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Phytogeography E-Resource Class-25Th March, 2020 Paper-Ecology and Taxonomy LS- 2Nd Sem by Dr phyTogEography E-resource Class-25th March, 2020 Paper-Ecology and Taxonomy LS- 2nd Sem By Dr. Manjeet Kaur Department of Botany Dayal Singh College Topics covErEd: Introduction Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Endemism WhaT is phyTogEography? Deals with the geographical distribution of plants on or near the surface of the earth Closely related to Plant systematics and Ecology (in systematics plants are grouped into taxa; in ecology communities and in Phytogeography- phytochoria) Phytochoria- kingdoms, regions, provinces Humbolt- Father of Phytogeography Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 1.Western Himalayas- Covers area- from Kashmir to Kumaon (Uttranchal) Rainfall – usually less than 200cm annually Shows climatic zonation with altitude Different zones are as follows: Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India i. Submontane (tropical and subtropical) zone: Area- 300-1500m in Siwalik ranges and adjacent areas Forests are dominated by- Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sisoo and Cedrela toona. Open area have- Acacia catechu, Butea monosperma, Zizyphus sp and Euphorbia royleana isolated with the patches of grasses. Upper belt of this zone is dominated by Pinus roxburgii Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India ii. Montane (temperate) zone: Area- from 1500 to 3500 m Dominated by-Pinus wallichiana with frequent strands of Cedrus deodara. At higher altitudes- Aesculus indica, Quercus himalayana, Abies pindrow and Taxus baccata At higher altitudes- Betula utilis, Salix and Rhododendron Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India iii. Alpine zone: Area- from 3500 m upto snowline zone at 4500 m Dominated by- dwarf shrubs like Salix, Lonicera, Cassiope and Juniperus. Alpine meadows are dominated by- herbs like Potentilla, Iris, Saxifraga, Primula, Euphrasia, Geranium and Polygonum. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 2. Eastern Himalayas- Covers area- from Darjeeling, Sikkim and extending to east to Arunachal Pradesh. Rainfall – Higher rainfall, less snow and higher temeratures. Shows zonation : 300-500m higher Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India i. Submontane (tropical and subtropical) zone: Area- extends from foothill plains to 1800m Dominated by tropical semi-evergreen and deciduous forests. Shorea robusta is the dominant component Other species are: Bauhinia, Anthocephalus, Lagerstroemia and Bombax. Bamboos are very common. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India ii. Montane (temperate) zone: Area- from 1800 to 3800 m Dominated by- Quercus (Oak), Michelia and Eugenia and lower altitudes and Cryptomeria, Juniperus, Rhododendron, Tsuga and Arundinaria (a bamboo) at higher altitudes. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India iii. Alpine zone: Area- from 3800- 5000m. Dominated by- Dwarf shrubs like Rhododendron and Juniperus; and herbs like Polygonum, Gentiana and Anemone. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 3. Indus plains: Covers area- arid and semi arid regions of Punjab, Rajasthan, parts of Gujrat & Delhi Rainfall – less than 70 cm. Summers are very hot and dry & winters are cold Vegetation consists of tropical thorn forest in semi-arid and; Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India 3. Indus plains contd… Typical desert vegetation in arid regions Dominated by- Acacia, Prosopis, Zizypus, Capparis and Salvadora Common herbs are: Saccharum, Cenchrus, Tephrosia, Euphorbia and Achyranthes. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 4. Gangetic plains: Covers area- Eastern parts of Delhi, Southern parts of UP, Bihar, Bengal and Northern parts of Orissa. Rainfall – less than 70 cm in western boundary to more than 150 cm in Bengal. Soil is fertile Vegetation- ranges from moist tropical forest to dry deciduous forests. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India 4. Gangetic plains contd….: Dalbergia sisoo, Butea monosperma, Madhuca indica, Terminalia arjuna and Diospyros melanoxylon Herbs- Xanthium, Amaranthus, Dichanthium, Peristrophe and Bothriochloa Mangrove vegetation is common in Gangetic delta. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 5. Central India: Covers - Madhya pradesh, parts of Orissa and Gujarat. Rainfall –150-200 cm Vegetation- Mixed deciduous and thorny. Dominants- Tectona, Madhuca, Diospyros, Butea and Dalbergia Thorny species- Carissa, Zizyphus and Acacia Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 6. Malabar: Covers – narrow belt of Western Ghats from Southern Gujarat to Cape Comorin, parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Rainfall – heavy; >200 cm Dominanted by- tropical evergreen, mixed deciduous with temperate evergreen forests Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India 6. Malabar contd… In Nilgiris, the forest is commonly known as Sholas. Common trees are- Dipterocarpous, Sterculia, Cedrela and Tectona. Bamboos and orchids are also common. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 7. Deccan: Covers – Largely a plateau zone; includes Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and zone parts of Karnataka. Rainfall – low; 100 cm (area falls in rain shadow area) Hilly plateau is dominanted by- tropical dry deciduous forests- Boswellia, Tectona and Hardwickia Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India 7. Deccan contd..: Coromondal coast has tropical dry evergreen forests; Santalum, Cedrela, Capparis, Euphorbia and Prosopis. Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 8. Assam: Rainfall – Very heavy raching upto 1000 cm in Cherrapunji. Dominated by- dense evergreen forests- Dipterocarpous, Shorea, Ficus and Mesua. Orchids, Bamboo and ferns are common. Hilly areas- Pinus, Alnus, Betula and Rhododendron Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 9. Andamans: Mixed type of vegetation. Dominated by- Mangroves Common species: Rhizophora, Mimusops, Calophylum, Dipterocarpus and Lagerstroemia. Cultivation: paddy and sugarcane Principle Biogeographical zones/ Botanical provinces of India Puri recognized 10 Botanical provinces: 10. Laccadiv (Lakshadweep) and Minicoy group of islands: Western coast of India. Dominated by- Scrub type of vegetation- coconut, ferns and betel vine Other common species: Acacia senegal, Grewia populifolia and Ephedra. Grasses- Aristida and Heteropogon. Endemism • It is the ecological state where a taxa is restricted in geographical distribution to an area or region • Two main types of endemism are 1. Neoendemism 2. Paleoendemism • The 3rd intermediate type of endemism is Holoendemism Neo-endemics • A species which has originated recently • Is evolutionary young and • Has not been able to spread to other areas Favagar and Contandriopoulis differentiated 3 types of neoendemics Types of neo-endemics 1. Schizoendemics- Derived from or have given rise to a more widespread taxon of same chromosome number. 2. Patroendemics- Restricted diploids which have given rise to widespread polyploids 3. Apoendemics- Restricted polyploids which have arisen from widespread diploids. Paleo-endemics • An ancient species which was widely distributed in the past • But is now restricted in distribution • Due to climatic changes or human influences Paleo-endemics • Paleoendemics may sometimes be reactivated by changes in local conditions, evolving new endemics after a long period of range contraction. Such endemics are known as active epibiotics. Holo-endemics • Intermediate endemics (between neoendemics and paleoendemics) • Neither very young • Nor very old Local-endemics • Endemics restricted to very small area • Example: A small mountain peak Pseudo-endemics • Species that arise due to mutation • But disappears after sometime Endangered Vs Endemic Endangered Endemic A taxon in danger of A taxon found completely naturally only in a disappearing in the particular near future in all or geographical location part of its and no other place in geographical range. the world. ThE End… QuEriEs????.
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