V.Lelting and Transformation Remperatures of Mineral and \Llied Substances
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Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: a Review
materials Review Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: A Review Guijun Yang and Soo-Jin Park * Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Incheon 402-751, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-32-876-7234 Received: 5 March 2019; Accepted: 9 April 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: With the continuous development and progress of materials science, increasingly more attention has been paid to the new technology of powder synthesis and material preparation. The hydrothermal method is a promising liquid phase preparation technology that has developed rapidly during recent years. It is widely used in many fields, such as the piezoelectric, ferroelectric, ceramic powder, and oxide film fields. The hydrothermal method has resulted in many new methods during the long-term research process, such as adding other force fields to the hydrothermal condition reaction system. These force fields mainly include direct current, electric, magnetic (autoclaves composed of non-ferroelectric materials), and microwave fields. Among them, the microwave hydrothermal method, as an extension of the hydrothermal reaction, cleverly uses the microwave temperature to compensate for the lack of temperature in the hydrothermal method, allowing better practical application. This paper reviews the development of the hydrothermal and microwave hydrothermal methods, introduces their reaction mechanisms, and focuses on the practical application of the two methods. Keywords: hydrothermal method; microwave hydrothermal method; functional materials; application 1. Introduction During the process of continuous development of materials science, the research and development of new processes for material preparation and synthesis has always been an important part. For a long time, researchers have been searching for a material synthesis method with limited pollution, easy operation, excellent product performance, and low production cost [1–3]. -
Metamorphism of Sedimentary Manganese Deposits
Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Szeged, XX/2, 325—336, 1972. METAMORPHISM OF SEDIMENTARY MANGANESE DEPOSITS SUPRIYA ROY ABSTRACT: Metamorphosed sedimentary deposits of manganese occur extensively in India, Brazil, U. S. A., Australia, New Zealand, U. S. S. R., West and South West Africa, Madagascar and Japan. Different mineral-assemblages have been recorded from these deposits which may be classi- fied into oxide, carbonate, silicate and silicate-carbonate formations. The oxide formations are represented by lower oxides (braunite, bixbyite, hollandite, hausmannite, jacobsite, vredenburgite •etc.), the carbonate formations by rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, manganoan calcite etc., the silicate formations by spessartite, rhodonite, manganiferous amphiboles and pyroxenes, manganophyllite, piedmontite etc. and the silicate-carbonate formations by rhodochrosite, rhodonite, tephroite, spessartite etc. Pétrographie and phase-equilibia data indicate that the original bulk composition in the sediments, the reactions during metamorphism (contact and regional and the variations and effect of 02, C02, etc. with rise of temperature, control the mineralogy of the metamorphosed manga- nese formations. The general trend of formation and transformation of mineral phases in oxide, carbonate, silicate and silicate-carbonate formations during regional and contact metamorphism has, thus, been established. Sedimentary manganese formations, later modified by regional or contact metamorphism, have been reported from different parts of the world. The most important among such deposits occur in India, Brazil, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Ghana, South and South West Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Japan etc. An attempt will be made to summarize the pertinent data on these metamorphosed sedimentary formations so as to establish the role of original bulk composition of the sediments, transformation and reaction of phases at ele- vated temperature and varying oxygen and carbon dioxide fugacities in determin- ing the mineral assemblages in these deposits. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
The 3 Hours-Hydrothermal Synthesis of High Surface Area Superparamagnetic Fe3o4 Core-Shell Nanoparticles (Esty Octiana Sari)
The 3 Hours-Hydrothermal Synthesis of High Surface Area Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Core-Shell Nanoparticles (Esty Octiana Sari) THE 3 HOURS-HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF HIGH SURFACE AREA SUPERPARAMAGNETIC Fe3O4 CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES Esty Octiana Sari,Ahmad Fadli andAmunAmri Department of Chemical Engineering Riau University Jl. HR Subrantas KM 12,5 Panam, Pekanbaru 28293, Riau E-mail: [email protected] Received: 2 May 2017 Revised: 27 September 2017 Accepted: 4 October 2017 ABSTRACT THE 3 HOURS-HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF HIGH SURFACE AREA SUPERPARAMAGNETIC Fe3O4 CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES. The monodisperse core-shell Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by short times (3 hours) hydrothermal method at 220 oC from FeCl3, citrate, urea and PEG.The as-synthesized samples have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Bruneur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD result shows the as-synthesized products are pure Fe3O4. The TEM image shows the magnetite nanoparticles have monodisperse core-shell shape. The BET result shows the magnetite nanoparticles have 650.757 m2/g surface area. The hysteresis curve shows the magnetite nanoparticles exhibit super paramagnetic properties. This simple method obtained 60 nm core-shell Fe3O4 particles with super paramagnetic, high surface area as well as hydrophilic properties. Those properties are promising for various biomedical application. The advantages of simple and short times methods with high quality of product make this method very promising to be applied. Keywords: Core-shell, Hydrothermal method, Superparamagnetic, Nanoparticles ABSTRAK 3 JAM-SINTETIS HIDROTERMALNANOPARTIKELCORE-SHELLSUPERPARAMAGNETIK Fe3O4 DENGAN LUAS PERMUKAAN TINGGI. Nanopartikel monodispersi Fe3O4 berbentuk core-shell o telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode hidrothermal waktu singkat (3 jam) pada suhu 220 C dari FeCl3, sitrat, urea dan PEG. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
The Forsterite-Tephroite Series:I
American Mineralogist, Volume 65, pages 1263-1269, 1980 The forsterite-tephroite series:I. Crystal structure refinements Cenr A. FReNcIs Mineralogical Museum,Hamard University Cambridge,M assachusetts02 I 38 AND PAUL H. RIBBE Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University B lac ksbur g, Virginia 2 4 06 I Abstract The crystal structures of the following metamorphic olivines, M;*[SiO4], in the forsterite- tephroite (Fo-Te) serieswere refned in space group Pbnm: Cation compositionM Cell parameters(A) Mg Mn Ca Fe a b c Rfactor Fol 1.028 0964 0.006 0.002 4.794 10.491 6.t23 0.029 Ten, 0.181 1.780 0.013 0.026 4.879 10.589 6.234 0.039 Treating minql ps and Ca as though they were Mn, the refined cation distributions (esds < 0.01) and mean bond lengths are: M(1) site M(2) site Mg Mn (M(lFo) Mg Mn (M(2)-o) (si-o) For, 0.92 0.08 2.116I^ 0.1I 0.89 2.185A r.6374 Te", O.l7 0.83 2.0294 0.00 1.00 2.2274 l.6,t0A By comparison, a previously refned synthetic ForrT€o, specimen "heat-treated at l(X)0oC" is significantlymore disordered(KD : 0.196)than the naturally occurring For' (Ko: 0.011). As expected,mean M(l)-O and M(2)-O distancescorrelate linearly with Mgl(Mg+Mn) oc- cupancy. Introduction However, the crystal structures of only two Mg- With the widespread availability of automated X- Mn olivines have previously been refined. One of ray di-ffractometeruand least-squaresrefinement pro- them contains I I mole percent of Zn SiOo, thereby grams, order-disorder has become a principal theme complicating the octahedral site refinement (Brown, of contemporary crystal chemical investigations 1970). -
Tourmaline Reference Materials for the in Situ Analysis of Oxygen and Lithium Isotope Ratio Compositions
Vol. 45 — N° 1 03 P.97 – 119 21 Tourmaline Reference Materials for the In Situ Analysis of Oxygen and Lithium Isotope Ratio Compositions Michael Wiedenbeck (1)*, Robert B. Trumbull (1), Martin Rosner (2),AdrianBoyce (3), John H. Fournelle (4),IanA.Franchi (5),RalfHalama (6),ChrisHarris (7),JackH.Lacey (8), Horst Marschall (9) , Anette Meixner (10),AndreasPack (11), Philip A.E. Pogge von Strandmann (9), Michael J. Spicuzza (4),JohnW.Valley (4) and Franziska D.H. Wilke (1) (1) GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam 14473, Germany (2) Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA (3) Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK (4) Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA (5) School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK (6) Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA (7) Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa (8) National Environmental Isotope Facility, British Geological Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK (9) Bristol Isotope Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK (10) Faculty of Geosciences & MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany (11) Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Universitat¨ Gottingen,¨ Gottingen¨ 37077, Germany (12) Present address: IsoAnalysis UG, Berlin 12489, Germany (13) Present address: School of Geography, Geology and Environment, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK (14) Present address: Institut fur¨ Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universitat,¨ Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany (15) Present address: Institute of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University College London and Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 6BS, UK * Corresponding author. -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
Weathering of Silicate Minerals in Soils and Watersheds: Parameterization of the Weathering Kinetics Module in the PROFILE and Forsafe Models
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-38 Manuscript under review for journal Biogeosciences Discussion started: 18 February 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Reviews and synthesis: Weathering of silicate minerals in soils and watersheds: Parameterization of the weathering kinetics module in the PROFILE and ForSAFE models Harald Ulrik Sverdrup1*, Eric Oelkers5, Martin Erlandsson Lampa2, Salim Belyazid3, Daniel Kurz4, Cecilia Akselsson6, 1-Industrial Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2-Institute of Hydrology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, 3-Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 4-EKG Geoscience, Bern, Switzerland, 5-Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK, 6-Earth Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. *corresponding author ([email protected]) Abstract The PROFILE model, now incorporated in the ForSAFE model can accurately reproduce the chemical and mineralogical evolution of the soil unsaturated zone. However, in deeper soil layers and in groundwater systems, it appears to overestimate weathering rates. This overestimation has been corrected by improving the kinetic expression describing mineral dissolution by adding or upgrading ‘breaking functions’. The base cation and aluminium brakes have been strengthened, and an additional silicate brake has been developed, improving the ability to describe mineral-water reactions in deeper soils. These brakes are developed from a molecular-level model of the dissolution mechanisms. Equations, parameters and constants describing mineral dissolution kinetics have now been obtained for 102 different minerals from 12 major structural groups, comprising all types of minerals encountered in most soils. The PROFILE and ForSAFE weathering sub-model was extended to cover two-dimensional catchments, both in the vertical and the horizontal direction, including the hydrology. -
Transfers Young, Stephanie Lynne, Chalfont St
The Journal of Gemmology2010 / Volume 32 / Nos. 1–4 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain The Journal of Gemmology / 2009 / Volume 31 / No. 5–8 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EC1N 8TN T: +44 (0)20 7404 3334 F: +44 (0)20 7404 8843 E: [email protected] W: www.gem-a.com Registered Charity No. 1109555 Registered office: Palladium House, 1–4 Argyll Street, London W1F 7LD President: Prof. A. H. Rankin Vice-Presidents: N. W. Deeks, R. A. Howie, E. A. Jobbins, M. J. O'Donoghue Honorary Fellows: R. A. Howie Honorary Life Members: H. Bank, D. J. Callaghan, T. M. J. Davidson, J. S. Harris, E. A. Jobbins, J. I. Koivula, M. J. O'Donoghue, C. M. Ou Yang, E. Stern, I. Thomson, V. P. Watson, C. H. Winter Chief Executive Officer: J. M. Ogden Council: J. Riley – Chairman, A. T. Collins, S. Collins, B. Jackson, C. J. E. Oldershaw, L. Palmer, R. M. Slater Members’ Audit Committee: A. J. Allnutt, P. Dwyer-Hickey, J. Greatwood, G. M. Green, J. Kalischer Branch Chairmen: Midlands – P. Phillips, North East – M. Houghton, North West – J. Riley, Scottish – B. Jackson, South East – V. Wetten, South West – R. M. Slater The Journal of Gemmology Editor: Dr R. R. Harding Assistant Editor: M. J. O’Donoghue Associate Editors: Dr A. J. Allnutt (Chislehurst), Dr C. E. S. Arps (Leiden), G. Bosshart (Horgen), Prof. A. T. Collins (London), J. Finlayson (Stoke on Trent), Dr J. W. Harris (Glasgow), Prof. R. A. Howie (Derbyshire), E. A. Jobbins (Caterham), Dr J. -
Synthetic Quartz Crystal
Synthetic Quartz Crystal n Terms and Definitions Synthetic Quartz Crystal: A single crystal grown using the Right-handed and left-handed quartz crystals: Crystals are hydrothermal synthesis method. divided into two types: right-handed and left-handed. A As-Grown Quartz Crystal: A synthetic quartz crystal grown difference in optical rotation creates the 2 types, but their naturally with no processing. physical properties are identical. Therefore, by cutting at the Lumbered Quartz Crystal: A synthetic quartz crystal with the X correct angle, the difference does not affect the characteristics and Z surfaces processed according to specified dimensions of a crystal oscillator. Generally right-handed quartz crystals are and angles using a diamond wheel #80. used in manufacture. Y-bar Synthetic Quartz Crystal: A synthetic quartz crystal grown Zone: A zone with a crystal that has grown from a seed crystal at by using a bar-like seed crystal elongated in the Y-axis direction. its core. There are Z, +X, -X, and S zones. Z-plate Synthetic Quartz Crystal: A synthetic quartz crystal Infrared Absorption Coefficient α: This value measured with an grown by using a plate-like seed crystal with a Y-axis direction infrared spectrophotometer is adopted as the infrared absorption length and X-axis direction width. coefficient α of a synthetic quartz crystal. The value is based on Inclusion: A general term for solid constituents (inclusions) that the absorption characteristic of the OH radical of a synthetic exist in synthetic quartz crystal; they can be observed when light quartz crystal that is around 3,800 to 3,000 cm–1 of the infrared is scattered through a liquid with a refractive index that is close transmittance curve. -
Large-Scale Synthesis Route of Tio2 Nanomaterials with Controlled Morphologies Using Hydrothermal Method and Tio2 Aggregates As Precursor
nanomaterials Article Large-Scale Synthesis Route of TiO2 Nanomaterials with Controlled Morphologies Using Hydrothermal Method and TiO2 Aggregates as Precursor Wenpo Luo 1 and Abdelhafed Taleb 1,2,* 1 Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, PSL Research University Chimie ParisTech—CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; [email protected] 2 Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-85-78-41-97 Abstract: TiO2 of controlled morphologies have been successfully prepared hydrothermally using TiO2 aggregates of different sizes. Different techniques were used to characterize the prepared TiO2 powder such as XRD, XPS, FEGSEM, EDS, and HRTEM. It was illustrated that the prepared TiO2 powders are of high crystallinity with different morphologies such as nanobelt, nanourchin, and nanotube depending on the synthesis conditions of temperature, time, and additives. The mechanism behind the formation of prepared morphologies is proposed involving nanosheet intermediate formation. Furthermore, it was found that the nanoparticle properties were governed by those of TiO2 nanoparticles aggregate used as a precursor. For example, the size of prepared nanobelts was proven to be influenced by the aggregates size used as a precursor for the synthesis. Keywords: TiO2 nanoparticles; aggregates; morphologies Citation: Luo, W.; Taleb, A. Large-Scale Synthesis Route of TiO2 Nanomaterials with Controlled Morphologies Using Hydrothermal 1. Introduction Method and TiO2 Aggregates as Recently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing innovative strategies Precursor. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 365. to synthesize nanomaterials with the desired morphologies and properties. Particularly https://doi.org/10.3390/ the one-dimensional (1D) structure of TiO2 nanomaterials exhibits interesting properties nano11020365 compared to other TiO2 nanoparticles: it has lower carrier recombination rate and higher charge carrier mobility, thanks to the grain boundaries and junctions absence.