Algemeen Ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo Algemeen ambtsbericht Democratische Republiek Congo Datum December 2014 Pagina 1 van 79 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2014 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door CAT Cluster Ambtsberichten en Terugkeer Redacteur(en): CAT Pagina 2 van 79 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2014 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 Inleiding 5 1 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 6 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................6 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................15 1.3 Identiteits- en reisdocumenten .....................................................................42 2 Mensenrechten........................................................................................46 2.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................46 2.1.1 Verdragen en Protocollen.............................................................................46 2.1.2 Nationale wetgeving ...................................................................................46 2.1.3 Voornaamste wetgeving ..............................................................................47 2.2 Toezicht op naleving van mensenrechten .......................................................50 2.3 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................51 2.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...........................................................................52 2.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..........................................................54 2.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst ...............................................................................54 2.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................55 2.3.5 Rechtsgang ...............................................................................................55 2.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties ..............................................................................56 2.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................59 2.3.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen.....................................................................59 2.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................59 2.3.10 Doodstraf .................................................................................................59 2.4 Positie van specifieke groepen......................................................................60 2.4.1 Leden oppositie/politieke activisten ...............................................................60 2.4.2 Etnische groepen .......................................................................................60 2.4.3 Religieuze minderheden ..............................................................................61 2.4.4 Vrouwen en meisjes ...................................................................................61 2.4.5 LGBT........................................................................................................ 64 2.4.6 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................65 2.4.7 Dienstplicht en desertie...............................................................................67 3 Migratie ..................................................................................................68 3.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstromen..........................................................68 3.1.1 Buiten de DRC ...........................................................................................68 3.1.2 Binnen de DRC ..........................................................................................68 3.2 Opvang in de regio.....................................................................................68 3.2.1 Uganda ....................................................................................................68 3.2.2 Rwanda....................................................................................................69 3.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties.....................................................69 3.4 Terugkeer.................................................................................................69 3.4.1 Volwassenen .............................................................................................69 3.4.2 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................69 Literatuurlijst ...........................................................................................................70 Pagina 3 van 79 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2014 I Lijst van gebruikte afkortingen .............................................................74 II Kaart van de Democratische Republiek Congo .........................................76 III Overzichtskaart van de Kivu-provincies...................................................77 IV Provincie-indeling van de Democratische Republiek Congo ......................78 V Lijst met kabinetsleden ..........................................................................79 Pagina 4 van 79 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2013 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in de Democratische Republiek Congo (DRC) beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit de DRC en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Congolese asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in de DRC (laatstelijk november 2013). Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van november 2013 tot en met november 2014. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Kinshasa aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen, waaronder lokale kranten en radiostations – zoals het door de VN beschermde Radio Okapi - die in de regel goed geïnformeerd zijn. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk een wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek- en veiligheidsgebied. In hoofdstuk twee wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in de DRC geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. In hoofdstuk drie komen de opvang van vluchtelingen, binnenlands ontheemden en activiteiten van internationale organisaties aan de orde. Pagina 5 van 79 Algemeen ambtsbericht | December 2014 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen Na de militaire nederlaag van de Mouvement du 23 mars (M23)1 begin november 2013 volgde een onderhandelingsproces tussen de Congolese regering en M23 in Kampala, dat eind 2013 werd afgesloten met de Verklaringen van Nairobi. Een van de afspraken betrof het uitvaardigen van een amnestiewet voor oud-strijders. Ondanks het optimisme na het verslaan van M23 was er weinig vooruitgang bij de belangrijkste politieke thema’s zoals vastgelegd in de aanbevelingen van de Nationale Dialoog2 en de Verklaringen van Nairobi. De door president Kabila op 23 oktober 2013 toegezegde regeringswissel vond niet plaats.3 Wel boekte premier Matata Ponyo enige vooruitgang op het gebied van beter bestuur.4 Een groep binnen de grootste regeringspartij, de Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie (PPRD), stuurde aan op een aanpassing van de grondwet, opdat de zittende president zich opnieuw verkiesbaar zou kunnen stellen.5 Verklaringen Nairobi Op 4 november 2013 verklaarde M23 zich bereid tot het sluiten van een vredesakkoord met de Congolese regering.6 Maar die verklaarde dat de beweging zichzelf had opgeheven en daarom niet de aangewezen partij was om een overeenkomst mee aan te gaan.7 Zowel de regeringspartijen als de oppositie keerden zich tegen een vredesakkoord in Kampala.8 Op 13 november 2013 distantieerde de ‘realistische vleugel’ van M23 zich van de minderheid die vast wilde houden aan de term ‘vredesakkoord’ en verklaarde zich bereid de besprekingen voort te zetten.9 Op 14 november 2013 verklaarde regeringswoordvoerder Mende geen M23-strijders (collectief noch individueel) te zullen integreren in het regeringsleger en kondigde een amnestiewet aan waartoe individuele leden van M23 een verzoek konden indienen.10 Op 12 december 2013 werd de Kampala dialoog 1 Een op 6 mei 2012 door ex-CNDP militairen binnen het regeringsleger
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