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Dispelling Misperceptions of Native Lampreys (Entosphenus and Lampetra Spp.) in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

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Dispelling Misperceptions of Native Lampreys (Entosphenus and Lampetra Spp.) in the Pacific Northwest (USA) Received: 21 October 2020 Revised: 24 February 2021 Accepted: 26 February 2021 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.402 PERSPECTIVES AND NOTES Dispelling misperceptions of native lampreys (Entosphenus and Lampetra spp.) in the Pacific northwest (USA) Benjamin J. Clemens1 | Christina J. Wang2 1Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis Research Lab, Corvallis, Oregon Abstract 2U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia Native lampreys continue to be misunderstood by some citizens in the Pacific River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Northwest (PNW; USA). This misunderstanding is caused by persistent mis- Office, Vancouver, Washington perceptions reinforced in media and exacerbated by a long-running (mid-1900s Correspondence to present) and pervasive outreach campaign on the control of the invasive sea Benjamin J. Clemens, Oregon Department lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Lake Cham- of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis Research plain and the Finger Lakes of New York. The use of outreach to encourage Lab, 28655 Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333. conservation of native lampreys in the PNW has been comparatively recent. Email: [email protected] Along with other native non-salmonid fishes, lampreys were perceived by Euro-American settlers as “undesirable”, “coarse” or “trash” fish that parasit- ized desirable trouts and salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and competed with them for environmental resources. These concerns have been magnified by the seemingly physical and ecological similarities between native and invasive sea lampreys. To dispel the misperceptions of native lampreys, we recom- mend a multi-prong approach that: sharpens the specificity of outreach mate- rials on sea lamprey control; develops outreach media that distinguishes invasive and native lampreys, includes recognition of the multiple ecosystem benefits that native lampreys offer, and includes hands-on, place-based learn- ing led by or in collaboration with local tribes that can provide cultural con- text, and employs a broad outreach campaign to facilitate conservation of native lampreys. KEYWORDS conservation, education, fishes, native, outreach, sea lamprey 1 | INTRODUCTION sucking their blood and other body juices has caused them to be placed in the 'nasty creature' category, along Whereas the conservation of some species is enhanced by with vampires and leeches. This is despite the fact that their perceived charisma, the public perception of others their prey often survives the attack, which is not true of is a barrier to conservation. This includes misperceptions the prey of more conventional predators” (Moyle & of native lampreys (Cochran, 2004). A college textbook Cech, 1996). Additionally, native lamprey species have on ichthyology articulated the sentiment on lampreys been confused with the invasive/nuisance sea lamprey well: “Their habit of latching onto the sides of fish and (Petromyzon marinus) of the Laurentian Great Lakes, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2021 The Authors. Conservation Science and Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology Conservation Science and Practice. 2021;e402. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/csp2 1of9 https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.402 2of9 CLEMENS AND WANG Lake Champlain and the Finger Lakes of New York Confusion among the public on lamprey control (i.e., sea (“Great Lakes”; Marsden & Siefkes, 2019). Mixed messag- lamprey in the Great Lakes) versus conservation of native ing in outreach on control of sea lamprey in the Great lampreys can lead to a lack of public support for conser- Lakes (mid-1900s—present; e.g., GLFC, 2020) has vation efforts for native lampreys. influenced the confusion of invasive Great Lakes sea By contrast with the outreach efforts for controlling lamprey with native lampreys (Clemens et al., 2017; invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes, outreach efforts Close, Fitzpatrick, & Li, 2002; Cochran, 2004; Luzier for the conservation of native lamprey species of the et al., 2009). These types of outreach can confuse the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States (Table 1) average citizen who may not be informed of the impor- are recent. These efforts were initiated by Native American tance of lampreys to ecosystems or the differences in the tribes in the 1990s on the Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus biology and management of invasive sea lamprey in the tridentatus) because of its great cultural significance to Great Lakes and lampreys elsewhere (e.g., Clemens them (Close et al., 1995; Close et al., 2002; CRITFC, 2011). et al., 2017, 2020; Clemens, Binder, Docker, Moser, & The tribes have led the conservation and outreach for Sower, 2010). Many people may be surprised that various Pacific lamprey. Over time, more entities became involved native lamprey species are valued for food and culture in the conservation of native lampreys in the PNW with a throughout the world (Docker, Hume, & Clemens, 2015). focus on Pacific lamprey (reviewed in Clemens et al., 2017; TABLE 1 Native lampreys of the Pacific Northwest (USA): Washington (WA), Idaho (ID), Oregon (OR), and northern California (CA; Potter, Gill, Renaud, & Haoucher, 2015), and their state status, arranged by latitudinal distribution, north to south Species Life historya Range Status Pacific lamprey A, P Alaska south to California WA: Critically imperiled; Monitor (WDFW 2015) (Entosphenus tridentatus) ID: Critically imperiled; Endangered (IDFG 2005, 2011, 2020) OR: Sensitive (ODFW, 2020a) CA: Moderate concern (Moyle, Quiñones, Katz, & Weaver, 2015) Western river lamprey A, P Southeast Alaska to Southern WA: Imperiled; Candidate (WDFW 2015) (Lampetra ayresii) California OR: Sensitive (ODFW, 2020a) CA: Moderate concern (Moyle et al., 2015) Western brook lamprey R, N Southeast Alaska to northern OR: Sensitive (ODFW, 2020a) (Lampetra richardsoni) California CA: Moderate concern (Moyle et al., 2015) Pacific brook lamprey R, N Lower Columbia (Washington and OR: Sensitive (ODFW, 2020a) (Lampetra pacifica) Oregon) and Willamette River basin (Oregon); coastal rivers (Oregon) Miller Lake lamprey R, P Upper Klamath River basin, Oregon OR: Sensitive species (ODFW 2020b) (Entosphenus minimus) Klamath Lake lamprey R, P Klamath River basin (upper OR: Data gap species (ODFW 2020b) (Entosphenus spp.) Klamath Lake), Oregon Klamath River lamprey R, P Klamath River basin (Oregon and OR: Data gap species (ODFW 2020b) (Entosphenus similis) California) CA: Moderate concern (Moyle et al., 2015) Goose Lake lamprey R, P Goose Lake (Oregon and California) OR: Data gap species (ODFW 2020b) (Entosphenus spp.) CA: High concern (Moyle et al., 2015) Pit-Klamath brook lamprey R, N Klamath River basin (Oregon); OR: Data gap species (ODFW 2020b) (Entosphenus goose Lake (Oregon and CA: Moderate concern (Moyle et al., 2015) lethophagus) California); pit river (California) Northern California brook R, N Klamath River basin (California) CA: High concern (Moyle et al., 2015) lamprey (Entosphenus folletti) Kern brook lamprey R, N Merced River and Friant-Kern Canal CA: High concern (Moyle et al., 2015) (Lampetra hubbsi) (California) a“A” = anadromous; “R” = resident; “P” = parasitic; “N” = non-feeding (do not feed as adults). CLEMENS AND WANG 3of9 TABLE 2 Freshwater ecosystem benefits provided by native lampreys Action Life stagea Behavior Immediate benefits Eventual benefits Citations Ecosystem Adults Redd construction Provides Aquatic insects Hogg, Coghlan Jr, engineering microhabitat for process stream Zydlewski, and aquatic insects nutrients and Simon (2014) feed juvenile fishes Larvae Burrow into substrate Aerate substrate; Support aerobic Shirakawa, Yanai, and increase fine stream Goto (2013); Boeker and particulate matter processes that Geist (2016) on surface of favor high substrate water quality (and hence other species) Supply marine- Adults Migration from marine Spawned out Nutrients are Close et al. (2002); Nislow derived to freshwater carcasses supply assimilated by and Kynard (2009); nutrients to nutrients to aquatic insects Weaver, Coghlan Jr, streams streams and crayfishes Zydlewski, Hogg, and Canton (2015); Weaver, Coghlan Jr, and Zydlewski (2016); Dunkle, Lampman, Jackson, and Caudill (2020) Recycle Larvae Feeding Integrates bottom-up Integrates low Close et al. (2002); Limm freshwater processes quality energy and Power (2011) nutrients into animal tissue that can be consumed by predators Prey source for All Availability to Feed predatory Buffer salmonids Beamish (1980); Close other animals predators fishes, marine and Oncorhynchus et al. (2002); terrestrial spp. from Cochran (2009); Clemens mammals, birds predation et al. (2019); Arakawa and Lampman (2020); Dunkle et al. (2020) Food and cultural Adults Migration from marine Human use (culture) Human use Downey, Rilatos, Sondenaa, source for to freshwater (culture, food) and Zybach (1996); Close native et al. (2002); Close, Americans Jackson, Conner, and Li (2004); Petersen- Lewis (2009); Wicks- Arshack, Dunkle, Matsaw, and Caudill (2018) aThe life stage terminology follows Clemens (2019). see also ODFW, 2020a). This increased involvement culmi- morelimitedinscopeandconfoundedbynegativeper- nated in the establishment of the Pacific Lamprey Con- ceptions of invasive sea lamprey. We provide informa- servation Initiative which is a consortium of tribes, tion on native lamprey species and their ecosystem federal,
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