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Romeo and Juliet Study Guide

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Romeo and Juliet Study Guide Romeo and Juliet Study Guide E DIRECT AT SPEAK MACBETH THAISAGROW PROSPERO TOUCHSTONE JULIET CRE VIEW TEACH SEE CREATE HAMLET DISCUSS CLEOPATRA SEE LISTEN LAUGHROSALIND DIRECT PLAY SHYLOCKCREA CAESAR LEARN T ACT TEACH E OTHELLO OPHELIA Pennsylvania Department of Education Academic Standards The material in this study guide is designed to meet the following Pennsylvania Academic Standards. Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening • Students will use knowledge of root words and words from literary oworks t recognize and understand the meaning of new words. (1.1.11 C) • Students will identify, describe, evaluate, and synthesize the essential ideas in text. (1.1.11 D) • Students will read and understand works of literature. (1.3.11 A) • Students will analyze effectiveness, in terms of literary quality, of the author’s use of literary devices. (1.3.11 C) • Students will analyze and evaluate in poetry the appropriateness of diction and figurative language (e.g., irony, understatement, overstatement, paradox). (1.3.11 E) • Students will analyze how a scriptwriter’s use of words creates tone and mood, and how choice of words advances the theme or purpose of the work. (1.3.11 E) • Students will read and respond to nonfiction and fiction including poetry and drama. (1.3.11 F) • Students will demonstrate fluency and comprehension in reading. (1.1.11 H) • Students will listen to others. (1.6.11 A) • Students will listen to selections of literature. (1.6.11 B) • Students will contribute to discussion. (1.6.11 D) • Students will participate in small and large group discussions and presentations. (1.6.11 E) 2 Contents Pennsylvania Department of Education Academic Standards ...............................................................2 A Message From the Director...................................................4 Shakespeare’s Life and Times ..................................................5 What Did Shakespeare Look Like? ...........................................5 Shakespeare Portrait Gallery ....................................................6 The Elizabethan Theatre .........................................................7 Plot Synopsis ..........................................................................8 Did You Know? ......................................................................13 Romeo and Juliet on Stage and Screen ..................................14 Marriage in Elizabethan Times...............................................15 A Bit About Setting.................................................................17 Interviews with Cast and Crew................................................18 Before and After the Performance..........................................25 Copyright © The Philadelphia Shakespeare Theatre 2014. The information contained herein is proprietary and is not intended for publication. 3 A Message from the Director Romeo and Juliet is the most famous We asked these questions of love story in the English language. Are Philadelphia and invited the greater there lines that you are already familiar community to write sonnets talking with? “O Romeo, Romeo. Wherefore about what it means to be in love art thou Romeo?” Juliet wishes Romeo today. We got some great responses, could be anyone else except the and decided to put some of the sworn enemy of her family, but they sonnets into the show. Shakespeare take the risk and choose each other wrote Romeo and Juliet (and all his anyway! I think the play captures our plays) in five acts, and while we will imagination, because we get to watch only take one intermission (in the two young people throw away their middle of Shakespeare’s Act 3), we parents’ rules and invent a new love. put one sonnet in between each of They create their own version, which Shakespeare’s five acts. These are is intense and secret and special. great moments in the story to pause, reflect, and hear a personal reflection from someone in the community. I Have you had similar experiences? Do think this is a great way to take this you see relationships the same way ancient love story and hear it fresh; your parents see them? Have you had giving it a new and different life when to invent your own version of love with it is framed with these contemporary someone? Do you think it can last? voices and stories. Many scholars have pointed out that If you were going to write your own most comedies begin this way - with story about being in love today, what two young lovers having to find a way would you write about? Can you relate out from under their stick-in-the-mud to Romeo and Juliet? Or do you think parents to be together. But in a they are making a mistake? Are the comedy, everyone gets married and Friar and the Nurse right to help the lives happily ever after. In Romeo and young lovers? Or are they part of the Juliet, the lovers marry, but we see problem? Is Capulet too hard on his what happens after Happily Ever After: daughter? Or is he keeping her and it isn’t good. The real world protected? comes back and crushes their bubble and, instead of choosing to accept David O’Connor this defeat, the star-crossed lovers take their life. While the audience gets David O’Connor to revel in the excitement and passion Director, Romeo and Juliet of young love, we are also warned of the dangers of naïveté and the harsh realities of society. While the play is 420 years old, are things very different? 4 Shakespeare’s Life What Did Shakespeare Look and Times Like? Until recently, there was not even a clear idea of what Shakespeare looked like. The most There is very little actually known about William accurate depictions were an engraving and a Shakespeare. However, more is known about bust, both made after his death. One painting him than most dramatists from the period. He was believed to have been done during his was christened on April 26, 1564 and his birth lifetime, but research has since shown that the date is historically attributed to April 23, 1564. painting was altered, leaving scholars and lovers He was the eldest of John Shakespeare and Mary of the Bard still wondering. Arden. He was born and raised in Stratford-upon- Avon, a market town approximately ninety miles Then in 2006 an amazing discovery was made. northwest of London. His father was a glover, While touring the exhibit wool trader and money lender, who became the “Searching for Shake- town’s Bailiff (Mayor) in 1582. Shakespeare speare” at The National most likely attended the town’s grammar school Portrait Gallery in London, where he was instructed in Latin and studied the Alec Cobbe saw the famed Classics. “false painting” and real- In November of 1582, he married Anne ized that it bore a striking Hathaway. In May of 1583, their first child, resemblance to a painting Susanna, was born. Two years later, Hamnet that had been in his fam- and Judith, fraternal twins, were born. ily’s collection since the 18th century. Scholars There is no record of Shakespeare’s early career. and historians feverishly At some point he went to London and began compared Cobbe’s paint- working as an actor and playwright. By 1595, ing to the engraving that Shakespeare was a shareholder in The Lord was made for the First Chamberlain’s Men (later called the King’s Folio (the first printed col- Men). In 1596, his son Hamnet died. lection of Shakespeare’s In 2009, the Shakespeare Birth- In the years that followed, Shakespeare’s plays plays in 1623). place Trust in Stratford-upon-Avon announced that the “Cobbe were written, performed, and many of them Historically, engravings Portrait” (as the painting is now printed. In 1597, he purchased New Place, were copied from actual called) is the only likeness we the second largest home in Stratford. In 1616, have from Shakespeare’s lifetime. paintings. The similarity Shakespeare died, reportedly on his birthday. He was remarkable. Moreover, is buried in Holy Trinity church, the same place the painting bears a Latin inscription that is a where he was christened 52 years prior. quote from the Roman poet, Horace, to another The exact number of plays penned by poet, indicating the profession of the painting’s Shakespeare is debated. Much scholarly work subject. Lastly, perhaps the most convincing is being done in the field of Shakespeare Textual piece of evidence, Cobbe is a distant relative of Studies to determine which plays were solely Henry Wriothesley, the 3rd Earl of Southampton, authored by Shakespeare and which were co- Shakespeare’s patron. Wriothesley is arguably authored. However, most agree that Shakespeare the person in Shakespeare’s life who would have wrote 38 plays, 5 long poems and 154 sonnets. had the means and interest to commission such a portrait. Further scientific testing has been done to the painting to authenticate its date. 5 Shakespeare Portrait Gallery Engraving by Martin Droeshout, 1623. Until recently, considered the most accurate likeness of Shakespeare Grafton Portrait, 1588. The year during his life, even though it was is within Shakespeare’s lifetime, commissioned for the publication of Chandos Portrait, however, the clothes are most the First Folio, seven years after his 1623 or 1610. likely too expensive for what death. Shakespeare would have been able to afford when he was 24 years old. Soest Portrait, 1660 Sanders Portrait, 1603. Labled as Shake- speare. John Sanders, was an actor in Marble Bust, 1620? Shakespeare’s company, so the painter Shakespeare died in 1616. knew Shakespeare. However, the subject looks younger than Shakespeare would have been at that time, and there is not a strong likenesses to the other more repu- table paintings. Flower Portrait, 1800s. Based on the Droeshout engraving. The painting was made over top of one Janssen Portrait, c. 1610. The one that that was painted in 1609. was based on the Cobbe portrait. It was Artist Unknown, 1700. altered in 1770 to look more like Shake- Based on the Chandos Portrait. speare (i.e. the Droeshout engraving) by making him bald. It has since been restored to its original state.
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