1850 First Issue of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia: a Study of Uses
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Indochina 1900-1939"
University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/35581 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. "French Colonial Discourses: the Case of French Indochina 1900-1939". Nicola J. Cooper Thesis submitted for the Qualification of Ph.D. University of Warwick. French Department. September 1997. Summary This thesis focuses upon French colonial discourses at the height of the French imperial encounter with Indochina: 1900-1939. It examines the way in which imperial France viewed her role in Indochina, and the representations and perceptions of Indochina which were produced and disseminated in a variety of cultural media emanating from the metropole. Framed by political, ideological and historical developments and debates, each chapter develops a socio-cultural account of France's own understanding of her role in Indochina, and her relationship with the colony during this crucial period. The thesis asserts that although consistent, French discourses of Empire do not present a coherent view of the nation's imperial identity or role, and that this lack of coherence is epitomised by the Franco-indochinese relationship. The thesis seeks to demonstrate that French perceptions of Indochina were marked above all by a striking ambivalence, and that the metropole's view of the status of Indochina within the Empire was often contradictory, and at times paradoxical. -
The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean. -
Asimi) Qawasim Confederation Migrates to the Coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian Littoral
Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1700 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context In the early 1700s, the (Al-Qasimi) Qawasim confederation migrates to the coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian littoral. Here, they establish their main base in Julfar (later Ras al-Khaimah), soon extending their sway all along the lower Gulf, across areas of the east coast and towns on the Persian littoral. 1765 - 1800 Saudi Arabia Political Context In 1765 Imam Muhammad bin Saud establishes the First Saudi State in Arabia, starting with the Najd region, and making its capital the city of Dir‘iyya. 1782 - 1813 Tunisia Political Context During the reign of Hammuda Pasha Bey, known as the “Founder” of modern Tunisia, the Regency of Tunis enjoys a thriving economy and an overall sense of security. 1790 - 1800 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context Between around 1790 and the early 1800s, threatened by increasing British inroads into traditional Gulf economies and politics, and supported by the Persians and Omanis, the Qawasim attack British vessels to defend their economic empire in the Lower Gulf. 1797 Austria Political Context Austria and France conclude the Treaty of Campo Formio on 17 October. Austria then cedes to Belgium and Lombardy. To compensate, it gains the eastern part of the Venetian Republic up to the Adige, including Venice, Istria and Dalmatia. 1800 - 1803 Saudi Arabia Political Context Most parts of Arabia become part of the new Saudi State. In 1803, The two holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah), along with the rest of the Hijaz region, join the Saudi State. -
Lesson 8: the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE)
Lesson 8: The Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE) Have you ever wondered? Grandpa’s History Lessons that Matter The Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE) A Varying Complex of Lands and Leaders; the Holy Roman Empire, as Voltaire sardonically remarked, was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. INTRODUCTION: • The Holy Roman Empire was created by the coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800, thus restoring in their eyes the western Roman Empire that had been leaderless since 476 and preserving and protecting the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, ensuring that it had a unique identity separate from the Eastern Orthodox (i.e. the Eastern Roman Church). Charlemagne's Frankish successor emperors faltered under political and military challenges, and his inheritance was permanently divided in 887. After 924 the western empire was again without an emperor until the coronation of Otto I, duke of Saxony, on 2 February 962. This coronation was seen to transfer the Roman imperial office to the heirs of the East Franks, the Germans. In 1512 the name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" became the official title of this feudal monarchy, which spanned central Europe between the kingdom of France to the west and the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland to the east. In the north it was bounded by the Baltic and North Seas and by the Danish kingdom; in the south, it reached to the Alps. The Holy Roman Empire was not a highly centralized state like most countries today. -
Wsfh 2018 – Draft Program
WSFH 2018 – DRAFT PROGRAM Western Society for French History 46th Annual Meeting November 1-3, 2018 Conference Hotel: Westin Bayview Portland (Maine) Host Institution: Bowdoin College Thursday, November 1 Registration: 5:00-8:00 p.m. Book Exhibit: 5:00-8:00 p.m. Opening Reception: 6:00-8:00 p.m. Governing Council Meeting: 6:30-8:30 p.m. Friday, November 2 Registration: 7:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m. Book Exhibit: 7:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Continental Breakfast: 7:00-8:00 a.m. Session 1: 8:00-9:30 a.m. 1A. At the Edges of Empire: France’s Indian Ocean Colonies in the Eighteenth Century Chair: Jill Walshaw, University of Victoria Establishing Coffee in the Eighteenth-Century Mascarenes Julia Landweber, Montclair State University On the Edges of Law: Litigation in France’s Eighteenth-Century Indian Ocean Colonies, Matthew Gerber, University of Colorado at Boulder Biens curiaux, biens nationaux: The French Revolution and the Sale of Church Slaves on Réunion Island Nathan Marvin, Johns Hopkins University Comment: Elizabeth Cross, Georgetown University 1B. Reform and Crisis in the Early French Revolution Chair: Meghan Roberts, Bowdoin College Brutus and Benghazi on the Seine: Executive Power and Classical Analogy in 1790 Robert H. Blackman, Hampden-Sydney College From crise salutaire to j’ai vécu: The Emotional and Conceptual Politics of Crisis in Revolutionary France Adrian O'Connor, University of South Florida St. Petersburg La Société des amis des noirs and the International Genesis of French Social Movements Micah Alpaugh, University of Central Missouri Comment: Mette Harder, State University of New York Oneonta 1C. -
Potestas N8-4
TERESA LLÁCER VIEL Te Empress of the French. Iconography of Joséphine de Beauharnais 241 THE EMPRESS OF THE FRENCH. ICONOGRAPHY OF JOSÉPHINE DE BEAUHARNAIS TERESA LLÁCER VIEL Universitat Jaume I Recibido: 04-03-2015 / Evaluado: 14-04-2015 / Aprobado: 20-04-2015 RESUMEN: El 2 de diciembre de 1804, Josefina de Beauharnais (Martinica, 23 de junio de 1763 - Rueil-Malmaison, 29 de mayo de 1814), fue coro- nada como emperatriz de los franceses en la catedral de Notre-Dame. Su esposo, Napoleón Bonaparte (Ajaccio, 15 de agosto de 1769 - Santa Elena, 5 de mayo de 1821), colocaba sobre su cabeza la réplica de la coro- na de Carlomagno ante la mirada del papa Pío VII (1742-1823). La que fuera vizcondesa de Beauharnais, de nacimiento criolla, llevaría el manto imperial durante seis años hasta la formalización de su divorcio de Bonaparte el 10 de enero de 1810. Palabras clave: iconografía del poder, Josefina de Beauharnais, Napoleón Bonaparte, Primer Imperio francés. ABSTRACT: On the second of December 1084, Joséphine de Beauharnais (née Tascher de la Pagerie in Martinica; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814 in Rueil-Mailmaison) was crowned as Empress of the French in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Her husband, Napoleon Bonaparte (Ajaccio, 15 August 1769 – Saint Ellen, 5 May 1821) placed on her head the replica of the crown of Charlemagne before Pope Pius VII (1742-1823). Te former vizcountess of Beauharnais, born a creole, would be wearing the imperial cape for six years until her official divorce from Napoleon on 10 January 1810. Keywords: Iconography of power, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Napoleon Bonaparte, First French Empire. -
Timeline / 1810 to 1880 / ALL COUNTRIES / POLITICAL CONTEXT
Timeline / 1810 to 1880 / ALL COUNTRIES / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1810 - 1822 Morocco Political Context In relation to trade policy, Mulay Sulayman opposes the liberalism of his father Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd Allah by passing an edict in 1814 imposing a 50 per cent duty on imports, and takes restrictive measures by banning the export of most Moroccan commodities to Europe, including grain, oil, wool, animal hides and livestock. The years of drought and swarms of locusts that devastated all crops between 1810 and 1816 caused a shortage of basic commodities, price increases and famine, on top of the plague epidemics that swept the country. All of these factors necessarily weakened the country financially and demographically. This could help to explain the inward-looking policies adopted by the sovereign Mulay Sulayman, who—according to some historical sources—claimed that he did not need Europe and hoped that Europe did not need him. A desperate and exhausted Mulay Sulayman resigned and chose his nephew Mulay ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham as his successor. 1811 Egypt Political Context On 1 March, Muhammad ‘Ali invites some 470 Mamluk beys to the Citadel for a feast to celebrate his son’s imminent departure for Mecca. When the feasting is over the Mamluks mount their lavishly decorated horses and are led in procession down the narrow, high-sided defile, below what is now the Police Museum. As they approach Bab al-Azab, the great gates swing closed and gunfire rains down on them from above. After the fusillades, Muhammad ‘Ali’s soldiers wade in with swords and axes to finish the job. -
War of the Fourth Coalition 1 War of the Fourth Coalition
War of the Fourth Coalition 1 War of the Fourth Coalition The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon's French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Many members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. In 1806, Prussia joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign, and Prussian troops massed in Saxony. Overview Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians in a lightning campaign that culminated at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806. French forces under Napoleon occupied Prussia, pursued the remnants of the shattered Prussian Army, and captured Berlin on October 25, 1806. They then advanced all the way to East Prussia, Poland and the Russian frontier, where they fought an inconclusive battle against the Russians at Eylau on 7–8 February 1807. Napoleon's advance on the Russian frontier was briefly checked during the spring as he revitalized his army. Russian forces were finally crushed by the French at Friedland on June 14, 1807, and three days later Russia asked for a truce. By the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, France made peace with Russia, which agreed to join the Continental System. The treaty however, was particularly harsh on Prussia as Napoleon demanded much of Prussia's territory along the lower Rhine west of the Elbe, and in what was part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. -
ICRP Calendar
The notions of International Relations (IR) in capital letters and international relations (ir) in lowercase letters have two different meanings. The first refers to a scholarly discipline while the second one means a set of contemporary events with historical importance, which influences global-politics. In order to make observations, formulate theories and describe patterns within the framework of ‘IR’, one needs to fully comprehend specific events related to ‘ir’. It is why the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) believes that a timeline on which all the significant events of international relations are identified might be beneficial for students, scholars or professors who deal with International Relations. In the following document all the momentous wars, treaties, pacts and other happenings are enlisted with a monthly division, which had considerable impact on world-politics. January 1800 | Nationalisation of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed 01 from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. 1801 | Establishment of the United Kingdom On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, leading to the remaining state being renamed as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. 1804 | Haiti independence declared The independence of Haiti was recognized by France on 17 April 1825. -
Globish and the Empire
Published November 24, 2010 as 10.3174/ajnr.A2303 guese, and French are still highly ranked as popular languages PERSPECTIVES to learn. One of the fiercest colonizers were the British. Their empire Globish and the Empire started late by European standards—16th and 17th centuries— but by the early 1900s, they dominated more than one-fourth hen an empire collapses, one of the most important leg- of the world. Their most important outpost was the original 13 Wacies it can leave behind is its language. Spanish is the American colonies, from where English would propagate to fourth most commonly spoken language in the world. Nearly the rest of the world. The end of World War II brought to a 400 million people do so, most in Latin America. The Spanish close the last vestiges of that great empire but led to a tremen- Empire started to gain force in the early 1500s and attained its dous expansion in the use and learning of its language. peak with the colonization of the Caribbean and the Ameri- There is no doubt that the most successful export of the 1 cas. By the time the empire had nearly disappeared in the United States has been its culture and language. Although we mid-1800s, Spanish was the official language in more than 20 do not speak about an “American Empire,” we certainly speak countries. To be sure, the Spanish spoken outside of Spain has of “American Imperialism.” This last term reflects the mili- mutated. My wife often reminds me that I do not speak Span- tary, economic, political, and cultural influence of our society ish, but “Caribbean.” Perhaps, only in distant Argentina and on the rest of the world.6 American imperialism began in the Chile does Spanish remain closest to its roots. -
Maximilien Robespierre the Most Influential Figure Associated with the French Revolution. As a Member of the Estates-General, Th
Maximilien Robespierre The most influential figure associated with the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the poor and one of the leading members of the Jacobin Club which sought to establish a Constitutional Democracy in the place of the Absolute Monarchy. As such he is expected to be quite aggressive while at the same time concerned with defending the First French Republic Napoleon Bonaparte Young, ambitious and power hungry, this young military leader from Corsica was one of the most important historical figures of the 18th and 19th century. Wishing to rise to prominence and extend his influence over both the French State and Europe he will be willing to do anything in order to gain more power and become a true Emperor. Louis XVI, former King of the French The exiled King of France and the last raining monarch of the House of Bourbon, Louis XVI is one of the most important historical figures of the era. As an exiled monarch he is expected to be concerned with working towards forging alliances with other monarchist nations in order to crush the revolution and regain his rightful place as King of the French. George III, King of Great Britain King of Great Britain and King of Ireland George III was the monarch of the United Kingdom during the Seven Years War, the US War of Independence the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Having recently lost control of the Thirteen Colonies in North America, a liberal rebellion to his south attempting to overthrow the French Monarchy and many parliamentarians in his own country demanding that more power be given to The House of Commons, Mad King George should attempt to contain any liberal revolutions trying to abolish the rightful rulers of states. -
Part Because It Altered
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 Intellectual History Review vol 26 no 3 (2016), Richard Whatmore, guest ed., Calvinism and Enlightenment ARTICLE: ACCEPTED 5/11/15 Geneva and Scotland: the Calvinist legacy and after Richard Whatmore I Scotland and Geneva The relationship between Scotland and Geneva is interesting in part because it altered so greatly between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Indeed, it is not far from the truth to say that while Geneva was the lodestar for religious politics in Scotland in the sixteenth century and after, by the end of the eighteenth century Scotland had become a source of inspiration for future-minded politicians. For John Knox, during his Marian exile from 1554, Calvin’s community of Protestants at Geneva was “the most perfect school of Christ.” Geneva taught how to maintain both church and civil discipline, how to combat idolatry most effectively, and produced the Bible subsequently adopted by the Church of Scotland. The Genevan model of worship inspired clandestine sects across the British Isles, and especially in Scotland, where Knox defined the lairds as magistrates whose duty was to foster the true religion, even against the regent Mary de Guise.1 The sense of Geneva as a source of Protestant doctrine and centre of Protestant learning remained, and the connections established were maintained over the following generations. An international Protestant movement continued to be identifiable into the eighteenth century and Geneva remained a necessary place of visitation for every Protestant traveller.2 2 At the same time Geneva was in decline.