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State and Legitimacy Within an Arab-Muslim Context

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State and Legitimacy Within an Arab-Muslim Context LUISS Guido Carli University Ph.D. Program in Politics: History, Theory, Science XXXI edition State and Legitimacy within an Arab-Muslim context: Understanding the identity criteria in Jordan and Kuwait Candidate: Supervisor: Odetta Pizzingrilli Professor Francesca Maria Corrao Table of contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 4 Notes on transliteration ........................................................................................................................ 5 State of the art ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction: from waṭan to waṭaniyya.............................................................................................. 18 I. The Arab nation in Arab thought: Between kinship, religion and national identity ............. 25 1. Sources of legitimacy: from the first Islamic community to the Ottomans ................................... 28 2. From European rule to the formation of the Arab Nation-States ................................................... 47 2.1 The nahḍa pioneers .................................................................................................................... 48 2.2 The Arab thinkers’ responses to the European threat ................................................................ 64 2.3 Pan Arabism’s demise: the “post 1967 generation” of Arab thinkers ....................................... 90 3. The hybrid sovereignty of the Arab Middle East......................................................................... 109 3.1 The tribal component ............................................................................................................... 112 3.2 Religious legitimacy vs. rentierist legitimation........................................................................ 115 II. The tools of research ................................................................................................................. 119 1. Qualitative research, framing the methodological path ............................................................... 121 2. The individual interview, a social interaction .............................................................................. 127 3. Advantages and limitations of interviewing in a Middle Eastern context ................................... 133 3.1 Birth of social research methods and their globalization ......................................................... 133 4. Justifying the sampling procedures .............................................................................................. 159 5. Questions of the interviews .......................................................................................................... 169 III. Jordan and Kuwait: Two rentier states with tribal roots.................................................... 175 1. Two apparently distant realities ................................................................................................... 177 2. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ............................................................................................. 182 2.1 Jordanians of Palestinian origin ............................................................................................... 191 2.2 The Jordanian Circassians ........................................................................................................ 198 3. The State of Kuwait ..................................................................................................................... 210 3.1 The expatriates ......................................................................................................................... 223 3.2 The bidūn.................................................................................................................................. 226 2 4. The interviews’ findings .............................................................................................................. 235 4.1 National belonging ................................................................................................................... 236 4.2 Islamic identity ......................................................................................................................... 246 4.3 Arabhood .................................................................................................................................. 250 4.4 Hybridity, tribal affiliations and clientelism ............................................................................ 254 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 265 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 276 3 Acknowledgements The present thesis is the result of my three-year doctoral program in the department of political sciences at LUISS University, a truly formative period both personally and professionally. Especially, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Francesca Maria Corrao for her continuous support and motivation and to my colleagues Dr. Mohammad Hashas, Lorenzo Liso and Shahed Aly for their friendship and their advice. Besides, this thesis would not have been realized without the precious help of Professor Nasser Thaboub (International Relations and Diplomatic and Regional Studies department, University of Jordan, Amman), Professor Ahmad Y. Majdoubeh (Vice President for Humanities Faculties, University of Jordan, Amman) and Professor Maher Ben Moussa (Open Arab University, Kuwait City). Finally, I am sincerely grateful to all the people I have had the opportunity to interview during the year I spent in Jordan and in Kuwait. Thanks to their patience, kindness and availability, I was able to analyze the object of my research from an internal perspective. 4 Notes on Transliteration The chart below1 has been used to transliterate proper nouns, geographical references and some particular terms in the text while popular names and concepts have not been transliterated. (’) has been written as a normal apostrophe (ء) The letter hamza and has not been rendered when it appears in the initial position. .has been rendered à (ى) The alif maqṣūra has been rendered a when it appears isolated (ة) The tā’ marbūṭa and at when in iḍāfa constructions. The nisba ending has been rendered -iyya (e.g., sūriyya) The scientific transcription of the names of the intellectuals of the “1967 generation” has been given in brackets only in their first occurrence and in the section titles, while for the other occurrences a more common and recognizable transcription is used; for example, Muḥammad ‘Ābid al-Ǧābirī is found as al-Jabri after the first mention. 1 The translation and transliteration system codified and used in IJMES, the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, https://ijmes.chass.ncsu.edu/IJMES_Translation_and_Transliteration_Guide.htm 5 Ph.D. Thesis submitted by Odetta Pizzingrilli on November, 29 2018 and successfully discussed on May. State of the art Arab (national) identity is a vast field of research and Middle Eastern scholars have been studying it for years, aiming to grasp its complexity. Christopher Phillips in Everyday Arab Identity: The Daily Reproduction of the Arab World (2012) focuses on the concept of Arabism (or Neo-Arabism), a special bond that ideally links the Arab- speakers and transcends boundaries being, in the author’s definition, “supra-national”. Phillips tries to understand why Nation-States have been forced to promote this peculiar sort of identity to gain and maintain their legitimacy to rule and how this narrative interacted with the national one. For instance, as Paul Ghali (1934) pointed out, Arab societies consist of different religious, cultural, ethnic and even linguistic groups and the concept of Nation-State in the Arab world is relatively new. In fact, the birth and formation of modern national Arab states started between the late eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, under the influence of European colonization2. This important stage in contemporary history of the Arab world has been intertwined with the development of the regional system through the foundation of inter-Arab policies and by means of renewed Arab nationalism. Dawn (1991) questioned this explanation of the origins of Arab nationalism and the excessive significance attributed both to the contact with the West and to the Christian bourgeoisie and its missionary schools. According to him “Arab nationalism arose as an 2 European colonial domination over the Arab countries lasted a century: from the mid-1800s (in 1830 the French captured Algiers; in 1839 the English took Aden) to the mid-1900s (in 1961 Kuwait gained independence from Great Britain; in 1962 Algeria from France). 7 opposition movement in the Ottoman Empire […]: Throughout the nineteenth century […] Arab nationalism arose out of the failure of its immediate predecessor and its ideological parent, Islamic modernist Ottomanism”3. The relationship between Islamic modernism and Arabism has been discussed also by Sylvia G. Heim who disagrees with Dawn and considers Arab nationalism a Western import, and Elie Kedourie who pointed out the role of the military officers installed in power
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