Ethekwini Municipality Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002 Developed As Part of the ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) Program

eThekwini Municipality

Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002

REPORT TO ENVIRONMENT BRANCH

EThekwini Municipality Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002 Developed as part of the ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) program

20 June 2003

ECOSERV (Pty) Ltd 10a Caversham Rd, Pinetown, 3600 Tel: (086) 123-0000 Fax: (031) 710-1851 E-mail: info @ ecoserv.com

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The management of greenhouse gas emissions is considered a priority for the control of global warming. eThekwini Municipality, in conjunction with other cities in South Africa, has embarked on a process of identifying and establishing reduction programmes for greenhouse gases. This report covers the results of the city’s first greenhouse gas inventory, produced by Ecoserv on behalf of the eThekwini Municipality.

eThekwini municipal operations give rise to 1.047 Mt CO2eq (equivalent tons of carbon dioxide) per year. The source apportionment is as follows:

Vehicle Fleet Buildings 9% 3% Employee Commute 1% Streetlights 10%

Water/Sewage 4%

Other (includes electrical distribution losses) 55% Waste 18%

The substantial component “Other” relates primarily to electrical distribution losses. This has been the subject of some debate. The loss is associated with electricity in the possession of the Municipality and has therefore been attributed to the Municipality.

Waste represents the second-highest contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (although this includes waste not generated by but handled by the Municipality). eThekwini is considering the introduction of power-from-landfill gas schemes that will

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result in methane gas emission reductions and generate power for local users consumption.

The inventory has been compared to that for Cape Town and has found to be broadly consistent for the two cities. Cape Town’s building power usage is approximately double eThekwini’s. This difference is ascribed to the need for space heating of buildings during winter. Overall comparison between the two inventories, allowing for differences in categorisation, suggests that Cape Town emissions are 11% higher than those of eThekwini. For cities of similar population, this indicates good congruence between the inventories.

Limited comparison with the city-wide or community emissions has been performed. On the basis of this comparison it would appear that the Municipal emissions are approximately 6 % of those for the community.

The following points are noteworthy in assessing both the corporate and community data sets: 1. It is unfortunate that none of the departments could provide information on vehicle miles travelled so that benchmarking on the fuel usage could be performed. 2. Non-hazardous solid waste-associated emissions are attributed to the Municipality as it is paid for the disposal of this matter. Such disposal related emissions are not accounted for in the community inventory. 3. Only 2002 emissions from landfills are accounted for in this inventory. Waste in-place (disposed prior to 2002) is not accounted for. 4. The entire database is included as an electronic annexure to the report for more detailed consideration.

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On the basis of the collected information, a work programme is proposed to reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions for the city. Phase 1 of this programme is suggested as follows:

• Drafting, adoption and ratification of a corporate Energy Policy; • Completion of pilot audits in the Buildings and Wastewater sectors; • Completion of an opportunities database of energy savings options in the pilot audit sites; • Commencement of a roll-out programme of savings options identified; • Completion of initial energy training and awareness-raising sessions; • Commencement of a utility Monitoring & Targeting (M&T) programme; • Completion of data-gathering work within a targeted sub-sector of the municipalities Transport sector.

A budget is provided for this work. The pilot project is budgeted at R220 000. Direct savings from the introduction of such measures is estimated at approximately R500 000. Indirect savings are more difficult to estimate but are expected to be in the region of R750 000 to R1.5 million.

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Report details

Report title Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002 Reference AS068 Date submitted 20 June 2003 Client Environment Branch EThekwini Municipality Old Fort Place Durban 4001 Attn: Jessica Rich Prepared by Thandi Mjoli and Quentin Hurt ECOSERV (Pty) Ltd 10a Caversham Rd Pinetown, Durban 3600 Tel: 086 123-0000 e-mail: Hurt @ ecoserv.com Signed

Approver: (if different from above)

Designation:

Report number and Of 4 version Version 1 Status Public, FINAL Notices: This report has been prepared by ECOSERV (Pty) Ltd with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.

We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above.

This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to which this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies upon the report at their own risk.

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Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION...... 8 2. METHODOLOGY...... 10 2.1. Introduction to the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) ...... 10 2.2. Proposed methodology ...... 10 3. INFORMATION PROVIDERS...... 13 3.1. Identification of key information providers...... 13 3.1.1. Role of Consolidated Billing ...... 13 3.1.2. Direct gas emissions ...... 14 3.1.3. Mobile sources ...... 15 3.2. Community information ...... 16 4. DATA PROCESSING ...... 18 4.1. Software...... 18 4.2. Data collection...... 18 4.3. Data validation ...... 19 5. RESULTS...... 20 5.1. Corporate (municipal) emissions by sector...... 20 5.2. City-wide (community) emissions by sector...... 24 5.3. Comparison of Corporate (municipal) and City-wide (community) emissions...... 26 6. DISCUSSION...... 28 6.1. Other sources...... 28 6.2. Buildings...... 29 6.3. Vehicle fleet...... 29 6.4. Employee commute...... 30 6.5. Street lights ...... 30 6.6. Water and sewage ...... 30 6.7. Waste...... 31 6.8. Listing of measures GHG reduction measures applied by eThekwini...... 31 6.9. Correspondence with Cape Town’s emission inventory ...... 32 6.10. Attribution of community losses to corporate losses...... 33 6.11. Community inventory...... 33 7. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation & Energy Efficiency...... 36 7.1. Energy Management ...... 36

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7.1.1. Energy Policy ...... 37 7.1.2. Energy Management Responsibility ...... 38 7.1.3. Energy Monitoring & Targeting (M&T) ...... 38 7.1.4. Energy Training ...... 40 7.1.5. Motivation and Awareness Raising...... 40 7.2. Buildings Sector ...... 43 7.3. Transport Sector...... 46 7.4. Wastewater Sector ...... 48 7.5. Waste Sector and Landfill Gas ...... 50 7.6. Work Programme and Costs ...... 51 7.7. Summary and Conclusions...... 54 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 55 9. APPENDICES ...... 56

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1. INTRODUCTION The management of greenhouse gas emissions is considered a priority for the control of global warming. eThekwini Municipality, in conjunction with other cities in South Africa, has embarked on a process of identifying and establishing reduction programmes for greenhouse gases. This report covers the results of the city’s first greenhouse gas inventory, produced by Ecoserv on behalf of the eThekwini Municipality.

The inventory entails a listing each of the sources of greenhouse gases along with their respective magnitudes. The process focused on the collection of Municipal (designated Corporate) data only. As a by-product, limited community (including business and residential) data was sourced and is included in the report. This information represents, at best, an approximation at present but serves as a useful guide for the relative significance of the municipal inventory.

The process involves the identification of relevant sources, data collection on source detail and collation of the information in a manner that would permit meaningful analysis. Ecoserv proceeded by identifying various information providers within the Municipality, and then requesting specific information regarding activities that could result in greenhouse gas emissions from these individuals. Data for the 2001/2 financial year (ending 31 June) was provided as this coincided with standard reporting periods for the Municipality. The information was consolidated in a database generated by software provided by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), in turn developed by Torrie Smith & Associates. The results are presented and analysed by this software program in order to determine the relative contributions of various activities and actions. Recommendations are made based on these relative contributions to decrease the greenhouse gas load associated with the municipal activities.

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A component of the project related to the planning of future, repeat information gathering exercises. In order to expedite such projects, recommendations are made regarding the most appropriate contact people and how they might extract the relevant data. This should improve database maintenance associated with the inventory. In addition, the Municipality should ensure that it is able to manage the reduction in greenhouse gases associated with these activities.

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2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Introduction to the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) The following extract is provided by ICLEI:

“ICLEI is an international association of local governments implementing sustainable development. ICLEI's mission is to build and serve a worldwide movement of local governments to achieve tangible improvements in global environmental and sustainable development conditions through cumulative local actions. Building a worldwide movement requires that ICLEI functions as a democratic, international association of local governments. Serving a worldwide movement requires that ICLEI operates as an international environmental agency for local governments. More than 400 cities, towns, counties, and their associations from around the world are full Members of the Council, with hundreds of additional local governments participating in specific ICLEI campaigns and projects.”

More information about ICLEI is available on their web site, www.iclei.org.

2.2. Proposed methodology At the outset of the project, it was anticipated that Ecoserv would develop and distribute standardised questionnaires for data collection. This approach was consistent with the development of other emission inventories. In order to achieve this, a comprehensive contact database for the Municipality was developed. Key departments were identified by reference to the contact list, and by comparison to other sources of information such as the Municipal website. These lists were discussed in routine meetings with the Municipality and amended where necessary.

After initial contact, it became apparent that it would be more appropriate to focus on emission sources by group. Greenhouse gases typically arise through power

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generation (for electricity or mobility) or through waste management. It is further necessary to account for secondary or indirect emissions. Use of electricity does not generate greenhouse gases directly whereas the production of electricity does. This is classified as an indirect emission. Emissions, from the storage or treatment of waste, on the other hand, contribute directly to global warming. Most power users are not aware of their indirect contribution and, in some instances, even of their power use. In order to generate a comprehensive inventory the sources of information depicted in Figure 2.1 below were addressed.

Figure 2.1 Information sources by gas category

Power supply CO2 Methane

CO2 Electricity used in Durban N2O • Distribution • Buildings • Streetlights Waste management Wastewater treatment

Transport • Internal • Community • Services

Within each of the activity categories, departments and service units listed in Table 2.1 provided specific information on emissions or information from which emissions could be calculated. Certain information, such as employee commuting and fuel usage was estimated.

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Table 2.1 Categories of gas emissions, activity leading to emissions and sources of information

Category of emission Source of emission Information provider/department

Electrical use Streetlights Durban Electricity

Office buildings Consolidated Billing

Utility power Consolidated Billing

Waste management Wastewater treatment works eThekwini Water Services (Methane out and methane used)

Landfills Durban Solid Waste

Transportation Fuel provided by central stores Materials Management

Durban Transport

Fuel paid by Service Unit eThekwini Water Services

Private vehicle use Estimated

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3. INFORMATION PROVIDERS 3.1. Identification of key information providers The data collection focused on the identification of key information providers. This involved meetings and communications with people already identified in the proposed distribution list. These people, in turn, identified individuals within their own or other departments that would be able to contribute to the completion of the project. Discussion of the issues, particularly with respect to the need to identify indirect emissions, proved a vital and unforeseen element of the project.

These individuals generally exhibited one or more of the following characteristics:

1 An awareness of data sources across their departments. 2 An understanding of the broader significance of this data, particularly within in the context of greenhouse gas emissions, both direct and indirect. 3 An awareness of similar data collection exercises and their potential relevance in this context. 4 A willingness to co-operate, in most instances, around environmental protection issues.

3.1.1. Role of Consolidated Billing The data gathering revealed a potential information concentration within the Consolidated Billing Department. Consolidated Billing issues accounts for all municipal departments. The Electricity Department, for instance, provides electricity to internal and external customers. Consolidated Billing records this usage and, in turn, issues invoices to the various internal and external customers. The usage might be billed at different rates, depending on the contracts agreed between users and the Municipality. However, the raw usage data remains with the Consolidated Billing system.

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It became apparent from a number of meetings that all users ultimately referred back to Consolidated Billing for their respective usage information. It thus seemed most appropriate to extract all relevant data, or to use this data set as a cross reference base for the purposes of this inventory. A meeting was held with this Department towards the end of the project in which this possibility was discussed. Consolidated Billing agreed to investigate and to provide the information necessary for the completion of this project. In addition, the methodology whereby the information was extracted was to be standardised so that future inventories could rely on a similar procedure.

3.1.2. Direct gas emissions Extraction of usage data for energy sources such as electricity and (hydrocarbon) fuel could be achieved via accounting records. However, direct emissions of gases such as methane and SF6 require actual usage or generation data. In order to deliver these figures, a better understanding of the process was required. Ecoserv was fortunate to identify an existing record of gas generation and consumption for the various waste water treatment works. This record had already been developed by the Wastewater Management Department. This matrix was thus updated for 2002 and could be reused in future.

The Solid Waste Department keeps detailed data on its waste storage patterns. However the categorization of the waste disposed does not coincide with waste classification provided by the ICLEI reporting software. Various assumptions were made regarding the biodegradable element of the waste stream handled by eThekwini Municipality so that the data format could be deemed consistent. The Municipality maintains records of its gas generation capacity, based on actual emissions tests conducted at the fill sites. This information was accessed and found to be of a similar order to that calculated by the software provided.

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Only 2002 waste disposal data was recorded. Data on gas emissions from waste-in- place was omitted by convention. Mariannhill and Bisasar Rd Landfills have gas extraction and flare systems in place. A portion of the gas collected is flared (converting the relatively high global-warming potential methane to the 21-times lower potential carbon dioxide). Estimates of the collection efficiency were made by a consultant that has worked on these systems.

It should be noted that the waste handled by Solid Waste is not all generated by the Municipality. This means that a large component of these emissions could be attributed to the community inventory. As the Department is paid to dispose of this waste, it has been attributed to the Municipality. No emission is attributed to the community for non-hazardous solid waste.

3.1.3. Mobile sources Mobile sources of greenhouse gas emissions include motor vehicles, trucks, buses and rolling stock. The Municipality operates a fleet of buses and motor vehicles. The various departments manage their fuel supply in different ways. This posed something of a problem in that the data was considered both disparate and disjointed, both within the geographical municipal structures and amongst the departments.

In this regard, Ecoserv was fortunate that the Materials Management Department was able to provide consolidated figures for the Municipality as a whole. Various departments were requested to provide data on internal use, where they did not fall under the broader materials management requirements. These departments included eThekwini Water Services and Electricity. It is unfortunate that none of the departments could provide information on vehicle miles travelled so that benchmarking on the fuel usage could be performed.

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Ecoserv estimated the number of Municipal employees commuting to and from work, their mode of travel and the distance they traveled. This fuel-based greenhouse gas contribution was characterized as “Employee Commute”. The estimate indicates that this contribution is relatively small for the corporate sector. At present, there appears to be no sensible way of validating this data and this element remains a best-guess. A more accurate estimate may be available for private vehicle travel based on car-allowance vehicle travel claims. This would only account for travel at work and not travel to-and-from work however.

3.2. Community information Non-Municipal emissions (including those that are residentially, industrially and commercially-derived) are designated “community emissions” by ICLEI. This area of emission inventory determination was outside the scope of the original appointment but certain information was available. This information was used to develop a broad assessment of total greenhouse gas emissions from the city as a whole. This inventory should be treated as relatively crude and would require refining. In particular, it should be noted that it does not include industrial cement and glass manufacturing facilities, of which there are at least three major operations within eThekwini. A breakdown of information supplied and assumptions used is provided in Table 2.2, below.

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Table 2.2 Sources of information used in the community greenhouse gas emission estimation includes notes about assumptions used in the process. Information/Sector Source Notes Electricity used in Durban Electricity Figures based on information provided by sole eThekwini Municipality electricity supplier. May exclude some of the outlying districts. Fuel sales (Diesel, HFO, South African Petroleum Relates to fuel sold in Durban which may not Petrol) Industries Association relate to fuel used in Durban. Figure does not include LPG sales. Industrial emissions Durban Metro Emission Based on general fuel usage data collected for Inventory 1998 inventory. Fuel usage for Engen and Sapref Engen expansion EIA updated based on information contained in the documentation Engen 150k bbl/d EIA. Wastewater treatment eThekwini Water Services Methane emissions and use calculated as per Corporate inventory. Solid waste eThekwini Solid Waste Corporate figures applied estimates for general Cape Town disposal and hazardous waste used based on Vissershoek estimates landfill, Cape Town.

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4. DATA PROCESSING 4.1. Software ICLEI provided eThekwini Municipality with licensed copies of the Torrie Smith Associates-developed Cities for Climate Protection Software. This comprised:

¾ data entry screens ¾ emission calculation procedures ¾ forecasting tools and ¾ reporting tools.

Data is entered via context-dependent screens. The data is stored in various Microsoft Access tables. This provides the operator with the flexibility to incorporate data from external sources and to view data in its native format.

Data back-ups and management are marshaled by the software. Data transmission of the completed inventory is performed using the back-up files.

4.2. Data collection The data was received in various formats and entered into the ICLEI database for consolidation. The database converted the various raw formats (e.g. electricity consumption, petrol usage, methane emissions) into equivalent CO2 emissions for comparison. This meant that the potentially fragmented data becomes universally comparable via the database.

The database contained certain pre-programmed emission factors. These emissions factors were used without modification in this exercise. Other South African municipal users have indicated that they have experienced difficulties with the solid waste emission factors but this was not the case for eThekwini.

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Minor difficulties were encountered with the use of the database. These were reported to ICLEI during the course of the project. Examples included the fact that the currency indicator defaulted to US dollars and not to South African Rands. No other significant errors that could have prevented the use of the programme were identified during the course of entering the data.

Standard reports from the database were extracted and presented to the project team during the course of this work. The completed emission reports are included as an annexure to the main report. The results are summarised in the following section in graphical format for interpretation.

The raw data has been linked to the information included in the database via the notes field in the database. The notes field has also been used to express an opinion on the data quality wherever necessary. The entire database is included as an electronic annexure to the report for more detailed consideration.

4.3. Data validation Data was validated in various ways: 1. The overall contribution was compared with similar databases developed for other South African cities 2. Data returns were collaborated by alternative data suppliers (eg cross- department reports) 3. Wherever possible, data has been related to financial reporting mechanisms that would be subject to financial audit

In certain areas, particularly for the community analyses, results could not be validated and queries remain regarding the quality of the data. In these instances, results are flagged in the database and a best estimate has been entered. While the data may not be the most accurate achievable, the approach ensures that most categories are at least accounted for.

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5. RESULTS 5.1. Corporate (municipal) emissions by sector

Category Equiv CO2 Equiv CO2 Energy

(tonnes) (%) (GJ)

Buildings 35 024 3.3 110 071

Vehicle Fleet 90 521 8.6 1 220 443

Employee Commute 9 046 0.9 127 337

Streetlights 100 346 9.6 315 360

Water/Sewage 36 811 3.5 115 819

Waste 187 377 17.9 589 547

Other (includes electrical distribution losses) 588 207 56.2 1 112 450

Total 1 047 332 100 3 591 027

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Figure 3.1 Corporate (Municipal) Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (Ethekweni 2002) 6 % of estimated greenhouse gas emission from Durban

Vehicle Fleet Buildings 9% 3% Employee Commute 1% Streetlights 10%

Water/Sewage 4%

Other (includes electrical distribution losses) 55% Waste 18%

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Figure 3.2 Corporate (direct) Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (eThekwini 2002) 1% of estimated total emission from Durban 22% of reported Corporate emission

Buildings 15%

Streetlights 42%

Vehicle Fleet 39% Employee Commute 4%

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Figure 3.3 Comparison between Cape Town and eThekwini Equivalent CO2 Emissions

Cape Town Durban

200000 (t)

2 180000

160000

140000

120000 Equivalent CO

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0 Buildings Vehicle Fleet Streetlights Water / Sewage Waste

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5.2. City-wide (community) emissions by sector

Category Equiv CO2 Equiv CO2 Energy

(tonnes) (%) (GJ)

Residential 3 800 985 20 14 687 513

Industrial & commercial 11 198 797 59 69 294 107

Transportation 3 308 435 18 45 392 715

Waste 193 883 1 610 016

Other 388 228 2 734 238

Total 18 890 328 100 130 718 589

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Figure 3.4 Community (City-Wide) Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (Ethekweni 2002)

Waste Other 1% 2% Residential Transportation 20% 18%

Industrial & commercial 59%

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5.3. Comparison of Corporate (municipal) and City-wide (community) emissions.

Category Equiv CO2 Equiv CO2 Energy

(tonnes) (%) (GJ)

Corporate 1 047 332 6 3 591 027

City Wide 18 890 328 94 130 718 589

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Figure 5.3 Comparison of Corporate (Municipal) and Community (City-wide) Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(2002) Total CO2eq emissions of 19 Mt/a

Corporate emissions, 1 047 332, 6%

Community emissions, 7 632 166, 95 94%

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6. DISCUSSION The following discussion provides background information related to each of the emission sectors defined in the ICLEI software.

6.1. Other sources The major contribution to the municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory relates to “Other” sources. These, in turn, primarily refer to electrical distribution losses apportioned to the Municipality. The Municipality buys electricity in bulk from Eskom for redistribution via Durban Electricity to users. During the 2001/2 financial year, the municipality purchased 306.72GWh from Eskom. It is estimated that 5% of this bulk purchased was lost to transformers, resistance and theft. As a result of the magnitude of the purchase, this loss becomes the single biggest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

Correct attribution of this loss has been the subject of some discussion. In the first instance, it is not clear whether the emission factor developed for electricity-use emissions already include standard network losses. Discussions with the Eskom team responsible for developing emission factors indicated that standard factors would not have accounted for client losses such as those attributable to Durban Electricity. (The Eskom team raised other concerns associated with the use of standard emission factors based on the use of its electricity. For instance, they questioned whether the factors account for non-coal based electrical generation such as Cabora Bassa and Koeberg. These matters were not addressed as the project team agreed to adhere to ICLEI convention rather than attempt to achieve strict technical correctness).

Theft of electricity creates additional attribution complexities. Initially this portion, estimated at 2.5% of total Eskom purchases, was allocated to the community sector. In discussion, it was agreed that this component should be allocated to the corporate

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account. ICLEI further indicated that any reduction in theft could not be claimed as a reduction in that it would only represent a reallocation of usage. While this might be ethically difficult, it is technically correct. Unless reduction in theft results in a reduction in electricity use (by means of savings in efficiency, for instance) it is conceivable that there would still be the same total electrical usage in the Municipality, albeit that the Municipality would then be in a position to bill the users. There would be no nett effect on the environment associated with making the thieves pay for their usage.

A significantly smaller component (approximately 1%) of this category is associated with the use of sulphur hexafluoride, which is an inert gas used in transformers to prevent sparking.

6.2. Buildings The municipality was able to supply detailed electricity usage records for all buildings used or managed by the municipality. These records were drawn from the Consolidated Billing system and relate, not only to major office blocks such as 77 Winder Street and the Martin West Building, but also contains data from across the spectrum of corporate power consumption. The degree of consistency and accuracy of these records is, therefore, considered good.

Floor areas for various buildings including Winder Street, loss control and markets were available for review for comparative purposes.

6.3. Vehicle fleet Fuel usage data for the municipality was supplied by Materials Management and eThekwini Water Services. Materials Management was only able to supply bulk usage figures based on fuel dispensed via its systems. These figures, however, cover most of the municipality. It runs a separate system that relies on fleet cards for the control of fuel usage, unfortunately neither was able to supply vehicle miles

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travelled alongside this data for comparative purposes. However, the Loss Control Department and Durban Transport were able to supply total distance travelled for its fleets. These figures were made available for comparative purposes. The completeness of the data set is considered good because it forms part of the overall municipal control area. It does, however, exclude those municipal employees who have access to locomotion allowances and, thereby, claim for mileage travelled in personal vehicles.

6.4. Employee commute An estimate was made of fuel usage during employee commutes (i.e. travel from home to work and back). These estimates are rough but the relative significance/contribution of this category is considered low.

6.5. Street lights The annual electrical expenditure associated with street lights was estimated by two different divisions within Durban Electricity. These estimates were similar and the higher estimate was used for conservative purposes. It is clear that there is no definitive data on electrical usage specific to this sector. It was not possible to audit this category. Given that two independent estimates were within 10% of each other, this is considered to be a reliable figure.

6.6. Water and sewage eThekwini Water Services produced detailed estimates for its wastewater treatment works and major sewage pump stations. Pump stations rely largely on electrical power for operation and this data was relatively well characterised. It was noted that remote pump stations and facilities might not be included in the wastewater accounting system, given the relatively recent amalgamation of the various municipal branches. Nevertheless, this figure is still to account for all major units and should, therefore, account for at least 98% of all electrical usages within the wastewater network.

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Wastewater treatment works produce methane and other greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions, however, are relatively well monitored/recorded and an earlier inventory was updated to provide estimates for the 2001/2002 financial year. It should be noted that the Wastewater Management Department makes use of methane at some treatment works. This use was accounted for in the updated inventory.

Given the minor emissions noted above, this figure is considered to be comprehensive and reasonably accurate.

Note that water pumping data is included in the Buildings Section as pump stations. This potential anomaly arises because the pump stations are classified as power users by Consolidated Billing.

6.7. Waste Solid waste data was supplied by the Durban Solid Waste Department. Unfortunately only two landfill sites could be adequately accounted for the purpose of this study. Data on the Bisasar Road and Mariannhill facilities was included. These are considered to be the major municipal landfill sites and as a result these figures are considered to be reasonably accurate. The waste categories provided did not coincide with those required in the ICLEI software and thus there could be some discrepancy in the final reporting of methane emissions. Ecoserv is aware that Durban Solid Waste is pursuing a methane emission characterisation programme and it is recommended that more reliable figures be included as soon as these are available.

6.8. Listing of measures GHG reduction measures applied by eThekwini During the execution of the project, it became apparent that the Municipality had already implemented measures that would have countered greenhouse gas

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emissions. These measures would, in most instances, have effected cost savings through power saving and would therefore have been driven through cost reduction. Nevertheless, the Municipality wishes to record these and the following listing is an attempt to record such interventions.

List of major measures implemented by the eThekwini Municipality that would have reduced greenhouse gas emissions relative to the base case • Extended flaring of landfill gas • Flaring or use of digestor gas in wastewater treatment works • Phasing of use of rotating equipment in wastewater treatment plants, according to incoming flow rates • Low energy light bulbs for street lighting • Day-night sensors installed on streetlights to minimise use • Introduction of low energy lighting in households (as part of the Bonesa initiative) • Thorough record keeping associated with electricity use and costs through the Consolidating Billing service.

6.9. Correspondence with Cape Town’s emission inventory Prior to the inclusion of the electrical distribution losses and employee commute figures, the breakdown in emissions by sector was compared with that developed by Cape Town using the same ICLEI methodology. It was found that there was a good correspondence between the two inventories with the following differences:

1. Cape Town’s attributable building emissions were higher at nearly 18% of their total versus Durban’s 8%. 2. Fuel usage in the Cape Town Metro Council was 15% as opposed to Durban’s 20%. 3. Street light contribution for Cape Town was approximately double Durban’s at 24% versus Durban’s 22%.

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4. The water and sewage contributions were similar at 6% and 8% for Cape Town and Durban, respectively. 5. Solid waste figures for Cape Town and Durban’s were similar. It is noted that two hazardous waste landfill emissions figures for Durban (non-corporate) will need to be refined.

It is worth noting that the equivalent CO2 emissions for Cape Town are approximately 11% higher than those of eThekwini (allowing for the absence of employee commute and distribution losses). As the cities have similar populations, this indicates reasonable congruence.

6.10. Attribution of community losses to corporate losses Included in the corporate Municipal analysis are a number of areas that would more likely be distributed over the community Inventory, in particular these relate to:

• Waste disposal • Electrical losses • Street lights • Water and sewage

These areas are correctly considered to be community related functions managed by the municipality. It is difficult to determine how these could be more effectively controlled by the municipality itself. For the purposes of completion of this inventory they are left within the narrow confines of the Municipal Inventory. Future consideration could be given to distributing these across residential and industrial contributors if the aim of this exercise is to manage reduction in GHG contributions to atmosphere.

6.11. Community inventory The community Inventory was developed over and above the scope of the original project, drawing on existing or readily available sources of data. These data sources

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are listed in the methodology section of the report. The Summary Inventory provides an indication of total emissions for Durban. It indicates that the municipal emissions are approximately 6% of those for the City (as shown in fig 3.5)

The major contributors to the city’s greenhouse gas emissions are industrial and commercial users, followed closely by transportation emissions. The Industrial and Commercial Inventory requires much refinement and separation of the two categories. The emissions are primarily associated with fuel burning and electrical usage. The Fuel Burning Emission Inventory is considered reasonable for certain areas of Durban (primarily Durban South) but requires updating and refinement for the city as a whole.

Transportation emissions are determined by attributing total fuel sold within the Durban municipal area to emission generated in the municipality only (in other words, export and import of fuel is not considered). This is deemed a reasonable estimate.

Solid Waste emissions are determined by a combination of the 1998 Durban Metro Emission Inventory and estimation based on an extrapolation from Cape Town’s hazardous waste sites.

Residential losses associated with power usage are determined by the Durban Electricity apportionment of its sales and is considered a good estimate. An addition was kerosene usage as supplied by the South African Petroleum Industries Association (SAPIA).

The category “Other” is associated, primarily, with distribution losses for electricity and water and waste losses. This component is diluted in the community sector (while accounting for over half of the corporate inventory).

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While this inventory’s can be significantly refined, it should provide some guidance on overall policy for the city and potential for reduction.

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7. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation & Energy Efficiency The following section provides a broad outline of GHG mitigation measures that would be potentially viable within the eThekwini Municipality Corporate sectors. Examples of benchmarking analysis and savings potential have been included where data availability allows. It should be emphasized that this section has been completed upon the basis of desktop analysis alone, and that no actual site investigations have been carried out to verify the applicability of the measures covered. By way of introduction to the topic, a general discussion on Energy Management issues and techniques has been included. Broad recommendations are numbered at the end of each sub-sections 7.1 to 7.4. A costed work programme for the development of these recommendations is included in Section 7.6. Conclusions are summarized in Section 7.7.

7.1. Energy Management

The key stages in achieving effective Energy Management can be itemised as follows:

• Development of an Energy Policy and Strategy;

• Gaining commitment from senior management downwards;

• Forming an Energy Task Force (Utility Team);

• Ensuring that energy management staff are well-trained;

• Allocating energy end-use responsibility;

• Implementing a Monitoring & Targeting system;

• Adopting a clear energy investment criteria;

• Raising the motivation of all staff to save energy;

• Implementing publicity and advertising campaigns;

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• Ensuring results and successes are fed back to all levels within the organisation.

If one considers the general approach outlined above, there are six key areas of management focus which are particularly important to the success of such a campaign. These are shown in Table 7.1, below. Alongside the key areas we have included a statement describing the status of each within eThekwini Municipality. The comments in the table have been derived from ad hoc discussions with municipality representatives and are merely intended as a snap-shot impression of current Energy Management practice, as opposed to being a definitive description. The table also indicates which section of this report deals with each key area. Table 7.1

Key Area Existing Status in eThekwini Municipality Section Energy Policy No adopted energy policy 7.1.1 Organisation Responsive and informal organisation 7.1.2 Communication Irregular and patchy 7.1.3 Information Information systems uncoordinated and informal 7.1.3/4 Marketing Informal contacts used to promote efficiency 7.1.5 Investment Short-term paybacks only are considered -

Whilst this may at first appear a harsh representation of the current situation within the municipality, it is by no means the exception to similar local governmental organisations worldwide.

7.1.1. Energy Policy

No specific Energy Policy has yet been compiled and ratified by senior management at eThekwini Municipality. We believe that senior management should now formally adopt an effective energy management strategy. This would show its commitment to achieving the significant cost and environmental benefits that could stem from relatively low-cost measures to eliminate energy wastage associated with the operations of the municipality. Adoption of such a formal energy policy will be vital to ensure that the necessary resources are

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allocated and that energy management is given the priority it deserves throughout.

7.1.2. Energy Management Responsibility

Within any organisation the responsibility for energy management issues will lie at one of the following levels:

1. Finance Department

2. Services Department

3. Each end-user, or building, according to some apportionment

4. Each end-user, or building, according to metered consumption

5. Each end-user, or building, according to metered consumption with an allowance for climatic conditions, occupancy, etc.

Monitoring energy consumption regularly is worthwhile but it is accountability that matters when it comes to achieving savings. Clearly, in order to introduce accountability, it is essential that the energy budget is devolved into each department, or end-user. End- usage of energy is generally controlled by building occupants or vehicle drivers, for example. Hence it is essential that level 4 is achieved to introduce real accountability, as the end-user cannot be held wholly responsible if only level 3 is achieved. Level 5 reflects the fact that accountability will only have creditability if an allowance is made for external variables that influence energy consumption. These comments are elaborated upon in the next section.

7.1.3. Energy Monitoring & Targeting (M&T)

The M&T technique takes information about utility usage in conjunction with building occupancy data, outside temperature and other data upon which utility usage may be dependent. This data is used to develop

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performance standards which are initially used by management to monitor and control energy usage. Later, new targets for these performance parameters can be set in order to maximise opportunities for energy saving. The technique depends on the delegation of the responsibility for energy usage to those personnel who actually use the energy.

The M&T process (barring the initial design) is illustrated here:

Design System Design and configure Software to perform the required reporting and analysis of utility use to account center level. Decide frequency and bring together the relevant teams of Management Software people for regular utility use reviews Specify the necessary metering requirements. Meters Procedures

Regularly collect electricity, gas and water readings as well Collect Data as production and other data which affects utility use.

Compare weekly usage with weekly activity levels and set Analyze Data performance targets. Targets will be reset annually or after Set Targets significant improvement.

Provide regular reports and graphs to show the energy Reports and Graphs performance of the site and individual account centers. There should also be a mechanism for ad-hoc reporting.

Regular Reviews Energy management teams across the facility to meet on a regular basis and review performance from target. This review to create a list of opportunities and tasks to be performed before the next meeting. Actions Analysis

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7.1.4. Energy Training

Energy savings can be achieved by three levels of practical measures: No cost, low cost and high cost. The critical factor in the success of the no cost measures is the involvement of people. With the low cost and high cost measures, the emphasis lies more in technical investment, but the people factor can still be important. This is illustrated in the following table:

Table 7.1.4 – Training Emphasis

Measures Examples Emphasis No cost Resetting controls Behaviour of people using Switching off when not existing installed technology. required Good housekeeping issues. The implication is that people must be aware, motivated and empowered Low cost Maintenance A combination of investment in Metering, M&T low cost technology and people involvement. For Simple controls example, the measure may have been suggested by a member of staff High cost Heat recovery systems Investment in high cost Co-generation technology. The requirement here is careful technical and

financial appraisal prior to making a decision to invest

At eThekwini Municipality, we recommend that some basic training should be given within the low cost regime only.

Short, informal training sessions should be considered for the purpose of awareness raising alone, and we would envisage that these would include efficient use of lighting, awareness of utility costs and efficient water usage.

7.1.5. Motivation and Awareness Raising

The following comments apply to motivation for energy saving within any organisation:

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• Most employees tend to concentrate upon the job in hand rather than the means of the facilities used. Energy is an invisible facility and taken for granted;

• Most employees do not view energy costs in the same way in the workplace as they do in their own homes, because the costs are not directly paid by them;

Motivation for energy efficiency will not be achieved by announcing and imposing energy reduction targets, or by laying down routine duties. Energy consumption targets should be evolved by allowing those involved to participate and help in their formulation and in the implementation of tasks. The following approach is recommended:

• Ask staff what they know, think and suggest in relation to energy wastage;

• Ask staff how they believe they could individually contribute to the reduction of energy wastage;

• Agree objectives and targets;

• Agree incentives and rewards (these do not need to be monetary);

• Give incentives as agreed;

• Provide feedback on results. Give recognition and thanks.

It is important to precede such a process with a municipality-wide publicity campaign, informing staff as to the objectives the Energy Efficiency programme and how it will benefit them and the environment. It is crucial to promote such a campaign sensitively in order that staff do not view it as just another cost-cutting directive from senior management.

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Recommendations for Energy Management

We recommend that the following points be actioned as preliminary steps towards a complete Energy Management initiative within the eThekwini Municipality:

1. The Municipality should adopt a formal Energy Policy which is ratified by senior management;

2. The Municipality should seek to implement a Monitoring & Targeting project at the earliest opportunity. By way of commencement, arrangements should be made for readings of all existing utility meters to be taken monthly;

3. A high-profile energy efficiency and energy cost awareness campaign should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity;

4. Staff energy training needs should be identified, and targeted energy training should be sourced and undertaken. Short, informal training sessions should be considered for the purpose of awareness raising.

As a rule of thumb, and based upon experience of previous projects, the potential for no cost energy savings attributable to Energy Management issues ranges between 3% to 15% of the organisation’s annual energy spend. To make Energy Management action a low risk option for eThekwini Municipality, expenditure of 1% of the annual sectoral energy bill is probably a prudent investment. Applied to the Transport, Buildings and Wastewater sectors alone, his is equivalent to some R82,000 per annum. It is highly likely that this amount would be recovered through savings within a matter of months, or even a few weeks.

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7.2. Buildings Sector Energy efficiency best practice techniques are well-documented for the commercial and governmental buildings sector. There has been a great deal of effort and research put into establishing guidelines and benchmarks for these sectors by organizations such as the UK Energy Efficiency Office and The European Commission. Historical energy usage data, coupled with detailed climatic data, allows us to make broad estimations of potential for buildings energy savings using Normalised Performance Indices (NPIs). NPIs are calculated using annual energy consumption figures (in Megajoules) and buildings’ treated floor area, or occupied area. Where the data exists, an allowance for the prevailing external temperature over the seasons should also be included. Examples of NPIs for commercial buildings in the UK are shown in Table 7.2.1, below. The data shown are in units of MJ/m2. Table 7.2.1

Naturally Naturally ventilated A/C Standard A/C Prestige ventilated cellular open plan Typical Good Typical Good Typical Good Typical Good practice practice practice practice 738 403 849 478 1454 810 2045 1253 [Source: Association for the conservation of energy, www.ukace.org]

As part of this study, some limited buildings data was obtained from eThekwini Municipality relating to some of their building stock. The following table outlines this information and includes a comparison with the corresponding mean figure for commercial buildings in South Africa: Table 7.2.2

Building Annual MJ Floor Area, m2 NPI, MJ/m2 3 Prior Road 5,778,000 6,960 830 Durban Loss-control 198,000 900 220 Office South Africa - - 1,082

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Whilst this analysis is extremely limited in its scope, it demonstrates the wide range of buildings performance that would typically be expected across any range of building stock belonging to any large organisation. It also demonstrated that a great deal of potential will almost certainly lie in energy efficiency opportunities in this sector. Previous energy audits in the buildings sector in South Africa have identified considerable opportunity for energy savings. Recent audits on the Old Mutual building in Cape Town and Megawatt Park in Gauteng, have resulted in savings of millions of Rands with Megawatt Park using 40% less electricity in 1999 than it used in 1991.

Energy saving potential in the buildings sector exists in the following areas:

• reduction of light levels to match the task, replace existing lights with magnetic ballasts with fluorescent T8’s with electronic ballasts;

• switch off lights when they are not needed, this can be automated, sectioning of lighting and dampers;

• power factor correction;

• adjust air conditioning to level that is required, automate time of use, variable air speed, insulation, remove central air conditioning where single load is needed, type of coolant affects energy requirement and filter, install variable speed drives on fans;

• shield windows with blinds, curtains, overhangs or tinted windows and angled shutters;

• install pre heat solar hot water systems;

• reheat hot water using waste flues;

• Building design.

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Recommendations for the Buildings Sector

Whilst it is impossible to establish a definitive scope of savings potential from this limited study, experience has shown that a well-managed and focused energy efficiency program within the Governmental buildings sector will typically yield utility savings in excess of 15% and sometimes in excess of 25%. It is recommended that the following approach is adopted:

1. eThekwini Municipality should select a small number of representative buildings in which to pilot energy efficiency studies;

2. Each building should be audited by a specialist in order to establish its NPI and to generate a schedule of viable energy efficiency options;

3. Low-cost options should be rolled-out as a priority and their repeatability within the remaining building stock should be established. This could be included within an energy efficiency opportunities database for the municipality as a whole;

4. Results of the studies should be publicised as part of the activities previously recommended in Section 7.1.

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7.3. Transport Sector

Durban, and indeed South Africa in general, is experiencing increasing road congestion and pollution. The availability of public transport by trains and buses is limited and hindered by low density outlying urban areas, thus the majority of commuters are reliant on private vehicles and the minibus Taxi industry that has developed. The number of private vehicles is growing (proportionally with population growth and faster than the GDP). The need in business to move smaller quantities of goods quickly and conveniently has made freight transport by road increasingly popular.

Again, a great deal of research has been undertaken in Europe, and elsewhere, regarding the options open to fleet managers for reductions in vehicle fleet fuel consumption. A number of methodologies have been developed to enable the application of best practice in vehicle energy conversion. The key element that underlies all of these methodologies is the establishment of good baseline data upon which to build a strategy and against which to measure improvements. This is discussed later.

Limited fleet data for eThekwini Municipality has been obtained as part of this study and this has enabled a broad comparison as shown in Table 7.3, below: Table 7.3

Fleet Sector Annual litres Annual km Performance, km/litre Market Transport 2,970 16,042 5.4 Loss Control Transport 210,000 1,500,000 7.1 Durban Transport 16,000,000 33,100,000 2.1 London Transport - - 2.8

It is evident that a direct comparison cannot be made across all fleet sectors shown in Table 7.3. A valid and interesting comparison is, however, visible between the Durban Bus sector and the London Bus sector, indicating a minimum savings potential of 25% in this area alone. Although it should be stressed that in order to

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realize such a saving, it is likely that many older fleet vehicles would require replacement, there are several energy savings options that would minimize the fuel consumption of the existing fleet, as follows:

• Reduction of rolling resistance by ensuring correct inflation of tyres and by appropriate maintenance of brakes, so as to avoid “binding”;

• Driver training to minimize idling losses and improve driving technique. Case studies have shown that driver training alone can yield savings in the range of 5- 15%;

• Timely vehicle maintenance with particular reference to brakes, tyres and engine tuning;

A significant percentage of energy savings potential in the transport sector lies within the ability to change people’s attitudes towards vehicle use and driving technique. Although this is one of the most problematic areas of energy efficiency, it is thought that eThekwini Municipality is in a good position to lead by example by embarking on a vehicle fuel efficiency campaign.

Recommendations for the Transport Sector

The key first step is to establish baselines and the following approach is suggested:

1. eThekwini Municipality should select a specific vehicle fleet in which to pilot a fuel efficiency campaign. It has been suggested that DSW vehicles may provide a suitable pilot fleet;

2. Data gathering. This would be achieved by vehicle-specific log sheets. Data should be gathered on a weekly basis, comprising tachometer readings and total fuel fills per week;

3. Provisional target setting, based upon historical vehicle performance established during the data gathering phase;

4. Feedback of weekly performance, relative to provisional targets, to all drivers.

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7.4. Wastewater Sector

This sector is characterized by a handful of large sites alongside numerous smaller treatment facilities and pumping stations. Indeed, the six largest wastewater treatment sites within the municipality contribute to over 75% of this sector’s energy usage.

Energy efficiency in wastewater treatment facilities is a specialist field and energy savings potential can be highly sensitive to changes in loading and works throughput. In some instances, the design of the works itself may be a hindrance to savings potential due to its inflexibility. However, project work in the UK for several major utilities companies has proven that savings potential within the 5-10% range may be achievable through a combination of low-cost, medium-cost and high-cost opportunities. The following general areas are worthy of investigation:

• Improvements to existing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) control methodology;

• Introduction of modern DO control techniques, including the use of Variable Speed Drives (VSDs);

• Blower and compressor control and scheduling;

• Improved pumping efficiency via downsizing of existing plant, or introduction of VSD control;

• Monitoring & Targeting;

• Biogas power generation.

Recommendations for the Wastewater Sector

Bearing the above points in mind, the following approach is recommended:

1. eThekwini Municipality should select a representative treatment works (from amongst the larger sites) in which to trial an energy efficiency initiative. Southern Works has already been suggested as a pilot site;

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2. A detailed energy audit should be carried out at the pilot site by an energy specialist. The main objective would be to establish an opportunities list for energy savings;

3. Based upon the audit, plans should be made to roll-out all low-cost and no-cost options identified. Opportunities for replication of such at other treatment works should be investigated and progressed;

4. An energy Monitoring and Targeting campaign should be instigated as a trial at the pilot works;

5. All larger sites comprising anaerobic digester plant should be assessed with a view to installing biogas-fuelled cogeneration equipment. It is understood that a similar exercise has been carried out in the past. This project should be re- visited in the light of opportunities for CDM funding.

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7.5. Waste Sector and Landfill Gas

Two of the eThekwini Municipality landfill sites operated by Durban Solid Waste (DSW) currently collect and flare a portion of the methane generated for local site- specific reasons. These active landfill sites are located at Mariannhill and Bisasar Road and receive a combined total of over 5,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day. A project has been identified wherein the methane generated by the landfills would be collected and recovered for use within spark-ignition power generation plant, currently proposed as 6MW capacity at Bisasar Road, and up to 2MW capacity at Mariannhill. The project would effectively export power into the local grid, displacing electricity generated by fossil fuels.

The project has already been proven technically feasible and will shortly be the subject of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in order to verify that local and national environmental requirements are met. The project has been made financially viable through the CDM, whereby the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) would purchase verified Carbon Credits for a predetermined value.

Over the project’s anticipated 23 year lifetime, it is calculated that the total net CO2 reduction will be in excess of 8.9million tonnes CO2 equivalent. This figure includes methane emission reduction in addition to displaced fossil fuel power generation, and is equivalent to an average of some 380,000 tonnes CO2 equivalent per annum. It should be highlighted that this is also equivalent to 35.8% of the annual corporate emissions total and it is evident, therefore, that this project would represent the major proportion of any CO2 reduction target that is set by eThekwini Municipality.

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7.6. Work Programme and Costs This section details the necessary tasks, and suggested timeframes and costs, for Phase 1 of a corporate-wide energy efficiency initiative, which it is envisaged would span a period of 12 months. The objectives of this initial phase of work would be:

If the above objectives are successfully completed, this will provide an excellent basis upon which to roll-out subsequent energy efficiency activities and further training. The M&T system will provide the benchmark against which savings will be measured and ongoing performance monitored. Furthermore, the municipality will be well on its way to accomplishing the key steps of effective Energy Management mentioned in Section 7.1.

It should be noted that the costs included within this section are approximate and refer to external costs only (i.e. consultancy). They do not include any element of additional internal cost, such as staff resources, computer hardware, etc.

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Phase 1.1 – Project Launch

Obtain project approval and support from Council and senior management

Organise formal launch event for the programme, and nominate a project Steering Group

Compile draft Energy Policy document for initial stages of Council approval

Agree 2 pilot buildings and 2 wastewater treatment facilities for pilot audits

Issue pre-audit questionnaires to the 4 pilot sites in preparation for Phase 1.2

Carry out training needs-analysis in preparation for Phase 1.3

Agree most appropriate methodology for Monitoring & Targeting in preparation for Phase 1.4

Assess suitability of existing utility metering (Buildings and Wastewater) for M&T process

Agree pilot transport sub-sector for vehicle fuel M&T project

Design and agree vehicle log-sheets for agreed transport sub-sector

Proposed time frame: Months 1 - 4 Proposed budget: R45,000

Phase 1.2 – Pilot Audits

Carry out energy audits at 2 selected municipal building

Carry out energy audits at 2 selected wastewater facilities

Agree schedule of viable projects for roll-out based upon audit findings

Commission and commence population of an Opportunities Database for energy efficiency measures

Commence data capture for M&T Projects

Proposed time frame: Months 2 - 6 Proposed budget: R36,000

Phase 1.3 – Training

Develop and deliver training events for targeted municipal staff, based upon training needs analysis carried out in Phase 1.1.

Develop awareness campaign using initial results of pilot audits

Proposed time frame: Months 5 - 6 Proposed budget: R45,000

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Phase 1.4 – Systems Development

Re-assess suitability of Monitoring & Targeting methodology based on project results obtained

Further population of Opportunities Database allowing for repeatability of options already identified in the pilot studies

Development of M&T process, including recommendations for additional utility metering (buildings and wastewater sectors) and data gathering processes (all sectors)

Development of provisional energy targets based on M&T utility data and suitable variables (all sectors)

Assessment of further sites (buildings and wastewater sectors) for inclusion in the M&T programme development phase

Roll-out of low-cost and no-cost savings opportunities identified by pilot audits in the buildings and wastewater sectors

Proposed time frame: Months 6 - 10 Proposed budget: R54,000

Phase 1.5 – Review and Planning

Carry out initial review of biogas generation potential, using CDM as leverage

Review and report upon Phase 1 results to date. Compile project summary and status based on opportunities database. (all sectors)

Assess and agree further training requirements, if any

Assess suitability and effectiveness of utility targets set within the M&T context (all sectors)

Agree processes and objectives for programme Phase 2

Organise review event for dissemination and planning purposes

Ratify agreed municipality Energy Policy

Proposed time frame: Months 10 - 12 Proposed budget: R41,000

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7.7. Summary and Conclusions

This section has proposed some possible approaches towards developing energy efficiency initiatives within the Buildings, Wastewater and Transport sectors under the eThekwini Municipality corporate umbrella. It has also stressed the vitally important role that a municipality-wide Energy Management initiative would play in underpinning any specific sector projects. The ongoing DSW landfill gas project has been mentioned solely to emphasize the importance of such a scheme when considering any future corporate CO2 reductions targets.

The likely energy savings potential and corresponding CO2 reduction figures are summarized below, in table 7.7.1.

Table 7.7.1

Sector Savings Potential, % CO2 Equivalent Savings, tonne/year Buildings 10 – 15 3,500 Transport 10 – 20 10,000 Wastewater 5 – 10 1,900 Waste/Landfill Gas - 380,000 Total - 395,400

Although the savings potential attributable to buildings, transport and wastewater appear insignificant within the grand total, it should be emphasized that the monetary value of the range of savings potential across these three sectors would be R750,000 – R1.5million per annum. There is evidence to suggest that these savings could be achieved with modest expenditure (summarized in Table 7.7.2), together with focused effort and attention to Energy Management issues.

Table 7.7.2

Phase 1.1 Project Launch R45,000 Phase 1.2 Pilot Audits R36,000 Phase 1.3 Training R45,000 Phase 1.4 Systems Development R54,000 Phase 1.5 Review and Planning R41,000 Total R221,000

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8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ecoserv would like to acknowledge the following parties in the development of this inventory.

The Core Implementation Team played a crucial role in the management of the implementation, in particular Jessica Rich, Robin Bissett and Bruce Dale are to be acknowledged in this regard.

Various members of the Municipality provided essential data and guidance, the following list is not intended to be exhaustive, but we would like, particularly, to acknowledge:

• Ashley Naicker (Real Estate Department) • Hugh Crichton (Real Estate Department) • Dean Sieg (eThekwini Water Services) • Cyril Naidoo (eThekwini Water Services) • Mervyn Doubell (eThekwini Water Services) • Reg Elson (Water Department) • Vic Delamoney (City Engineers) • Wally Bentley (Consolidated Billing) • Stella Wells (Consolidated Billing) • Craig Morgan (Consolidated Billing) • Steve Harms (Durban Electricity) • Teddy Maphumulo (Durban Electricity) • Peter Butland (Ecoserv Integrated Assessments) • Durban South SO2 Committee (South Durban EI) • eThekwini Services (Metro EI)

Various parties outside of the Municipality provided data willingly, in particular we wish to thank Anton Moldan, of SAPIA, for fuel usage data, Wendy Engel, of Sustainable Energy Africa, for copies of the Cape Town Inventory and Ray Lombard of Lombard and Assoc for estimates of the landfill gas destruction efficiencies.

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9. APPENDICES

List of appendices

Appendix 1 Summary of corporate emissions (by sector) Appendix 2 Summary of community emissions (by sector) Appendix 3 Detailed breakdown corporate emissions (by sector)

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Appendix 1 Summary of corporate emissions (by sector)

10/20/03 Page 1

Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2002 Base Year Report by Sector and Source

Equiv CO 2 Equiv CO 2 Energy Cost (tonnes) (%) (GJ) ($)

Buildings Sector Electricity 35,024 3.3 110,071 0 Subtotal 35,024 3.3 110,071 0

Vehicle Fleet Sector Gasoline/Petrol 14,050 1.3 198,103 744,589 Diesel 76,403 7.3 1,021,302 1,405,394 LPG 68 0.0 1,038 0 Subtotal 90,521 8.6 1,220,443 2,149,983

Employee Commute Sector Gasoline/Petrol 8,761 0.8 123,525 Diesel 285 0.0 3,812 Subtotal 9,046 0.9 127,337

Streetlights Sector Electricity 100,346 9.6 315,360 0 Subtotal 100,346 9.6 315,360 0

Water/Sewage Sector Electricity 36,811 3.5 115,689 6,960,869 Biogas 0 0.0 130 0 Subtotal 36,811 3.5 115,819 6,960,869

Waste Sector Food Waste 199,465 19.0 0 Plant Debris 3,324 0.3 0 Wood/Textiles -15,941 -1.5 0 All Other Waste 529 0.1 0 Subtotal 187,377 17.9 0

This report has been generated for Ethekwini Municipality, Kwa-zulu Natal with software created by Torrie Smith Associates for the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign of The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. 10/20/03 Page 2

Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2002 Base Year Report by Sector and Source

Equiv CO 2 Equiv CO 2 Energy Cost (tonnes) (%) (GJ) ($)

Other Sector Carbon Dioxide 585,578 55.9 Sulphur Hexafluoride 2,629 0.3 Subtotal 588,207 56.2

Total 1,047,332 100.0 1,889,030 9,110,852

Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002

Appendix 2 Summary of community emissions (by sector)

03/10/20 Page 1

Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2002 Detailed Report

Equiv CO 2 Equiv CO 2 Energy (tonnes) (%) (GJ)

Residential Total domestic Electricity 3,547,610 18.8 11,149,200 Kerosene 253,375 1.3 3,538,313 Subtotal Total domestic 3,800,985 20.1 14,687,513 Subtotal Residential 3,800,985 20.1 14,687,513

Commercial Business and general Electricity 2,081,372 11.0 6,541,200 Subtotal Business and general 2,081,372 11.0 6,541,200 Subtotal Commercial 2,081,372 11.0 6,541,200

Industrial Bulk customers Electricity 5,640,437 29.9 17,726,400 Subtotal Bulk customers 5,640,437 29.9 17,726,400 Industrial emissions Heavy Fuel Oil 116 0.0 1,500 LPG 77,064 0.4 1,169,250 Coal 1,548,845 8.2 15,640,000 Agricultural Waste 1,131 0.0 150,000 Subtotal Industrial emissions 1,627,156 8.6 16,960,750 Refinery fuel usage Light Fuel Oil 296 0.0 3,757 LPG 1,849,536 9.8 28,062,000 Subtotal Refinery fuel usage 1,849,831 9.8 28,065,757 Subtotal Industrial 9,117,425 48.3 62,752,907

Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2002 Detailed Report

Equiv CO 2 Equiv CO 2 Energy (tonnes) (%) (GJ)

Transportation Road Transportation Gasoline/Petrol 1,593,750 8.4 22,471,864 Diesel 1,714,686 9.1 22,920,850 Subtotal Road Transportation 3,308,435 17.5 45,392,715 Subtotal Transportation 3,308,435 17.5 45,392,715

Waste Commercial landfill operations Method of Disposal - Managed Landfill Food Waste 91,935 0.5 Subtotal Commercial landfill operations 91,935 0.5 Municipal landfills Method of Disposal - Managed Landfill Food Waste 238,350 1.3 Plant Debris 966 0.0 Wood/Textiles -18,732 -0.1 All Other Waste -118,636 -0.6 Subtotal Municipal landfills 101,948 0.5 Subtotal Waste 193,883 1.0

Other Electrical distribution Carbon Dioxide 351,417 1.9 Subtotal Electrical distribution 351,417 1.9 Water and waste water Carbon Dioxide 36,811 0.2 Subtotal Water and waste water 36,811 0.2 Subtotal Other 388,228 2.1

Total 18,890,328 100.0 129,374,335

Greenhouse Gas Emission Survey 2002

Appendix 3 Detailed breakdown corporate emissions (by sector)

03/10/21 Page 1

Corporate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2002 Base Year Detailed Report