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Experiences of Illegitimacy in England, 1660-1834

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Experiences of Illegitimacy in England, 1660-1834 Experiences of Illegitimacy in England, 1660-1834 Kate Louise Gibson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of History March 2018 Thesis Summary This thesis examines attitudes towards individuals who were born illegitimate in England between the Restoration in 1660 and the New Poor Law of 1834. It explores the impact of illegitimacy on individuals' experiences of family and social life, marriage and occupational opportunities, and sense of identity. This thesis demonstrates that illegitimacy did have a negative impact, but that this was not absolute. The stigma of illegitimacy operated along a spectrum, varying according to the type of parental relationship, the child's gender and, most importantly, the family's socio-economic status. Socio-economic status became more significant as an arbiter of attitudes towards the end of the period. This project uses a range of qualitative evidence - correspondence, life-writing, poor law records, novels, legal and religious tracts, and newspapers - to examine the impact of illegitimacy across the entire life-cycle, moving away from previous historiographical emphasis on unmarried parenthood, birth and infancy. This approach adds nuance to a field dominated by poor law and Foundling Hospital evidence, and prioritises material written by illegitimate individuals themselves. This thesis also has resonance for historical understanding of wider aspects of long- eighteenth-century society, such as the nature of parenthood, family, gender, or emotion, and the operation of systems of classification and 'othering'. This thesis demonstrates that definitions of parenthood and family were flexible enough to include illegitimate relationships. The effect of illegitimacy on marital and occupational opportunities indicates how systems of patronage and familial alliance operated in this period, as well as the importance of inheritance, birth or familial connection as measures of social status. Finally, it questions the assumption that condemnation of illicit sex led to community exclusion of the illegitimate child, and calls for more nuanced understandings of how historians measure and define shame and stigma. 2 Contents Note on the Text 4 List of Abbreviations 5 List of Figures, Tables and Appendices 6 Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 8 Chapter One: Parenthood 47 Chapter Two: Family 102 Chapter Three: Education, Occupation and Marriage 166 Chapter Four: Identification, Stigma and Identity 207 Chapter Five: Cultural Change 246 Conclusion 303 Appendices 317 Bibliography 344 3 Note on the Text The original spelling and punctuation in primary sources has been kept. Contractions have been expanded using square brackets only when the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Source material written in French has been quoted in English, with the original text preserved in the footnotes. All translations are the work of the author. Dates occurring prior to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752 have been changed to reflect the start of the year on 1 January, rather than 25 March. Throughout I use the word 'illegitimate' as both an adjective and noun, for the ease of the reader. No pejorative meaning is intended. Any other synonyms such as 'bastard' or 'natural' appear according to contemporary usage, reflecting the specific meanings that these terms had in long-eighteenth-century England. Many of the individuals here had multiple given names and surnames, and family members often shared the same name. Individuals are therefore referred to by first name or surname as appropriate to the context to ensure that the meaning remains intelligible to the reader. 4 List of Abbreviations Frequently cited archive collections are identified using the following abbreviations. All other sources are cited in full in the first instance of each chapter. BALS Barnsley Archives and Local Studies BIA Borthwick Institute for Archives, York BL British Library CWAC City of Westminster Archives Centre ESRO East Sussex Record Office ERO Essex Record Office HALS Hampshire Archives and Local Studies HHL Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California KU Keele University Special Collections and Archives KHLC Kent History and Library Centre LMA London Metropolitan Archives LSU Louisiana State University NAW Northumberland Archives, Woodhorn NRO Norfolk Record Office SA Shropshire Archives SALS Somerset Archives and Local Studies TLS The Linnean Society TNA The National Archives TWA Tyne and Wear Archives USSC The University of Sheffield Special Collections WSRO West Sussex Record Office WSHC Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre 5 List of Figures, Tables and Appendices Figure 1: The illegitimacy ratio (illegitimate births as percentage of registered baptisms) 15 Figure 2: Thomas Philips, George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont and his Daughter Mary Wyndham, Countess of Munster, c. 1811, oil on canvas, 1359 x 1192 mm, Petworth House, The Egremont Collection 141 Figure 3: George Clint, George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont and his Granddaughter Harriet King, c. 1832, oil on canvas, 1255 x 990 mm, Petworth House, The Egremont Collection 142 Figure 4: Thomas Phillips, The Allied Sovereigns at Petworth, 24 June 1814, 1817, oil on canvas, 1280 x 1470 mm, Petworth House, The Egremont Collection 143 Figure 5: Percentage of total works in Literature Online containing at least one usage of 'bastard' 220 Table 1: Access to titles and political office 184 Table 2: Summary of access to titles and political office 184 Table 3: Occupational distribution 185 Table 4: Rate of marriage and average age at first marriage 193 Table 5: Summary of social status of spouses 194 Table 6: Proportion marrying after father's death 200 Table 7: Marriages to other illegitimates 201 Table 8: Marriages to kin 201 Table 9: Designations of illegitimacy at baptism, St Margaret Westminster 213 Table 10: Categorisation of births in baptism registers, St Margaret Westminster 215 Appendix 1: Case studies 317 Appendix 2: Defamation types in the York Cause Papers 328 Appendix 3: Summary of the dataset used in chapter 3 329 Appendix 4: Social status of the spouses of peers' children 330 Appendix 5: Dataset of individuals used in chapter 3 331 6 Acknowledgements I have run up a long list of debts in the writing of this thesis. My greatest thanks go to my supervisors Karen Harvey and Robert Shoemaker for their patience, expertise, and perseverance with drafts way beyond the word count. My thanks go also to Joanne Begiato, Bernard Capp, Penelope J. Corfield, Ellen Filor, Sarah Fox, William Gibson, Tim Hitchcock, Angela Muir, Thomas Nutt, Sarah Slinn, Hannah Wallace, Phil Withington, and Angela Wright for answering questions and sharing copies of primary sources and work prior to publication. Nicola Walker Jakubowski generously shared the Spencer-Stanhopes and introduced me to the fascinating story of John Smith. Naomi Tadmor and Tim Reinke-Williams generously gave their time to read my work, and James Sharpe gave his expertise in supervising the MA dissertation that led me to this topic. Simon Sleight, Mary Clare Martin, Tanya Evans, Katie Barclay, Claire Walker and Helen Berry provided advice and encouragement. For helpful and stimulating questions and comments, my thanks go to the research community at the Huntington Library, as well as the attendees and convenors of the Institute of Historical Research Life-Cycles seminar, the North American Conference on British Studies, the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians, and the conferences of the Social History Society, the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 'Cultures of Exclusion' at the University of Warwick, and 'Alternative Families' at the University of Sheffield. I am grateful to the Wolfson Foundation for funding this project. Various research trips and conferences were funded by the Institute of Historical Research, the Australian Research Council, the Royal Historical Society, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the University of Sheffield Learned Societies Fund. The many archivists I encountered in the life of this project were also unceasingly helpful with my questions and requests. I was able to attend conferences and work in archives across the country only because of the generosity of Harriet and Steph, Shalmali, Binnie, Harriet and Toby, and Martyn and Julie, in providing me with a bed and good company; thank you, this would not have been possible without you. An ever-present source of fun, support and friendship has been the postgraduate community at the University of Sheffield, particularly the amazing women of level two. My parents, Susan and Robert, and my grandparents are responsible for this whole endeavour by taking me to so many museums, castles and country houses when I was a child and providing seemingly endless love and support throughout school and university. My sister, Beth, has always been there for me, even in the middle of writing her own PhD. Finally, I owe so much to Izaac for his love and patience, and providing crucial cups of tea, reminders to go outside once in a while, and much- needed perspective. Thank you with all my heart. 7 Introduction Why do you make such frequent reflections upon your Birth, you are not responsible for the circumstances under which you were born, nor will any liberal person reflect upon you on account thereof; it has been the Lot of many a good man… to have been born the Son of one woman not married to his Father.1 [A] really illuminating consideration of illegitimacy and its place in the past history of various societies and cultures ought perhaps to take as its theme the attitude to bastards, literary and otherwise, their treatment and their place in society and especially in the family - if the evidence could only be recovered.2 A letter written by baronet Sir John Delaval to his illegitimate nephew Frank in 1780 led me to the subject of this thesis. Frank was lucky: he was financially comfortable and supported by his paternal family.
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