, we have developed multiple individual chapters to capture the major categories of neurological disease. A good deal of the neurosurgery section in the U.K. edition has been redistributed to other chapters, and three individual chapters remain focused on neurosurgical topics. Owing to the emerging importance of this area in neurology, we have included a chapter devoted to sleep disorders. We have developed large numbers of new illustrations, both drawings and imaging studies. The imaging studies utilize the currently best-available techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. In the past several decades, clinical neurology has evolved from a fi eld focused principally upon diagnosis into a fi eld in which multiple medical and surgical approaches can be symptomatically helpful and, for many diseases, can ameliorate or slow the progression of the underlying pathological process. Accurate diagnosis is essential and can be challenging. The proc- ess required includes obtaining a full chronological history of the patient’s viii CONTENTS PREFACE complaint, including medications used, with appropriate past medical his- tory, family history, system review, and social history, followed by a general medical and neurological examination. With this information at hand, the next step is to deduce the anatomical location(s) of the lesion or lesions that can evoke the clinical fi ndings. This is followed by a determination of the disease processes that would be compatible with the history of disease evolution. At this point, laboratory investigations can further the inquiry, but bypassing the initial steps can lead to time-consuming, costly, unneces- sary laboratory studies and frustrations on the part of both the clinician and the patient. Accordingly, this book contains information that will help the clinician to approach patients with neurological disorders, and the dis- eases described succinctly can serve as a guide to the disease processes that need to be considered in differential diagnosis. Sid Gilman, MD, FRCP University of Michigan Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Kevin Kerber for assistance in the section on nystagmus and Dr. Mila Blaivas for providing illustrations of pathological changes in brain and muscle tissues. We appreciate the encouragement, advice, and technical expertise of the staff at Oxford University Press in New York, particularly Elizabeth Kates, Andrea L. Seils, and William J. Lamsback. ix Contents Detailed contents xiii Contributors xix 1 Neurological history and examination 1 2 Neuroanatomy 25 3 Common clinical presentations 51 4 Disorders of the peripheral nervous system 91 5 Stroke and other vascular disorders 137 6 Epilepsy 181 7 Migraine 199 8 Dementias 219 9 Movement disorders and ataxia 235 10 Sleep disorders 269 11 Infectious and infl ammatory conditions 285 12 Neoplastic and paraneoplastic disorders 327 13 Neurotrauma 345 14 Neurosurgery 363 15 Clinical neurophysiology 381 Appendix 433 Index 453 This page intentionally left blank xi Detailed contents 1 Neurological history and examination 1 Principles of neurological history
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